CHEM 113 Solubility
CHEM 113 Solubility
CHEM 113 Solubility
Solubility
S-C-9-1_Solubility Presentation
Solute + Solvent = Solution
• Solution – a homogeneous mixture of two or
more substances of ions or molecules
• Solute – the part of a solution that is being
dissolved (usually the lesser amount)
• Solvent – the part of a solution that dissolves
the solute (usually the greater amount)
Salt
Water Salt
(Solution) (Solute)
Water
(Solvent)
Types of Solutions
• Saturated – a solution that contains the maximum
quantity of solute that dissolves at that temperature.
• Unsaturated – a solution that contains less than the
maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a
particular temperature.
• Supersaturated – a solution that contains more
solute than a saturated solution.
– Supersaturated solutions can be attained by heating the
solution up to dissolve more solute at that higher
temperature and then letting the solution cool.
– Once cooled, agitation causes crystals to precipitate
(separate from solution) out of the super saturated
solution.
S-C-9-1_Solubility Presentation
UNSATURATED
SUPERSATURATED
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
more solute can becomes unstable, crystals
dissolve SATURATED form
SOLUTION
no more solute can
dissolve at given
temperature
increasing concentration
Solubility and Temperature
Solubility Curve
S-C-9-1_Solubility Presentation
Solubility vs. Temperature for Solids and gases
Solubility Curve 140
KI
Graph 130
120
*Solubility is
dependent 100
solids
on temperature 90
KNO3
80
HCl NH4Cl
60 NH3
see on the graph? 50
KCl
40
different? SO2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature °C
Solubility vs. Temperature for Solids
140
KI
130
solids
90
KNO3
more? 80
HCl NH4Cl
70
temperature does 30
NaCl KClO3
allow you to dissolve more. 20
10
SO2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature
Solubility vs. Temperature
Saturated!
• What term describes
39g NaCl at 70C?
Unsaturated
• What about 30g at
the same
temperature?
Supersaturated
• What about 45g at
the same
temperature?
Solids dissolved in liquid Gases dissolved in liquids
Sol.
Sol.
To
To
As To solubility As To solubility
-Ammonium, NH4+
•A compound is soluble if it contains one of the following
anions:
-Halide: Cl-, Br-, I-, except for salts with Ag+, Hg22+, Pb+2
-Nitrate, NO3-
-Acetate, CH3CO2-
-Sulfate, SO42-, except for salts with Ba+2, Hg22+, Pb+2
Examples
2. AgCl - Insoluble
- soluble
3. C12H22O11
- soluble
4. NaNO3
- soluble
5. KOH
Precipitation reactions
• KI = soluble
• Pb(NO3)2 = soluble
• 2KNO3(aq) = soluble
• PbI(s) = insoluble solid
• In a precipitation reaction, two clear aqueous
solutions are combined to form a cloudy, solid
precipitate that can be collected by filtration.
Solubility Equilibria
• Because ionic compounds are strong electrolytes,
they dissociate completely to the extent that they
dissolve.
• When an equilibrium equation is written, the solid
is the reactant and the ions in solution are the
products.
• The equilibrium constant expression is called the
solubility-product constant. It is represented as
Ksp.
When an ionic compound is insoluble or slightly
soluble, an equilibrium is established:
For example:
BaSO4(s) ⇌ Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq)
The equilibrium constant expression is
Ksp = [Ba2+][SO42]
Another example:
Ba3(PO4)2(s) ⇌ 3 Ba2+(aq) + 2 PO43–(aq)
The equilibrium constant expression is
Ksp = [Ba2+]3[PO43]2
Solubility Equilibria
a. Hg2Cl2
b. HgCl2
b. HgCl2
HgCl2(s) Hg2+(aq) + 2Cl−(aq)
Ksp = [Hg2+][Cl−]2
Solubility equilibrium:
AgBr(s) Ag+(aq) + Br−(aq)
Initial 0 0
Change +x +x
Equilibrium x x
Solubility equilibrium:
BaF2(s) Ba2+(aq) + 2F−(aq)
Initial 0 0
Change +x +2x
Equilibrium x 2x
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[Ba2+] = x = 6.27 × 10−3 M
Solubility equilibrium:
HgCl2(s) Hg2+(aq) + 2Cl−(aq)
Initial 0 0
Change +x +2x
Equilibrium x 2x
Ksp = x(2x)2
Ksp = x(4x2)
Ksp = 4x3
1.3 × 10−18 = 4x3
x3 = 3.25 × 10−19
x = 6.88 × 10−7 M
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The molar solubility is 6.9 × 10−7 M, but we also need the
solubility in g/L:
Initial 0 0.020
Change +x +x
Equilibrium x 0.020 + x
Ksp = [Ag+][Cl−]
1.8 × 10−10 = x(0.020 + x)
We make the following simplifying assumption: 0.020 +
x 0.020.
1.8 × 10−10 = 0.020x
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The molar solubility is given by x:
x = 9.0 × 10−9 M
• Solutions:
Solubility in water = (Ksp)
= (1.6 x 10-10) = 1.3 x 10-5 mol/L
Solubility Exercise #1
[ NH 3 ]2 (1 - 2 S ) 2
Solubility Exercise #1
Qc = 1.0 × 10−25
Ksp < Qc
A precipitate will form.
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When a problem gives the amounts and concentrations
of two samples that are then mixed, the first step in
solving the problem is to calculate the new initial
concentrations.
Ksp < Qc
A precipitate will form.
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Effect of pH on Solubility
When a salt contains the conjugate base of a weak acid,
the pH will affect the solubility of the salt.
AgCl Ag Cl
K sp Ag Cl 1.8 10
10
AuCl Au Cl
K sp Au Cl 2.0 10
13
59
Fractional Precipitation
60
Fractional Precipitation
• These three calculations give the [Cl-] required
to precipitate AuCl ([Cl-] >2.0 x 10-11 M), to
precipitate AgCl ([Cl-] >1.8 x 10-8 M), and to
precipitate CuCl ([Cl-] >1.9 x 10-5 M).
• It is also possible to calculate the amount of
Au+ precipitated before the Ag+ begins to
precipitate, as well as the amounts of Au+ and
Ag+ precipitated before the Cu+ begins to
precipitate.
61
Fractional Precipitation
62
It is possible to use these differences to separate
compounds.