Kinetic Particle Model of Matter

Kinetic Particle Model of Matter

Sub-topics:
• States of Matter
• Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
• Gases and the Kinetic Model
• Temperature and Celsius Scale
• The Gas Laws
 WALT:
• Know the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases in
terms of particle arrangement, separation and motion of particles
• Know the terms for the change is state between solids, liquids and
gases
• Describe in terms of particles, the effect of pressure on a fixed mass
of gas
• Understand the Celsius Scale and conversion to the Kelvin scale
• Describe the relationship between temperature and pressure for a
fixed mass of gas
Biblical Intergration

Psalm 148:8
• In the vapour of God’s words, the planets were formed.
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
• References:
Physics for Cambridge IGCSE Coursebook by David Sang, Mike Follows
& Sheila Tarpey:
• States of Matter: Page 153 – 155
• The Kinetic Particle Model: Page 156 – 159
• Gases and the kinetic model: Page 160 – 161
• Temperature and the Celsius Scale: Page 162 – 163
• The Gas Laws: Page 164 - 166
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
• Matter exists in three basic states: solid, liquid and gas.
• Water as a substance can exist in each of these states, depending on
the prevailing conditions of temperature and pressure.
• Solid water is ice, commonly found form of water is liquid water and
water as a gas is steam.
• The table below stipulates the distinguishing features or
characteristics of matter in each of these states:
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
State Solid Liquid Gas

Size rigid, fixed shape, not rigid, no fixed not rigid, no fixed
fixed volume, shape, fixed shape, no fixed
cannot be squashed volume, cannot be volume and can be
squashed squashed

shape takes the shape of takes the shape of Expands to fill the
the container the container container
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
Change of State:
• When a solid is heated, it melts into a liquid. When a liquid is heated,
it turns into a gas.
• Conversely, when a gas is cooled, it turns into a liquid and when a
liquid is cooled, it freezes into a solid.
• These are changes of state and each occur depending on the
prevailing conditions.
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
Class work: Copy and complete these sentences:
1. The three states of matter are ----, ---- and ----.
2. A solid has a definite ---- and -----. A liquid has a definite ----- but takes the
shape of its container. A gas will expand to fill all the ---- available.
3. When a solid is heated it ---- to make a -----. The temperature at which this
occurs is called the ----.
4. What name is given to the temperature at which a gas condenses to form a
liquid?
5. What name is given to the process, through which a liquid changes into a
solid?
6. What name is given to the temperature at which this happens?
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
• The kinetic particle model is used to explain the behaviour of matter
in various states.
• The word ‘kinetic’ is used because it is believed that particles of
matter are always in motion. The amount of motion depends on the
quantum of energy the particles have.
• All matter is composed of tiny partilces; atoms, molecules and ions.
• The kinetic particle of matter therefore describes the behaviour of
matter
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
• When a substance is heated, its particles gain energy and therefore
move faster.
• As a substance cools down, its particles lose kinetic energy and slow
down.
• This implies that there is a theoretical lower limit to how cold
anything can be.
• The lowest possible temperature anything can reach is -273*C and is
known as the absolute zero.
• The absolute zero is the temperature at which particles have no
kinetic energy.
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
State Arrangement and Separation of Motion of Particles
Particles
Solid The particles are packed closely As the particles are tightly
together in a regular pattern, with packed, they cannot move
each particle in close contact with around but vibrate about a
other particles around it. fixed position.
Liquid The particles are packed slightly less Since the particles are less
closely together as in solids, so the tightly packed than in a
particles are arranged randomly solid, they can move around
rather than in a fixed pattern as well as vibrate.
Gas The particles are widely separated The particles move freely
from each other, They are not in about, bouncing off one
contact except they collide during another and off the walls of
their random motion. the container.
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
Evidence of Kinetic Particle Model of Matter:
• Atoms and molecules are to small to be seen but experiments have shown the kinetic
nature of particles of matter.
• In 1829, a scientist named Robert Brown whilst using a microscope to study pollen
grains, noticed the tiny particles jiggling around.
• He repeated the experiment with tiny grains of dust suspended in water, he noticed
that the dust also moved around.
• The motion is called Brownian motion and it’s the motion of small particles suspended
in a liquid or gas, caused by molecular bombardment.
• It occurs because the moving particles are constantly being knocked around by the
fast-moving particles of air.
•
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
Explanation of the Kinetic Particle Model:
• Liquids take up the shape of their container because their particles are free to
move within the liquid.
• Gases fill their container because their particles move about with complete
freedom.
• Solids keep their shape because the particles are packed tightly together.
• Gases diffuse from place to place, because they are free to move
• Most solids expand when they melt, as the particles are more further apart in
a liquid than in a solid.
• Liquids expand a lot when they boil because the particles in a gas are much
farther apart than in a liquid.
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
Class work:
1. Sketch diagrams to show the arrangement of molecules in solids,
liquids and gases.
a. In which of the states are the particles most tightly parked ?
b. In which of the states are the particles most widely separated ?
c. In which of the states, do the particles move fastest?
2. Describe what is meant y ‘Brownian Motion’.
a. How can the kinetic model be used to explain Brownian motion?
3. Use kinetic model of matter to explain why humans can walk through air,
swim through water but cannot walk through a solid wall.
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
Gases and the Kinetic Model:
• The higher the temperature of a gas, the faster its molecules are
moving.
• The particles will hit the walls more often and with more force, such
that the pressure increases.
• When the volume of a gas is decreased, the gas is compressed to a
smaller space,
• The particles do not move as far between collisions, so they collide with
the walls more often and thus increase the pressure.
• Decreasing the volume of a gas increases the pressure.
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
• Temperature and the Celsius Scale:
• Temperature is the measure of the hotness or coldness of body.
• The temperature of a body is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its
particles.
• The melting and boiling points of water are used to define the Celsius Scale.
• These are the fixed points on the Celsius Scale:
• 0*C (the melting point of water): the lower fixed point
• 100*C (the boiling point of water): the upper fixed point
• Conversion between the Kelvin temperature and degrees Celsius is: T(K) = *C
+ 273
Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
• The Gas Law
• In 1662, Robert Boyle investigated the relationship between the
pressure on a gas P and the volume of the gas V.
• Boyle noted that the pressure of a given mass of gas is inversely
proportional to its volume.
• This known as the Boyle’s Law i.e.:
• P ∝ 1/V.
• P = K/V, resulting in:
• PV= k