Andi Sas

tr
ianti Luk
man Bi l in g u a l
Ismail
t i o n a n d
Educa
Rismaya
Khairunn nti
isy
Tasmania a Ilyas
r Taiyeb
La n g u a g e
L e a r n i n g
An Introduction To Bilingual Education

Historical Introduction
Bilingual education is that it is a 20th century phenomenon, In the USA it may appear that
bilingual education was born in the 1960s. The Canadian bilingual education movement is often charted
from an experimental kindergarten class set up in St Lambert, Montreal, in 1965. In Ireland, bilingual
education is sometimes presented as a child of the Irish Free State of 1922. The story of bilingual
education in Wales often starts in 1939 with the establishment of the first Welsh-medium primary
school. Despite these 20th century events the historical origins of bilingual education lie well before this
century.

By: Khairunnisya Ilyas

The illusion of bilingual education as a
modern phenomenon is dangerous
on two counts.

First, it fails to recognize that bilingual

education has existed in one form or
another for 5000 years or more (Mackey
1978).
Second, there is a danger in isolating
current bilingualism and bilingual
education from their historical roots.
 A SHORT HISTORY OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION IN
THE UNITED STATE

There is common perception that educational policy is often static, always conservative and very
slow to change. The history of bilingual education in the United States tends to falsify and contradict
such beliefs. Such history shows that there is constant change, a constant movement in ideas, ideology
and impetus.

This must not be that bilingual education moves from more positive ‘golden’ times to being
dismissed and rejected. The history of bilingual education in the Basque Country and Wales follows a
different sequence. In these countries, bilingual education has moved from being dismissed and
suppressed to considerable expansion.
VARIETIES OF BILINGUAL EDUCATION

Ferguson et al. (1977) widened these distinctions and provided ten examples of varying aims of bilingual education:

a) To assimilate individuals or groups into the mainstream of society; to socialize people for full participation in the
community.
b) To unify a multilingual society; to bring unity to a multi-ethnic, multi-tribal, or multi-national linguistically diverse
state.
c) To enable people to communicate with the outside world.
d) To provide language skills which are marketable, aiding employment and status.
e) To preserve ethnic and religious identity.
f) To reconcile and mediate between different linguistic and political communities.
g) To spread the use of a colonial language, socializing an entire population to a colonial existence.
h) To strengthen elite groups and preserve their position in society.
i) To give equal status in law to languages of unequal status in daily life.
j) To deepen understanding of language and culture.
 Submersion Education

Submersion Education is the label to describe education for language minority children who
are placed in mainstream education. In the USA, such a submersion experience is also found in
‘Structured Immersion‘ programs (Brisk, 1998). Structured Immersion programs contain only
language minority children and no language majority children.

The first language is not developed but is replaced by the majority language. Different from
Submersion Education, the Structured Immersion teacher will use a simplified form of the majority
language and may initially accept contributions from children in their home language.
Submersion Education

There are various criticisms of a submersion form of education, including its variants.
Language minority children, especially in their first months of schooling, often have little or
no idea what the teacher is saying. Because the teacher is unlikely to have been trained in ESL
methodology, such teachers may have little expertise in modifying instruction to accommodate
such children.
 Segregationist Education

Segregrationist Education occurs where

minority language speakers are denied access to
those programs or schools attended by majority
language speakers.

By: Tasmaniar Taiyeb

 Transitional Bilingual
Education
Transitional bilingual education is a common
type of bilingual education in the United States
and the form most supported by Title VII funds.

A transitional bilingual education program is a

teaching model with two main focuses: first to
ensure that students master educational content
in their primary language, then to assist
students in becoming fluent in the second
language.
 Transitional bilingual education

Early-exit model Late-exit model

Refers to two years Often allows around 40% of classroom

maximum help using the teaching in the mother tongue until the
mother tongue 6th grade
Mainstream Education (with Foreign Language Teaching)

Mainstream Bilingual Education (MBE) is a title for the practice of teaching non-language subjects
through the medium of a foreign language.

In the USA, Australia, Canada and much of Europe, most language majority schoolchildren take their
education through their home language.
Separatist Education

The aims are minority language

monolingualism and
monoculturalism in a context
where such choice is self-
determined.
Immersion Bilingual Education

Bilingual Children Immersion Education

Aims of Immersion Types of Immersion

Bilingual Education Bilingual Educarion
Saturn is the
ringed one

By: Rismayanti
Developmental Heritage Language
Maintenance bilingual Education
Dual Language Bilingual Education

Features of dual Major goals in dual

language bilingual language bilingual
education education
 Bilingual Education in Majority Languages

Constructive theory International schools

 Literacy and Biliteracy in
the Classroom
INTRODUCTION
 
This chapter initially focuses on the more practical
aspects of literacy and biliteracy in bilingual
and multicultural schools. Teachers often adopt
a varied and eclectic approach to literacy with
bilinguals. Hence different classroom strategies
are examined.
 

By: Ismail
Classroom Processes Towards Literacy in Bilingual and
Multicultural Schools

Many teachers try to facilitate a varied use of reading and writing in their children, to develop
independent readers and writers who are both skilled in language usage (this includes spelling and
grammar) and who can also write creatively, critically, imaginatively, reflectively and for enjoyment.
The multiple purposes of reading and writing are encouraged in many classrooms.
 Literacy Strategies

01. Create a literate 04. Utilize predictable books

classroom environment

02. Encourage collaborative 05. Read aloud to children daily

and cooperative learning
06. Organize resonses of children to
03. Include literacy development the literature they read
as part of the content of other
areas of the curriculum
Grouping and Assessment

A classroom approach using a broad and comprehensive strategy, may also use diverse grouping
strategies in the development of literacy. Whole classwork, pair work, small group work, cooperative
learning can all be used to good effect (Johnson, 1994). A diverse approach also means avoiding
narrow standardized tests that purely reflect a skills approach to literacy (Edelsky, 1991).
 Biliteracy

‘Literature brings the child into an encounter with language in its most complex and varied forms.
Through these complexities are presented the thoughts, experiences, and feelings of people who exist
outside and beyond the reader’s awareness… It provides imaginative insights into what another person
is feeling; it allows the contemplation of possible human experiences which the reader himself has not
met.’ (p. 125)
 Immersion Education
Introduction
The first modern language immersion programs
appeared in Canada in the 1960s. English-
speaking parents there convinced educators to
establish an experimental French immersion
program enabling their children to appreciate the
traditions and culture of French-speaking
Canadians as well as English-speaking
Canadians.

By: Andi Sastrianti Lukman

What Is Immersion
Classroom?
The term immersion is taken from the
English immerse, which means more or less
to immerse, absorb, or engage deeply
(Hornby, 1984).

In foreign language learning, the term

immersion class appears, which means
learning one or several fields of study using
the target language (for example English) as
a medium. Therefore the term English
immersion class emerged.
 What is Immersion
Teaching?

Student Student Student

Teacher
Language Teaching and Learning in The Immersion Classroom

Language acquisition Language across the curriculum

 Language Strategies in Immersion
Classroom

01 02
The teacher typically The teacher needs to
concentrates on be sympathetically
listening and speaking aware of the level of
skills child’s vocabulary and
grammar
THANK
YOU