Formula & Equation

Stoichiometry
 What is stoichiometry?
 Deals with the specifics of QUANTITY
in chemical formula or chemical
reaction.
 Review: Counting Atoms
 Remember subscripts tell you how
many atoms…
 … Coefficients tell you how many
TOTAL molecules compounds
How many oxygen atoms in each?
 NH4NO3 (3)

 C8H8O4 (4)

(3)
 O3
(9)
 C3H5(NO3)3
 Counting Atoms Practice Ditto
Example #1:

(NH4)2CO3 * First list the types of atoms

and then count each.

N: 2
H: 8
C: 1
O: 3
 Counting Atoms Practice Ditto cont.
Example #2:

CaCrO4 * First list the types of atoms

and then count each.

Ca: 1
Cr: 1
O: 4
 Counting Atoms Practice Ditto cont.
Example #3:

Ca3(PO4)2 * First list the types of atoms

and then count each.

Ca: 3
P: 2
O: 8

**Do the rest on your own!**

 Atomic Mass
 Mass of an atom of one element
based on percent abundances and
masses of all isotopes (on PT)
 Units: amu
 Molecular Mass
 Mass of a molecular compound (ex:
H2O, CO2)
 Units: amu
 Formula Mass
 Mass of an ionic compound (ex:
NaCl, MgI2)
 Units: amu
 Gram Formula Mass
 Mass expressed in grams
 Gram Molecular Mass

H2O
O + H + H
= + +

Molecular Mass = 15.9994 amu + 1.00794 amu +1.00794 amu

Gram Molecular Mass = 18.0 g
 How do I calculate molecular or
formula mass?
 First: Identify and count atoms in the
compound.
 Second: Locate atomic mass of each
element.
 Third: Multiply mass x number of
atoms and total all elements.

 Voila!
 Molecular Mass Example
(Covalent Compound)

 Example: H2O
 H- 2 x 1
 O- 1 x 16
 Molecular Mass = 18 g
 Formula Mass Example
(ionic compound)

 Example: NaCl
 Na- 1 x 23
 Cl- 1 x 35.5
 Formula Mass = 58.5 g
Formula Mass Practice
 Percent Composition by Mass
 Experimentally-
 Use masses given in problem

Part x100
Whole

Mass of Element x 100

Mass of Compound
 Example:
 A compound containing carbon and
hydrogen has a mass of 16 grams.
When decomposed, 12.0 grams are
found to be carbon. What is the
percent by mass of carbon in the
compound?
 Percent Composition by Atomic
Mass
 Theoretically-
 Use Atomic Masses
 Formula

Part x 100
Whole

(#atoms of element) x (atomic mass) x100

Formula mass of compound
 Hydrated Crystals
 Some ionic compounds are found to have
surrounding water molecules.
 These compounds are called Hydrated

Crystals.
 The percent water hydration can be

found.
Example
CuSO4 . 5H2O
 The dot shows that 5 H2O molecules are
attached to 1 CuSO4 molecule.
 Percent Water Hydration
% Hydration = Total mass of Water x 100
Formula Mass
CuSO4 . 5H2O
Cu – 1 x 63.5 = 63.5
S – 1 x 32 = 32
O – 4 x 16 = 64
H2O – 5 x 18 = 90
Formula Mass = 249.5
% Hydration = (90/249.5) x 100
= 36% H2O
% Hydration Example Problems
1. MgCl2 . 6H2O

2. CaCl2 . 2H2O

3. Ba(OH)2 . 8H2O

4. CoSO4 . 7H2O

5. NH4Al(SO4)2 . 12H2O
 The Mole
 Avagadro’s Number is the number
of atoms (for monatomic elements)
or molecules (for diatomic elements
& compounds) in 1 mole of any
substance.
 Avagadro’s Number is 6.02 x 1023
 That means that in 1 mole of any
sample of matter there are 6.02x1023
particles. (atoms or molecules
depending on the substance)
 The Mole
 There are 6.02 x 1023 particles in one
mole of any substance (element or
compound).
 One particle can be one atom or one
molecule.
 That’s a BIG number!!!!!
 Even though for any substance the
number of particles in 1 mole is always
the same different substances have
different masses so the mass of 1 mole
will be different for all substances.
 Atomic / Formula / Molecular Mass =
Molar Mass because it is the mass of 1
mole of any substance.
 Example: 1 mole of H2O = 18g
Mole Relationships or Equalities
 1 mole = gram formula mass (molecule)

 1 mole = atomic mass (element)

 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 particles

 1 mole = 22.4L (for gases)

 Formula mass = 6.02x1023 particles

 22.4L of a gas = 6.02x1023 particles

 Formula mass = 22.4L of a gas

 Table T : Mole Calculations
 For questions that involve mass (gram) to mole
conversions use the “Mole Calculation” formula
on Table T.
 In order to use this formula you will need to plug
in what is given and solve for the unknown
value.
 If solving for moles then plug in given mass and
gram formula mass (GFM)
 If solving for a mass then plug in moles and GFM
and solve for given mass
 You will usually have to calculate the gram
formula mass of the substance unless it is given.
 See Table T
 Examples
Example #1: What is the mass of 1.75
moles of oxygen gas (Hint: oxygen is
diatomic)?
Convert from moles to grams
1st find the gram formula using the mole equation on
mass (GFM)of oxygen Table T by solving for given
remember oxygen is a mass
diatomic element (O2).
# of moles = given mass
O: 2 x 16 g= 32 g
gram-formula mass
x
1.75 =
32
X= 56 g
 Examples
Example #2: How many moles are in
42 g of water?
1st find the GFM of H2O. Use mole calculation equation
solve for # of moles
# of moles = given mass
H: 2 x 1 = 2
gram-formula mass
O: 1 x 16 = 16
42
X=
18
2 + 16 = _18 g_
1 mol
2.3 mol
 Examples
Example #3: How many moles of
potassium chromate are in a 500 g
sample?
1st find the molecular Use mole calculation equation
mass of potassium solve for moles
dichromate (K2CrO4).
K:2 x 39 = 78 500
X=
Cr: 1 x 52 = 52 194
O: 4 x 16 = 64

78+104+112 = _194 g_ 2.6 mol

1 mol
 Example 4
How much does 2.0 moles of carbon
dioxide weigh?
 Example 5
What is the mass of 0.50 moles of
sulfur dioxide at STP?
 Example 6
How many moles of helium gas are in
20.0 grams of helium?

Try the Practice problems

Empirical & Molecular Formulas
 Empirical Formula: formula that
contains the lowest whole number ratio of
atoms.
 Molecular Formula: the actual formula
for a compound (does not have to be
empirical but it can)
 The subscripts in any formula represents
the number of moles of atoms in a 1 mole
sample.
 The subscripts in an empirical formula can
tell you the mole ratio of atoms in a
compound.
Example: In 1 mole of H2O there are 2
moles of Hydrogen atoms and 1 mole of
oxygen atoms.
 Calculating the Molecular
Formula Given Formula Mass
and Empirical Formula

 Since the empirical formula is the

lowest mole ratio of atoms in a
compound the molecular formula
mass must be a multiple of the
empirical formula mass.
 Example 1: What is the molecular formula for a
compound that has an empirical formula of CH 2O
and the molecular mass is 180g.

 Step 1: Find the empirical formula

mass.
 Step 2: Divide molecular mass given
by the empirical mass you calculated
in step 1.
 Step 3: Multiply all of the subscripts
in the empirical formula by the
multiple you calculated in step 2
 Example 1
Step 1: CH2O Empirical Mass
C – 1 x 12 = 12
H–2x1= 2
O – 1 x 16 = 16
30
Step 2: Calculate Multiple (Formula
mass/Empirical mass)
180/30 = 6
Step 3: Multiply Empirical Formula by
Multiple
6(CH2O) = C6H12O6
Example 2: A mass of a given compound is 9.2g. It is
determined that 2.8g is nitrogen and 6.4g is oxygen. What
is the empirical formula of this compound?

 Step 1: Convert the given mass of

each element to moles by dividing by
the atomic mass.
 Step 2: Plug moles values from step
1 into the formula and divide both by
the lowest to get a whole number
ratio. If ratio is still not whole
number then multiply the whole
formula by 2.
Example 2: A mass of a given compound is 9.2g. It is
determined that 2.8g is nitrogen and 6.4g is oxygen. What
is the empirical formula of this compound?

 N: 2.8/14 = .2mol.
 O: 6.4/16 = .4mol.

 N.2/.2 O.4/.2

 Answer = NO2
Example 3: A compound is found to be 25.9% nitrogen and
74.1% oxygen. What is the emeprical formula of this
compound?

 Step 1: Treat the percentage values

as mass values (assume sample size
is 100g) and convert to moles.
 Step 2: Plug mole values into the
equation and divide both by the
lowest to get whole number ratios. If
ratio is still not whole number then
multiply the entire formula by 2.
Example 3: A compound is found to be 25.9% nitrogen and
74.1% oxygen. What is the emeprical formula of this
compound?

 N: 25.9/14 = 1.85mol.
 O: 74.1/16 = 4.63mol.

 N1.85/1.85O4.63/1.85 = 2(NO2.5)

 Answer = N2O5
Mole Relationships in Balanced
Equations
 Balanced chemical equations tell us the
number and type of substances involved
in a chemical reaction.
 The coefficients indicate the amounts of
reactants that go into a reaction and the
amount of product formed.
 In chemistry we also use the coefficients
in a balanced equation to identify the
mole ratios of reactants and products.
 Mole Ratios in a Balanced Equation
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
In the balanced equation for the synthesis of

water it shows that for every 2 hydrogen

molecules you need 1 oxygen molecule and 2
water molecules are produced.
It can also be said that for every 2 moles of

hydrogen and 1 mole of oxygen 2 moles of

water are produced.
The coefficient can be read as molecules or

moles, in lab we use moles because it is a

measureable amount.
 Solving Equation Stoichiometry
Problems
 Remember that balanced equations are mole
ratios of reactants and products.
Ex 1: Synthesis of water

2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
 Means 2 moles of hydrogen react with 1 mole of oxygen to
produce 2 moles of water.

 The Ratio of reactants and products are 2:1:2.

 We can use the molar ratios from a balanced equation to

determine the amounts of reactants used or products
produced with varying amounts.
Examples Problem
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
Ex 2: How many moles of water are
produced if 2 moles of oxygen
reacted?

Set up a proportion
Solve for unknown
 How many moles of carbon dioxide will be
produced by the complete combustion of 2.0
moles of glucose (C6H12O6)

First: write the equation and balance

it.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ⟶ 6CO2 + 6H2O

Next: set up a proportion

Finally: solve for the number of moles

How many moles of ammonia can be
produced from 9.0 moles of hydrogen
reacting with nitrogen?

Try the practice!!!