AXIAL

SKELETON
PRESENTED BY:
GROUP #3
OBJECTIVES

 Identity the parts of axial bones in a human body

 Students should be able to understand and identify:
 The parts of the skull and its sutures
 The different facial bones and their functions
 Hyoid bone and its bony projection
 Vertebral column and its parts
 Classification of Ribs
 Sternum and its parts.
 AXIAL SKELETON
 The axial skeleton forms
the central axis of the body.
 It protects the brain, the
spinal cord, and the vital
organs housed within the
thorax.
 The axial skeleton is
composed of the skull, the
vertebral column, and the
thoracic cage.
SKULL
 There are 22 bones in the skull, which are divided into
those of a braincase (neurocranium) and those of the face
(viscerocranium).
 CRANIAL BONES (NEUROCRANIUM)
 It consists of 8 bones that immediately surrounds and
protect the brain.
 The cranial bones are connected by sutures.
 FACIAL BONES (VISCEROCRANIUM)
 Consists of 14 facial bones that form the structure of the
face.
 SUTURES
 are immovable joints that
connect the bones of the skull.
FOUR PRINCIPAL SUTURES
•Coronal suture - unites the
frontal bone with the parietal
bones.
•Sagittal suture - unites the 2
parietal bones in the midline.
•Lambdoid suture - unites the
parietal bones with the occipital
bone.
•Squamosal suture - unites the
squamous portion of the temporal
bone with the parietal bones.
CRANIAL BONES
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital, Sphenoid,
and Ethmoid Bone
Parietal Bones
 the parietal bones make
up the majority of the
lateral portion of the skull,
along with the temporal
bones.
 The two parietal bones are
joined by the sagittal
suture and are connected
to the occipital bone by
the lambdoid suture.
 Its function is to help
shape the head and
protect the right and left
parietal lobes of the brain.
Temporal Bones
 The temporal bones are
connected to the skull by
the squamous sutures.
 The term temporal means
"related to time“.
 It is primarily responsible
for protecting the temporal
lobe of the brain as well as
the cranial nerves.
THREE MAIN REGIONS OF
TEMPORAL BONES:
Squamous, Tympanic, Petrous
 Frontal Bone
 it is connected to the two
parietal bones by the
coronal suture.
 The frontal bone is most
well-known at the
"forehead.“
 It forms the roof of both the
orbit of the eye and the
nasal cavity.
 Its function is to protect
the frontal lobe of the
brain.
 Occipital Bone
 It is the most posterior
cranial bone.
 The occipital bone makes up
the majority of the skull's
posterior wall and base.
 Its most prominent feature
is the foramen magnum
(large hole).
 Its primary function is either
for protection or to provide
a broad surface for muscle
attachment.
 Sphenoid Bone
 When viewed as a whole,
the sphenoid bone
somewhat resembles a
butterfly.
 Anterior to the sphenoid
bone is the zygomatic
bone or cheekbone.
 It helps form the base and
lateral sides of the skull in
combination with the orbital
floor
 Ethmoid Bone
 the ethmoid bone is
appropriately named
because it is a very
porous, fragile bone.
 It is centrally located in the
skull, forming the nasal
septum (wall), a large
portion of the nasal cavity,
as well as the medial wall of
the orbits.
 It functions to direct and
condition inhaled air from
the nostrils to the nasal
cavity to the lungs.
FACIAL BONES
Nasal, Mandible, Vomer, Inferior Nasal Conchae,
Zygomatic, Maxillae, Palatine, and Lacrimal Bones
 Nasal Bone
 The nasal bones, along with
the frontal processes of the
maxillae, form the bridge of
the nose
 The main function of the
nasal bone is to form the
external surface of the nose,
nasal aperture, and to
protect the nasal cavity
from external factors.
 Mandible
 The mandible (lower jaw) is
the only skull bone that is
freely movable relative to
the other skull bones. It is
inferior to the maxillae and
attaches posteriorly to the
temporal bone via the
mandibular.
 It functions as passage of
nerves and blood vessels to
the chin.
 Vomer Bone
 is one of the unpaired facial
bones of the skull.
 The vomer forms most of
the posterior portion of the
nasal septum
 The vomer's main job is to
help support the structure of
the nasal passages and
face.
 Inferior Nasal Conchae
 is one of the three conchae
in the nasal cavity that
provide increased surface
area, thus providing for
rapid warming and
humidification of air as it
passes to the lungs
 Zygomatic
 The zygomatic bones,
commonly known as the
cheekbones, are anterior
to the sphenoid bone.
 The temporal process of the
zygomatic bone articulates
with the zygomatic process
of the temporal bone to
form the zygomatic arch.
 Maxillae
 The bones that form the
upper part of the jaw, the
roof of the mouth, and parts
of the eye socket and nose.
 The maxilla holds the top
teeth in place and supports
muscles involved in chewing
and facial expressions.
 It is a major bone in the
face. Also called upper jaw.
 Palatine Bones
 The palatine bones have
horizontal plates that fuse
centrally to form the
posterior portion of the hard
palate.
 It participates in building
the three cavities within the
skull; the oral cavity, nasal
cavity and the orbits.
 Lacrimal Bones
 are the paired facial bones
and smallest of the skull
bones
 Its main function is to
provide support to the
structures of the lacrimal
apparatus, which secretes
tears to lubricate the eyes,
as well as act as a site for
orbicularis oculi muscle
attachment.
CAVITIES WITHIN THE
SKULL
Nasal Cavity, Orbit, and Paranasal Sinuses
Nasal Cavity
 It is the space inside the nose.
 The main job of the nasal cavity is to warm, humidify, and
filter (through the hairs and mucus) air before it enters the
body.
 The nasal cavity has a rounded opening anteriorly and is
separated into right and left halves by the nasal septum.

Orbits
 The orbits are cone-shaped fossae bony structures that
protects the globe, or the organ of sight also known as
eyeball.
 Each orbit has seven bones.
Paranasal Sinuses

 a group of four paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal

cavity.
FUNCTIONS OF PARANASAL SINUSES
 Decreasing the relative weight of the skull.
 Increasing the resonance of the voice.
 HYOID BONE
 It is an unpaired, U-shaped
bone.
 It has a unique distinction of
being the only bone in the
body that does not
articulate with another
bone.
 It is important for speech
and swallowing.
Vertebral Column
 Also known as spine.
 It is the central axis of the skeleton,
extending from the based of the skull to
slightly pass the end of the pelvis.
Five major functions:
• It supports the weight of the head and trunk
• Protects the spinal cord,
• Allows spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
• Provides a site for muscle attachment
• Permits movement of the head and trunk.
 The vertebral column usually consists of 26
bones, called vertebrae.
 Five regions of Vertebral Column
• Cervical vertebrae - the main function of the cervical spine is to
support the weight of the head (about 10 pounds). The seven
cervical vertebrae are numbered C1 to C7.
• Thoracic vertebrae - the main function of the thoracic spine is to
hold the rib cage and protect the heart and lungs. The twelve
thoracic vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12.
• Lumbar vertebrae - the main function of the lumbar spine is to
bear the weight of the body. The five lumbar vertebrae are
numbered L1 to L5.
• Sacrum vertebrae - the main function of the sacrum is to connect
the spine to the hip bones (iliac). There are five sacral vertebrae,
which are fused together. Together with the iliac bones, they form a
ring called the pelvic girdle.
• Coccyx vertebrae - the four fused bones of the coccyx or tailbone
provide attachment for ligaments and muscles of the pelvic floor.
 4 MAJOR CURVATURES
• Cervical curvature- Cervical region
curves anteriorly
• Thoracic curvature- Thoracic
region curves posteriorly
• Lumbar curvature- Lumbar region
curves anteriorly
• Sacral curvature- Sacral and
coccygeal regions together curve
posteriorly
 Abnormal curves
• Kyphosis- is an abnormal
posterior curvature of the spine,
mostly in the thoracic region,
resulting in a hunchback condition.
• Lordosis- is an abnormal posterior
curvature of the spine, mostly in
the lumbar region, resulting in a
swayback condition.
• Scoliosis- is an abnormal lateral
curvature of the spine.
General Features of the
Vertebrae
Regional Differences in Vertebrae
 Regional Differences in Vertebrae
• Cervical vertebrae are located in the vertebral column region with
the greatest range of motion. Because the cervical vertebrae
support only the weight of the head, they have very small bodies,
making dislocations and fractures in this area of the vertebral
column more common than in other regions.
• Thoracic vertebrae- In contrast to the large degree of motion of
the cervical region, the thoracic region is the least moveable of the
five regions due to the articulation of the thoracic vertebrae with the
ribs.
• Lumbar vertebrae have massive bodies and heavy, rectangular
transverse and spinous processes.
• Sacrum vertebrae is located between the two hip bones.
• Coccyx vertebrae is commonly referred to as the tailbone.
 THORACIC CAGE
 commonly called the rib
cage.
 The rib cage protects the
vital organs within the
thorax and prevents the
collapse of thorax during
respiration.
 It consists of;
(1) thoracic vertebrae,
(2) ribs with their associated
costal (rib) cartilages, and
(3) sternum
 Ribs and Costal Cartilages
• There are 12 pairs of ribs. Ribs are classified as either true ribs or
false ribs.
• Ribs 1-7 are called true ribs.
• Ribs 8-12 are called false rib.
The false ribs consist of two groups:
• Ribs 8-10 are joined by a common cartilage to the costal cartilage
of rib 7, which in turn is attached to the sternum.
• Two of the false ribs, ribs 11 and 12, are also called floating ribs
because they do not attach to the sternum..
 Sternum
• The sternum, or breastbone, has been described as sword-shaped
and has three parts:
1. The manubrium is the "sword handle";
2. The body, or gladiolus (sword), is the "blade"
3. The xiphoid process is the "sword tip.“

FORAMEN MAGNUM
 is the largest foramen of the skull. It is located in the most inferior
portion of the cranial fossa as a part of the occipital bone.
 It functions as a passage of the central nervous system through the
skull connecting the brain with the spinal cord.
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