(NS) The Anatomy of The Nervous System

The anatomy of the nervous system
Divisions of Nervous System
 Central nervous system (CNS).

 Peripheral nervous system
(PNS).
Central nervous system (CNS) consist
of :
• Brain
• Spinal cord
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 7.2
Peripheral nervous system
(PNS)consist of :
Cranial nerve ,spinal nerves autonomic

nervous system
Cells of the nervous system :
Neurons are the structural and

functional units of the nervous system
 Neuroglial cell which support and

nourishing the neurons.
Brain
 is divided into three parts :
 Forebrain
 Midbrain
 Hindbrain
 The forebrain include:
Cerebrum and diencephalon.
 The hindbrain consist of :

pons ,medulla oblongata, and
cerebellum.
Lobes of the Cerebrum
Figure 7.15a
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

Cerebrum
 Is the largest part of the brain
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Function of the cerebrum :
 Responsible for
motor ,intellectual ,personality
sensation , hearing ,memory and
vision
Brain stem
Parts of the brain stem :
 Midbrain
 Pons
 Medulla oblogata
Functions of brain stem
 it contains respiratory, the

cardiovascular centers
 it contains the nuclei of cranial
nerves III – XII.
Diencephalon
 Sits on top of the brain stem

 Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
 Made of five parts
 Thalamus
 Hypothalamus
 Epithalamus
 Subthalamus
 Metathalamus
Lobes of the Cerebrum
Figure 7.15a

Cerebellum
 Lies posterior to the pons and the
medulla oblongata.
 It consists of two cerebellar
hemispheres
Cerebellar
Peduncles
Functions of the cerebellum
 Co-ordination of movement
 control of posture
 Equilibrium
Ventricular System
 Ventricles of the brain are cavities inside the

brain contain CSF.
 Lateral ventricles in each cerebral hemisphere
 Third ventricle between diencephalons
 Fourth ventricle in hind brain
Dr. Mohd. A/Salam

Spinal cord
 Is situated within the vertebral

canal of the vertebral column
 Begins superiorly from the
foramen magnum in the skull,
where it is continuous with the
medulla oblongata of the brain
 End in the adult at the level of
L1
Spinal Cord Anatomy
 Internal gray matter – ( cell

bodies)
 Dorsal (posterior) horns
sensory
 Anterior (ventral) horns
motor
 Lateral horn include
autonomic
(thoracic ,lumbar ,sacral
)
 External white
matter( fibers )
Slide
Protection of the central nervous
system :
 Skull ,vertebral column

 Meninges
 Cerebrospinal fluid
Peripheral Nervous
System
Spinal Nerves
 Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord and
attach to it by anterior root which is motor and
posterior root which is sensory connect
together form trunk of the spinal nerve mix
then give two rami anterior and posterior also
mix
 31 pairs spinal nerve
8 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
1 Coccygeal
The Cranail Nerve
 I Olfactory : Smell
 II Optic: Vision
 III Oculomotor
 IV Trochlear supplies the
 VI Abducent
 V Trigeminal:
 VII Facial:
 VIII Vestibulocochlear :
 IX Glossopharyngeal:

 X Vagus : give parasympathetic for
the Heart, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and
alimentary tract , liver, kidneys, and
pancreas
 XI Accessory :
 XII Hypoglossal:
autonomic nervous system
Consist of two part :
A. Sympathetic
In the spinal cord from T1 –L2
segments( thoracolumbar).
Preganglionic fiber short ,and the postganglionic
fiber long .
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC
Brain
Sympathetic Dilates pupil
Stimulates salivation
Salivary
glands
Relaxes bronchi
Spinal
 “ Fight or flight” cord Lungs
response
 Increases heart rate and Accelerates heartbeat
Heart
blood pressure,and
respiratory rate . Inhibits activity Stomach
 Vasoconstriction to the
Pancreas
blood vessels except ?
 Bronchodilatation ,decr Stimulates glucose Liver
ease intestinal Secretion of adrenaline, Adrenal

gland
motility,urination .sweat nonadrenaline
ing Kidney
Relaxes bladder
Sympathetic
Stimulates ejaculation
ganglia in male
B. Parasympathetic
Include nuclei of the cranial nerve in the

brainstem(3,5,7,9,10) and sacral spinal
nerve .
The preganglionic fibers long and the
postganglionic fibers short .
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMPARASYMPATHETIC
Brain
Parasympathetic
Contracts pupil
Stimulates salivation
Constricts bronchi
Spinal
cord
 “ occur at Rest
 Lowers rate , Slows heartbeat
breathing rate,Bp
Stimulates activity
 Stimulate
intestinal
motility ,increase
the secretion of Stimulates gallbladder
gland Gallbladder
 Bronchoconstrictio
Contracts bladder
n ,vasodiltation .
Stimulates erection
of sex organs

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The anatomy of the nervous system

Divisions of Nervous System

 Central nervous system (CNS).

Cranial nerve ,spinal nerves autonomic

Neurons are the structural and

 Neuroglial cell which support and

 The hindbrain consist of :

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 it contains respiratory, the

 Sits on top of the brain stem

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide

 Ventricles of the brain are cavities inside the

Dr. Mohd. A/Salam

 Is situated within the vertebral

 Internal gray matter – ( cell

 Skull ,vertebral column

Sympathetic Dilates pupil

ease intestinal Secretion of adrenaline, Adrenal

Include nuclei of the cranial nerve in the

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