HYDRAULICS ENGINEERING 3A

Pipes and Pumps (HMG3A11)

INSTRUCTOR:
Dr. Sophia Rwanga
Senior Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering
Sciences University of Johannesburg
2024 (Semester I)
 PIPE FLOWS:
Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines
in Pipe Systems
(Lecture 1)
INSTRUCTOR:
Dr S Rwanga
Department of Civil Engineering Sciences
University of Johannesburg

Department of Civil Engineering Sciences

 Learning Outcomes

At the end of this session, learners can:

Recognise the three forms of fluid energy
Differentiate between Bernouli‘s and Energy equations and setup an energy
balance across a control volume
Differentiate between energy and hydraulic gradelines
Sketch the total energy & hydraulic grade lines on a long section of a pipe

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 REVIEW ON :Classification of Flow Pattern
• There are different patterns of fluid flow, usually characterized
by time and distance:
• Time: A flow is steady if the parameters describing it (e.g. flow
rate, velocity, pressure, etc.) do not change with time.
Otherwise, a flow is unsteady.
• Distance: A flow is uniform if the parameters describing the
flow do not change with distance. In non-uniform flow, the
parameters change from point to point along the flow.
Steady uniform flow
• Discharge (i.e. flow rate, or volume per unit time) is constant
with time and the cross section of the flow is also constant.
Constant flow through a long straight prismatic pipe is an
example.
Steady non-uniform flow
• The discharge is constant with time, but the cross-section
of flow changes. An example is a river with constant
discharge, as the cross section of a river changes from
point to point.
Unsteady uniform flow
• The cross-section is constant but the discharge changes
with time resulting in complex flow patterns. A pressure
surge in a long straight prismatic pipe is an example.
Unsteady non-uniform flow
• Both discharge and cross section vary. A flood wave in a
river valley is an example. This is the most complex type
of flow.
 Dimension of Flow
• Fluid flow is in general three-dimensional in nature.
Parameters of the flow can vary in the x, y and z directions.
They can also vary with time. In practice we can reduce
problems to one- or two-dimensional flow to simplify. For
example:
 The control volume principle
• Control Volume: A control volume is an
imaginary region within a body of
flowing fluid, usually at fixed location
and of a fixed size:

• It can be of any size and shape so we

choose shapes amenable to simple
calculations. Inside the region all forces
cancel out, and we can concentrate on
external forces. It can be picture as a
transparent pipe or tube, for example.
REVIEW QUESTION 1
Water flows from point A to
points D and E as shown. Some of
the flow parameters are known,
as shown in the table. Determine
the unknown parameters.
 Three forms of fluid
energy
A flowing liquid has three types of
energies:
1. Pressure Energy.
2. Kinetic Energy.
3. Potential Energy.
Energy Equation Development
• We apply the Law of Conservation of
Energy to a control volume. To do so,
we must identify the forms of energy in
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the control volume.

Consider the following system:
 Watch video below:

Great science teacher risks his life explaining potential and kinet
ic energy - YouTube
Fluid Energy
Euler‘s Equation:
•refer Fluid Mechanics 2A for its derivation
•Three forms (by Euler derived from fundamental principles):
–Potential energy
–Pressure energy
–Kinetic energy

The three forms of energy are interchangeable:

Pressure energy kinetic energy
» Eg. When pressure from a fire hydrant is converted into a strong jet of fast-moving water
Or roller coaster
Potentia energy pressure energy kinetic energy
» Eg. When a water that drops down a mine shaft is pressurized at a bottom before it is
discharged as a powerful jet to derive a Pelton wheel
Refer
extra
material
for Euler
equation
derivation
for recap
Derivation of Bernoulli‘s Equation from
Euler equation

Derived by considering the motion of fluid

element along a streamline
 Derivation of
Bernoulli‘s
Equation from
Euler equation

Derived by considering the

motion of fluid element
along a streamline
Example: Horizontal flow through a pipe with constricted cross-section

Water with a density of 1

g/cm³ flows through a
horizontal pipe. The pipe
cross-section tapers from 80
cm² to 40 cm² at a reducer.
The static pressure before
the reducer is 4 bar and the
flow velocity is 4 m/s. The
flow is incompressible and
frictionless (inviscid). What
static pressure is measured
after the reducer?

V2 = 8 m/sec
P2 = 3.76 x 105 N/m2
 Example: Flow in a water hose with a nozzle

A hose with an internal cross

section of 1.24 cm² is connected to
a water tap. The hose leads to a
height of 6 metres above ground,
where the water flows out of a
nozzle and is collected in a pool.
The pool fills up with 30 litres per
minute. One meter above the
ground, a pressure gauge is
attached to the hose to measure the
static pressure. The gauge indicates
a pressure of 2 bar. The ambient air
pressure is 1 bar. The flow is
incompressible and inviscid. At
what speed does the water come
out of the nozzle?
V2 = 10.87 m/sec
 Pressure at a certain depth of a lake

• In fact, the Bernoulli equation is not only valid

for a flowing fluid. The Bernoulli equation can
also be applied to a fluid at rest. Let us
consider a still, deep lake. What pressure exists
at depth h below the water surface?
• To solve this problem, we consider a streamline
from the surface of the water to the depth h.
Note that a streamline is defined as a tangent
to the velocity vectors. Since all vectors are zero
for a fluid at rest, a streamline can ultimately be
drawn along any path. We place the reference
level for the gravitational potential energies at
the considered depth. This depth is therefore
assigned the height zero and the water surface
the height h. The static pressure at the water
surface is the ambient pressure pamb. Thus, the
following parameters are known:
These parameters used in the Bernoulli equation give
the following result for water pressure p2:
As was to be expected, the pressure p2 at depth h corresponds to the ambient
pressure pamb plus the (hydrostatic) pressure created by the water column above!
Energy and Hydraulic Grade Lines

The Energy Grade Line is a plot of the sum of

the three terms of the Work-Energy equation or
Bernoulli theorem: Fluid Head = The Kinetic
energy + The Flow energy + The Potential
energy.

EGL = v²/2g + P/y + elevation

v = velocity
g = acceleration due to gravity
P = pressure
y= fluid density

The Hydraulic Grade Line is a plot of the sum of

two of the terms of the Bernoulli theorem: Fluid
Head = The Flow energy + The Potential energy.

• HGL = P/y + elevation

•
• P = pressure
• y = fluid density
REPRESENTATION OF ENERGY CHANGES IN A FLUID SYSTEM
The changes of energy, and its
transformation from one form to
another which occurs in a fluid system,
can be represented graphically. In a real
fluid system, the total energy per unit
weight will not remain constant.
Unless energy is supplied to the system
at some point by means of a pump, it
will gradually decrease in the direction
of motion due to losses resulting from
friction and from the disturbance of
flow at changes of pipe section or as a
result of changes of direction. In Fig
below, for example, the flow of water
from the reservoir at A to the
reservoir at D is assisted by a pump
which develops a head hp, thus
providing an addition to the energy
per unit weight of hp.
 Example 3
A pipe 50 cm in diameter
carries water (10oC) at a rate
of 0.5 m3/s. A pump in the
pipe is used to move the water
from an elevation of 30 m to
40 m. The pressure at section 1
is 70 kPa gage and the
pressure at section 2 is 350
kPa gage. What power in
kilowatts and in horsepower 1.Write the energy equation between section 1 and section 2.
must be supplied to the flow 2. Analyze each term in the energy equation.
by the pump? Assume hL = 3 3. Calculate the head of the pump hp.
m of water and α1=α2 = 1 4. Find the power by applying the power equation
 POWER PRODUCED BY A TURBINE
At the maximum rate of power
generation, a small hydroelectric
power plant takes a discharge of 14.1
m3/ s through an elevation drop of 61
m. The head loss through the intakes,
penstock, and outlet works is 1.5 m.
The combined efficiency of the turbine
and electrical generator is 87%.What
is the rate of power generation?
1.Write the energy equation between section 1 and section 2.
2. Analyze each term in the energy equation.
3. Solve for the head of the turbine ht .
4. Find the input power to the turbine using the power
Equation.
5. Find the output power from generator by using the
efficiency equation.