Research Project

TECHNICAL
WRITING
• FONT STYLE AND SIZE:
• PAGE MARGINS : Top: 1” Right:12-point font size/ Times New Roman 1”
Bottom: 1” Left: 1.5”
• PAGE NUMBER:
• Lower-case Roman numerals (i.e., i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, etc.) – for preliminary pages. The
numerals appear centered at the bottom of the page.
• Arabic numerals (i.e., l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.) –for the body of the research project. The
numerals appear in the upper right of the page.
• SPACING AND JUSTIFY TEXT
• The Research Project, including the, dedication, acknowledgements, and
Introduction must be double-spaced.
• Abstracts, Footnotes, bibliographies, long quoted passages, as well as items in lists,
tables, and appendices may be single-spaced.
• Each paragraph must be in Justified Text format.
PARTS OF THE MANUSCRIPT
Preliminary Pages
Title Page
Approval Sheet
Acknowledgment
Dedication
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Text
Introduction (may be referred to as Chapter 1)
Body of Manuscript
References
Appendices
 Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS
SCOPE
Rationale
The background includes:
1. Discussion of the problem in general and the
specific situations as observed and experienced by
the researcher (macro to micro approach);
2. Concept and ideas related to the problem including
clarification of important terminologies; and
3. Discussion of the existing or present conditions and
what is aimed to be in the future or the gap to be
filled-in by the research.
 Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS
SCOPE
Format:
Use Rationale instead of Background of the
study since we used the term (The Problem and
its scope).
Limit the rationale, 2- 3 numbers of pages
Statement of the Problem
It has two main elements:
1. The objective
2. Research questions
 Objective of the study or
purpose of the study
Objective or purpose of the study is the first part
of the problem where the researcher states the
objective.
It is prefixed by these introductory phrases…”

Example: “The main objective of this study is

to…..” “This study aimed to investigate the……..”
 Research
Questions
The specific questions which are to be
answered in the study are called research
questions or investigate questions, and are
all in question form.
 Research Questions
1. The major statement or question may be followed by minor
statements or questions.
2. EXAMPLE: Specifically, the study aims to determine the causes of low
performance of the selected programs in the board examinations.
Further, it seeks to answer to the following sub-
problems:1….2….3….etc.”
If the goal is specifically to test a given hypothesis then state so. In many cases, the
objective will be a more general statement than that of a hypothesis.
EXAMPLE: The primary objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that
there is a relationship between the workplace condition and teaching
performance of faculty members.
 Research Questions
3. Investigative questions are the specific topical questions that one must resolve to
achieve research objective or test the research hypothesis.
EXAMPLE:
This attempted to evaluate the status and extent of implementation of the
computer education Program in the Division of Rizal SY 2015-2016 as perceived by
teacher and student respondents. Specifically this sought answer to the following
questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in term of:
1.1 Teacher-respondents in terms of:
1.1.1. sex;
1.1.2. field of specialization
1.1.3. educational attainment
1.1.4. length of service; and
1.1.5. computer education seminar/training attended?

1.2 Students-respondents
1.2.1 sex;
1.2.2 monthly family income;
1.2.3 parents educational background
1.2.4 accessibility to computer; and
1.2.5 performance in English and Mathematics?
 Major Types of Research Questions:
1. Factor-Isolating – the question generally starts with a “what”
EXAMPLE:
1.1) What are the problems faced by the Grade 8 students of AKIC-SLS?
1.2) What are the different study habits among the Grade 8 students of AKIC-SLS?
2. Factor-Relating – there are two terms pervasively used in this type of research
questions and these are: Relationships and Effects.
EXAMPLE:
2.1) What is the relationship between the leadership skills and level of proficiency
of Grade 8 students of AKIC SLS?
3. Situation-Relating – These are questions that involve the results of the
manipulation of the variable on the other.
EXAMPLE:
3.1) How will the Independent Learning Paradigm improve the quality of
education?
 3 Levels of Inquiry:
Level 1 – Questions are asked when the researcher has limited knowledge of the topic.
EXAMPLE:
1) What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: 1.1 Age 1.2 Sex 1.3 Educational
Attainment
2) To what extent do mental ability and home environmental factors influence learning of
students in Topology?
3) How effective is the prediction on grades in English when information on hours of study
habits and mental ability are known?
Level 2 – Questions on relationship or effects of variables are of level 2 inquiry.
EXAMPLE:
1) Is there a relationship between long exposure to x-rays and cancer among radiologists?
Level 3 – Research questions are those which assume relationship and effects and ask why of
the results.
EXAMPLE:
1) Why do students consider Independent Learning Paradigm difficult?
Theoretical Framework
 Conceptual Framework
• Is like a recipe or blueprint. It provides an outline of the plan on
how to conduct the research.
• This is a diagram that connects variables of the study with lines
(correlations) or arrows (cause-effect relationships).
• It is presented in a flow chart, map or diagram.

Research Paradigm
• A diagram that visually represent and interprets the underlying
theory, principles, and concepts of a research.
• A visual representation of variables that interrelate with one
another as perceived by the researcher before an actual
investigation is done to prove its relationship.
 Conceptual Framework
Format:
• Start with text and clearly cite the diagram.
• Ensure congruence with research questions. Rule of
thumb: number of research questions is at least equal to
the number of lines /arrows in conceptual framework.
• Include in the diagram the variables which may have
values or sub-variables.
• Use the diagram to explain research framework. Justify
each variable (and sub variable) and each line or arrow
using logic and synthesized studies.
 Significance of the Study
In this part of the research, the researcher defines who
will benefit out of the findings of the study. He/she
describes how the problem will be solved and
specifically pinpoints who will benefit from such
findings or results.
Tips in writing the Significance of the study
1. Refer to the statement of the problem.
2. Write from General to specific.
 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This section discusses the parameters of the research in
paragraph it answers the basic questions:
1. What- the topic of investigation and the variables
included
2. Where- the venue or the setting of the research
3. When- the time frame by which the study was
conducted
4. Why- the general objectives of the research
5. Who- the subject of the study, the population and
sampling
6. How- the methodology of the research which may
include the research design, methodology and the
research instrument.
 Definition of terms
Format:
The following terms are defined as used in the study:
(followed by list of terms with conceptual and
operational definitions).
Conceptual definition – original author’s qualitative
definition.
Operational definition- the definition of a
characteristic or variable in terms of how it will be
measured in the research study.
 Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies

The review of literature and studies involves the

critiquing and evaluating of what other researchers
have done in relation to the problem to be studied
whether these studies affirmed or negate the
subject under study. These can be from books,
conference proceedings, referred journal (printed or
online) and other published article.
 Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies

Format:
Separate the Related Literature and Studies.
Present the variables thematically.
 Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discussed the research methodology used in the study.
This includes the discussion of the research design, locale of the study,
sample and sampling procedure, data gathering procedures, the
research instruments and statistical treatment of data.
Research Design
• Describe the research design used.
• Task of defining the research problem is the preparation of the
research project, popularly known as the ‘research design’
• Decision regarding what, where, when, how much, by what means
concerning an inquiry or a research study constitute a research
design.
 Locale of the study
Describe the locale of the study.
Provide the map of the locale of the study
 Sample and Sampling Procedure of the Study

Description of population and description of and

justification for type of sample used or method for
selecting units of observation.
 Data Gathering Procedures

It involves the necessary activities that are

considered important in the gathering of the findings
of this study.
 Research Instruments
• Development of instrument or method for making
observations (e.g., question guide, categories for
content analysis)
• Administration of instrument or method for making
observations (e.g., interviews, observation, content
analysis)
• The research instruments used in the study should be
numbered from 1 and so on…
 Statistical Treatment of Data

• Description of data analysis should be presented in a

paragraph form.
 Chapter 4
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS
In reporting the results, the researcher stays close to the
statistical findings without drawing broader implications or
meaning from them. Further, this section includes summaries of the
data rather than the raw data (e.g., the actual scores for
individuals). A results section include tables, figures, and detailed
explanations about the statistical results.
(Based on First Question in the SOP)
Includes results and discussion relevant to the first question
of the research or the first variable of the study.
(Based on Second Question in the SOP)
Includes results and discussion relevant to the second question of
the research or the second variable of the study.
 PRESENTATION OF DATA
• Present the findings of the study in the order of
the specific problem as stated in the statement of the
problem.
• Present the data in these forms:
 Series 1
5

4.5

3.5

3
Series 1
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
Category 1 Category 2
Sales

1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
 5

4.4 4.5
4.3

3.5
3
2.8
2.4 2.5
2 2
1.8

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

 ANALYSIS OF DATA
•Data may be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively
depending on the level of measurement and the
number of dimensions and variables of the study.
•Analyze in depth to give meaning to the data
presented in the data presented in the table. Avoid
table reading.
•State statistical descriptions in declarative sentences,
e.g. in the studies involving:
INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
•Establish interconnection between and among data
•Check for indicators whether hypothesis/es is/are
supported or not by findings.
•Link the present findings with the previous
literature.
•Use parallel observations with contemporary events
to give credibility presented in the introduction.
EXAMPLE:

Cha p te r 4

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF FINDINGS

Th is c h a p te r p re se n ts th e d a ta , its a n a lysis a n d in te rp re ta tio n s. Th e p re se n ta tio n s o f

d a ta fo llo w th e o rd e r o f th e se q u e n c e o f th e sta te m e n t o f th e p ro b le m .

Co ntro l a nd Exp e rim e nta l Gro up s o f Stud e nts’ Le ve ls o f Co nc e p tua l Und e rsta nd ing in
Bio lo g y To p ic Do m a ins b e fo re a nd a fte r inte rve ntio n.

To d e sc rib e th e stu d e n ts’ le ve l o f c o n c e p tu a l u n d e rsta n d in g in th e b io lo g y to p ic

d o m a in s in th e stu d y, Ta b le 1 p re se n ts th e n u m b e rs a n d p e rc e n ta g e d istrib u tio n o f th e

c o n tro l a n d e xp e rim e n ta l g ro u p s o f stu d e n ts to e a c h le ve l b e fo re a n d a fte r th e

in te rve n tio n .

Ta b le 1

Nu m b e rs a n d p e rc e n ta g e d istrib utio n o f stu d e n ts t o e a c h le v e l o f c o n c e p tua l

u n d e rsta n d in g in b io lo g y to p ic d o m a in s b e fo re a n d a fte r th e in te rv e n tio n .

Ra w Le ve l o f C o n tro l G ro u p Exp e rim e n ta l G ro up

sc o re C o n c e p tu a l n =25 n =25
Un d e rsta n d in g
Be fo re Afte r Be fo re Afte r
Nu m b e r
Nu m b e r (%) (%) Nu m b e r (%) Nu m b e r (%)
 Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND
RECOMMENDATION
•This chapter contains the conclusions drawn from
the analysis and interpretation of the data discussed
in the preceding chapter and the recommendations
of the researchers based on the conclusions.

Format: Present the summary, major finding of the

study, Conclusion, and
Recommendation in a paragraph form.
Summary
Discuss the summary of the content of the study
which includes,
1. Purpose of the study
2. Subject participants of the study
3. Research Design
4. Research Instruments
5. Statistical Treatment of Data
Major finding of the study
• Discuss the findings of the study from your chapter
4 in detailed.
Conclusion
In writing this section,
 Interpret and summarize the findings.
 Revisit research questions and craft conclusion. State
answers to research questions following their sequence.
 Relate the conclusions to the research questions.
 Limit the conclusions to the data presented
 Be objective.
 Avoid exaggerating or manipulating data to prove your point.
 Present answers as general statements of findings.
 Do not include related literature.
Recommendation
In writing this section,
Write recommendations for beneficiaries of results of
study cited in Significance of Study.
Look at limitations of study, in scope, sample,
instruments, intervention implementation and
adequacy, and data collection.
Give suggestions on how to improve the study based
on the limitations.
Include areas for future research and give at least one
example.
REFERENCES
Use the term References instead of
Bibliography
Segregate the Books, Journals, Online sources
etc.(Alphabetical Order)
Single spacing of reference entries with double
spacing between each references.
Use APA Format (6th ed.)
EXAMPLE:

REFERENCES

Bo o ks

Da h a r, M (2011). Effe c t o f th e a v a ila b ility a n d th e use o f in stru c tio n a l m a te ria l o n

a c a d e m ic p e rfo rm a n c e o f stu d e n ts in p u n ja b . Pa kista n : Euro J o u rn a l
Pu b lish in g In c .

En c y c lo p æ d ia Brita n n ic a , In c

Fra e n ke l, J . a n d Wa lle n , N. (2011). Ho w to d e sig n a n d e v a lu a te re se a rc h in

e d u c a tio n . (6 th e d .). Ne w yo rk: Ma c G ra w -Hill C o m p a n ie s.

Jo urna ls

Au su b e l, D. P. (1978). In d e fe n c e o f a d va n c e o rg a n ize rs: A re p ly to th e c ritic s.

Re v ie w o f Ed u c a tio n a l Re se a rc h , 48.

Ad e ku n d le , R.F. An d Fe m i-Ad e o ye , K.O . (2016). Stu d e n ts’ a ttitu d e a n d in te re st a s

c o rre la te s o f stu d e n ts’ a c a d e m ic p e rfo rm a n c e in b io lo g y in se n io r
se c o n d a ry sc h o o l. In te rn a tio n a l Jo urn a l fo r In n o v a tio n Ed u c a tio n a n d
Re se a rc h , 4.
• APPENDIX
• Attached the other related documents such as
letter of permission, questionnaires if any, etc.

• CURRICULUM VITAE
Thanks for listening!!!