Skeletal System

SKELETAL SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON
 The bones, muscles, and joints together form an
integrated system called the MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM
 ORTHOPEDICS - a branch of science concerned

with the prevention or correction of disorders
of the musculoskeletal system
 Bones of the adult skeleton are grouped into
two principal divisions:
1. axial skeleton – consists of 80 bones
2. appendicular skeleton – consists of 126

bones
Functions of Musculoskeletal System
Axial Skeleton
 Forms longitudinal
axis of the body
 80 bones
 40% of the bones in

the human body
Appendicular
Skeleton
 Allows us to
move and
manipulate
objects
 126 bones
Division of Skeletal System
Types of Bones:
 Most bones of the body can be classified into five main types
based on shape:
1. Long bones – have greater length than width and consists

of a shaft and a variable number of extremities (end)
- they are usually curved for strength
Long bones includes:
 Femur (thigh)
 Tibia and fibula (leg)
 Humerus (arm)
 Ulna and radius (forearm)
 Phalanges (fingers and toes)

2. Short Bones - cube-shaped because they are nearly
equal in length and width
Examples:
 Carpal bone (wrist)
 Tarsal bone (ankle)

3. Flat Bone –- for protection and provide extensive
areas for muscle attachment
Examples:
 Cranial bones
 Breastbone
 Shoulder blades
4. Irregular bones – have complex shapes and cannot
be grouped into any of the previous categories
Examples:
 Vertebrae of the backbone
 Facial bones
5. Sesamoid Bone – develop in certain tendons where
there is considerable friction, tension, and physical
stress such as the palms and soles
- sesamoid bones protects the tendons from excessive

wear and tear
Example;
 Kneecaps
SKULL
 Contains 22 bones, rest on the superior end of the vertebral column .
 2 sets of bones:
1. Cranial bones (brain case) form the cranial cavity, which encloses
and protects the brain.
8 cranial bones:
 frontal bone – forms the forehead
 2 parietal bones – form the greater portion and roof of
cranial cavity
 2 temporal bones – form the inferior lateral aspects of the
cranium and part of the cranial floor

 Occipital bone- back of the head , form in the posterior part
 Sphenoid bone- lies at the middle part of the base of the skull
 Ethmoid bone – sponge-like bone located on the midline and anterior
part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits

2. 14 Facial bones form the face
Facial bones:
 2 nasal bones
 2 maxillae
 2 zygomatic bones
 Mandible
 2 lacrimal bones
 2 palatine bones
 2 Nasal conchae
 Vomer
Paranasal Sinuses - are paired cavities in certain
cranial and facial bones near the nasal cavity
 serves as resonating chambers for sound as we
speak or sing
An inflammation of the membranes due to an allergic
reaction or infection is called sinusitis. If the
membranes swell enough to block drainage into the
nasal cavity, fluid pressure builds up in the
paranasal sinuses, and a sinus headache results.
Facial bones
l. Nasal bones (2) – paired nasal bones meet at the midline
and form part of the bridge of the nose
2. Maxillae – paired maxillae unite to form the upper jawbone
Usually the palatine process of the maxillary bones unite

during weeks 10-12 of embryonic development. Failure to
do so can result in one type of cleft palate.
The condition may also involve incomplete fusion of the
horizontal plates of the palatine bones called cleft lip
split in the upper lip
Unique Features of the Skull
Sutures – is an immovable joint in an adult that is found
only between skull bones and that holds most
skull bones together
Types of Sutures
1. Coronal suture – unites the frontal bone and both

parietal bones
2. Sagittal suture – unites the two parietal bones on the
superior midline of the skull
3. Lambdoid suture – unites the two parietal bones to

the occipital bones
4. Squamous suture – unite the parietal and temporal

bones on the lateral aspects of the skull
Fontanels – “ membrane-filled spaces” present
between the cranial bones or commonly called as
“ soft spots”
 Fontanels provide some flexibility to the fetal skull.

They allow the skull to change shape as it passes
through the birth canal and permit rapid growth of
the brain during infancy.
Types of Fontanels and its location :
1. Anterior fontanel
(unpaired) – located
at the midline
between the two
parietal bones and the
frontal bone
 diamond-shaped and
largest fontanels
 Usually closes 18-24
months after birth
2. Posterior Fontanel
– (unpaired) located
at the midline
between the two
parietal bones and
the occipital bone.
 closes about 2
months after birth

3. Anterolateral–
(paired) located
between the frontal,
parietal, temporal, and
sphenoid bones
 small and irregular in
shape
 close about 3 months
after birth
4. Posterolateral
Fontanels – (paired)
located between the
parietal, occipital, and
temporal bones
 it begin to close 1-2
months after birth, but

closure is not
complete until 12
months
VERTEBRAL COLUMN
 Also called spine or backbone,
makes up about two-fifths of
the total height of the body and
is composed of a series of
bones called vertebrae
 The length of the column is

about 71 cm (28 in.) in average
adult male and about 61 cm (24
in.) in an average adult female
Vertebral column:
• 7 cervical vertebrae – neck region

• 12 thoracic vertebrae – posterior to the thoracic
cavity
• 5 lumbar vertebrae – support the lower back
• 1 sacrum – consists of five fused sacral
vertebrae
• 1 coccyx – consists of four fused coccygeal
vertebrae
Functions of vertebral column:
 Flexible rod that can move

forward, backward, sideways,
and rotate
 Protects the spinal cord.
 Supports the head.
 Serves as a point of attachment

for the ribs, pelvic girdle, and
muscles of the neck.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
Cervical vertebrae
 The neck region of the spine
 The region consists of 7 vertebrae,
abbreviated as
C1 through C7
 These vertebrae protect the brain stem
and the spinal cord, supports the skull,
and allow for a wide range of head
movement
Thoracic Region
 Longest region of the spine
 Thoracic spine runs from the

base of the neck down to the
abdomen
 It is the only spinal region

attached to the rib cage
Sacrum
 Triangular bone formed by union
of five sacral vertebrae
 The fusion of sacral vertebrae

begins between ages 16 and 18
and usually completed by age 30
 The sacrum serves as a strong

foundation for the pelvic girdle
 The female sacrum is shorter,

wider, and more curved
Coccyx
 Triangular in shape and formed
by the fusion of four coccygeal

vertebrae
 The coccygeal vertebrae fuse

when a person is between 20 and
30 years of age
Thorax
 Thorax refers to the entire chest.
 A bony enclosure formed by the sternum,
costal cartilage, ribs, and the bodies of the
thoracic vertebrae
 the skeletal part of the thorax is the
thoracic cage
Functions;
 It protects the organs in the thoracic and
superior abdominal cavities

 Provides support for the bones of the
shoulder girdle and upper limbs

Sternum
 (breastbone), a flat, narrow bone located in the
center of the anterior thoracic wall that measures

about 15 cm (6 in.)
3 parts:
1. Manubrium – middle part
2. Body – largest part
3. Xiphoid process – smallest part

Medical Terminology
 Kyphosis – exaggeration of the thoracic curve of

vertebral column
 Lordosis – exaggeration of the lumbar curve of the

vertebral column

Skeletal System

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SKELETAL SYSTEM

 ORTHOPEDICS - a branch of science concerned

1. axial skeleton – consists of 80 bones

2. appendicular skeleton – consists of 126

 40% of the bones in

1. Long bones – have greater length than width and consists

 Tibia and fibula (leg)

 Ulna and radius (forearm)

 Phalanges (fingers and toes)

 Tarsal bone (ankle)

- sesamoid bones protects the tendons from excessive

cranium and part of the cranial floor

 Ethmoid bone – sponge-like bone located on the midline and anterior

part of the cranial floor medial to the orbits

Usually the palatine process of the maxillary bones unite

1. Coronal suture – unites the frontal bone and both

3. Lambdoid suture – unites the two parietal bones to

4. Squamous suture – unite the parietal and temporal

 Fontanels provide some flexibility to the fetal skull.

months after birth

months after birth, but

 The length of the column is

• 7 cervical vertebrae – neck region

 Flexible rod that can move

 Protects the spinal cord.

 Supports the head.

 Serves as a point of attachment

 The region consists of 7 vertebrae,

 Thoracic spine runs from the

 It is the only spinal region

of five sacral vertebrae

 The fusion of sacral vertebrae

 The sacrum serves as a strong

 The female sacrum is shorter,

by the fusion of four coccygeal

 The coccygeal vertebrae fuse

superior abdominal cavities

shoulder girdle and upper limbs

center of the anterior thoracic wall that measures

2. Body – largest part

3. Xiphoid process – smallest part

 Kyphosis – exaggeration of the thoracic curve of

 Lordosis – exaggeration of the lumbar curve of the

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