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    Session 7 Introduction To GIS and Spatial Data

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    高铭徽
    This document introduces Geographic Information Systems (GIS) by outlining its key components and how it operates. It discusses that GIS integrates spatial data like maps with non-spatial data through hardware, software, data, people, and methods. It also differentiates between vector and raster spatial data models, explaining that vector uses points and topology while raster uses a grid of pixels. The goal is to help students understand what a GIS is and the different types of spatial data that can be analyzed within one.

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    Session 7 Introduction To GIS and Spatial Data

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    高铭徽
    38 views25 pages
    This document introduces Geographic Information Systems (GIS) by outlining its key components and how it operates. It discusses that GIS integrates spatial data like maps with non-spatial data through hardware, software, data, people, and methods. It also differentiates between vector and raster spatial data models, explaining that vector uses points and topology while raster uses a grid of pixels. The goal is to help students understand what a GIS is and the different types of spatial data that can be analyzed within one.

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    Session 7 Introduction to GIS and spatial data

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    This document introduces Geographic Information Systems (GIS) by outlining its key components and how it operates. It discusses that GIS integrates spatial data like maps with non-spatial data through hardware, software, data, people, and methods. It also differentiates between vector and raster spatial data models, explaining that vector uses points and topology while raster uses a grid of pixels. The goal is to help students understand what a GIS is and the different types of spatial data that can be analyzed within one.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    38 views25 pages

    Session 7 Introduction To GIS and Spatial Data

    Uploaded by

    高铭徽
    This document introduces Geographic Information Systems (GIS) by outlining its key components and how it operates. It discusses that GIS integrates spatial data like maps with non-spatial data through hardware, software, data, people, and methods. It also differentiates between vector and raster spatial data models, explaining that vector uses points and topology while raster uses a grid of pixels. The goal is to help students understand what a GIS is and the different types of spatial data that can be analyzed within one.

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    You are on page 1of 25

    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences

    GEOE 1018

    Introduction to GIS and spatial data


    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Aim: To love Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

    Objectives:
    1. Understand what constitutes a GIS

    2. Determine how a GIS operates

    3. Discover what spatial data can be used within a GIS

    4. Differentiate between the spatial data models


    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 1/4: Understand what constitutes a GIS

    What is a GIS?

    • Computer-based tool for mapping and analyzing features that exist and
    events that happen on earth
    – Integration of common database operations with visualization and
    geographic analysis
    – “Spatially enable” otherwise tabular data or “aspatial data”
    – Create maps and visualize aspatial and spatial data together:
    • Visualize scenarios
    • Develop planning strategies
    • Predict outcomes
    • Solve complicated problems
    • Present powerful ideas
    • Develop effective solutions
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 1/4: Understand what constitutes a GIS


    GIS is a Technology for Organizing, Analyzing, and Visualizing Spatially
    Referenced Information
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 1/4: Understand what constitutes a GIS

    What are the Components of a GIS?

    • Hardware
    – Centralized computing servers
    – Desktop computers networked or stand-alone
    • Software
    – Tools for the input and manipulation of geographic data
    – Database management system (DBMS)
    – Tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization
    – A graphical user interface (GUI)
    • Data
    – Collected in-house or purchased from commercial data provider
    – GIS will integrate spatial data with other data resources
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 1/4: Understand what constitutes a GIS

    What are the Components of a GIS?

    • People
    – System management and enhancement
    – Develop plans and applications used in real-world solutions
    – Everyday users to technical specialists
    • Methods
    – Well designed usage plans
    – Well defined business rules
    – Operational practices unique to each organization
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 2/4: Determine how a GIS operates

    GIS Integrates All the Parts… to see the whole!


    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 2/4: Determine how a GIS operates


    Utilities: Access by Selecting GIS Map Features
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 2/4: Determine how a GIS operates


    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 3/4: Discover what spatial data can be used within a GIS

    Spatial data (The Fuel!) Representation

    • Maps and GIS are models of reality

    • They emphasize some aspects of reality in a cartographic (and


    database) representation while ignoring or greatly simplifying other
    aspects of reality.

    • Geographic entities can be conceptualized as:


    – points
    – lines
    – areas
    – surfaces [volumes]
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 4/4: Differentiate between the spatial data models

    Digital Geographic Data Formats

    • Vector
    – Points, Lines & Polygons

    • Raster
    • Images & Grids
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 4/4: Differentiate between the spatial data models

    The Vector Model

    • A vector data model uses points stored by their real (earth) coordinates.
    • Lines and areas are built from sequences of points in order.
    • Lines have a direction to the ordering of the points.
    • Polygons can be built from points or lines.
    • Vectors can store information about topology.
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 4/4: Differentiate between the spatial data models

    Spatial Data Representation


    Point 0 Dimensional
    Geographic objects
    Vector Node objects

    String
    1 Dimensional
    Arc objects
    Link
    Directed link
    Chain
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 4/4: Differentiate between the spatial data models

    Vector data example Polyline

    Polygon

    Point
    (with symbol)
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 4/4: Differentiate between the spatial data models

    Vector data example:


    Contours
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 4/4: Differentiate between the spatial data models

    Attribute data

    Data item

    A record

    A table of
    records
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 4/4: Differentiate between the spatial data models

    Raster Data

    • IMAGES

    – Provide backdrops to our maps


    – Sources include scanned photographs, satellite images and digital
    cameras.
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 4/4: Differentiate between the spatial data models

    Raster Data

    • Consists of a matrix of Pixels or cells

    • Single band
    – One value. e.g. Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
    • Multi-band
    – Multiple Values e.g. Satellite imagery (i.e. different values from the
    electromagnetic spectrum)
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 4/4: Differentiate between the spatial data models

    3 band Scanned Aerial Photograph


    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 4/4: Differentiate between the spatial data models

    Digital Elevation Models (DEM)

    • describe a physical or conceptual 3 dimensional surface


    • often used to describe the topographic surface of the earth
    • may describe conceptual surfaces such as:
    – the probability of an outcome or
    – the density of an occurrence.
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 4/4: Differentiate between the spatial data models

    DEM

    Conceptual 3D View
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 4/4: Differentiate between the spatial data models

    DEM

    Vector vs Raster Data


    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Obj 4/4: Differentiate between the spatial data models

    Spatial Data Representation

    Object or field conceptualizations can be spatially represented in different


    ways, e.g. the elevation field represented as a surface of shading values (left)
    or as a set of discrete contour lines (right).
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

    Summary

    1. Understand what constitutes a GIS

    2. Determine how a GIS operates

    3. Discover what spatial data can be used within a GIS

    4. Differentiate between the spatial data models

    Next Session – Spatial Analysis


    And remember …
    Introduction to Surveying and Spatial Sciences
    GEOE 1018

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