Lecture of Anatomy

Pheripheral Nervous System

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 Kompetensi

Setelah mengikuti kuliah, mahasiswa

diharapkan mampu :
1. Menguraikan struktur sistem saraf tepi.
2. Menguraikan struktur sistem saraf somatik
3. Menguraikan struktur sistem saraf otonom
4. Menguraikan struktur sistem saraf simpatis
dan parasimpatis
5. Mengetahui secara sekilas fungsi sistem
saraf tepi
 The Nervous
 The master controlling
System
and communicating
system of the body
 Functions
 Sensory input –

monitoring stimuli
occurring inside
and outside the
body
 Integration –

interpretation of
sensory input
 Motor output –

response to stimuli
by activating
effector organs
Nervous system organization
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
1. Somatic Nervous System
a. Spinal nerves.
1) afferent neurons (sensory)
2) efferent neurons (motor)
3) interneurons
b. Cranial nerves
2. Autonomic Nervous
System
 a. sympathetic nervous
system
 b. parasympathetic nervous
system
RECEPTORS : The end organs of afferent nerve fibers
CLASSIFICATION : Sherrington’s classification, according to receptors
functions
A. Exteroceptors
1. Tangoreceptors / mechanoreceptors ( touch, pressure )
Meissner’s, Merkel’s and Hair cells corpuscles – touch
Paccinian corpuscles – pressure
2. Thermoceptors ( Cold, heat )
Krause’s end bulbs – cold
Ruffini’s cylinder – warm / heat
3. Nociceptors : Free nerve endings – pain
B. Proprioceptors
muscle, joint reseptor, golgi tendon, muscle spindles, paccinian
corpuscles & golgi – Mazzoni corpuscles
C. Interoceptors
within visceral tissue & blood vessels
 Joint receptors
 Free nerve endings
(III)
 Golgi endings (I)
 Ruffini endings (II) Ruffini

 Paciniform endings Paciniform

Golgi

Free
 Receptors type
 Merkel discs –
localized vertical
pressure.
 Meissner corpuscles –
fast adapting pressure Epidermis

sensation.
 Ruffini endings – slow
Dermis
adapting directional
stretch sensitive.
 Pacinian corpuscles –
rapid changes of
pressure.
 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS):
Two Functional Divisions
 Sensory (afferent) division
 Sensory afferent fibers
– carry impulses from
skin, skeletal muscles,
and joints to the brain
 Visceral afferent fibers
– transmit impulses
from visceral organs
to the brain
 Motor (efferent) division
 Transmits impulses
from the CNS to
effector organs
 Motor Division: Two Main Parts

1. Somatic nervous system

 Conscious control
of skeletal muscles
2. Autonomic nervous
system (ANS)
 Regulates smooth
muscle, cardiac
muscle, and glands
 2 ANS Divisions:
sympathetic
parasympathetic
 1. Somatic Nervous System
a. Spinal nerves.
 The spinal cord is a cable of
neurons extending from the brain
down through the backbone
 Neuron cell bodies in the

center
• Gray matter
 Axons and dendrites on the

outside
• White matter
 It is surrounded and protected by
the vertebrae
 Through them spinal nerves

pass out to the body

• Motor nerves from spine
control most of the muscles
below the head
Spinal
nerves
Ada 31 pasang yaitu :
 Cercical nerves C1
– C8
 Thoracal nerves T1
– T12
 Lumbar nerves L1 –
L5
 Sacaral nerves S1 –
S5
 Coccygeal nerves 1
pasang.
 Plexus :
Terdiri dari :
 cervical plexus,
 brachial plexus,
 lumbar plexus
dan
 sacral plexus.
Major Nerves of Humans
 Plexus
cervicalis
Dibentuk oleh :
1. anterior rami dari
C1-C4 dan
2. sebagian C5.
Mempersarafi :
 Kulit dan otot
daerah
 kepala,
 leher dan
 bagian atas dari
bahu dan dada.
Plexuscervical 13-10
Brachial plexus
Dibentuk oleh :
 Rami anterior dari saraf
spinal C5 – C8 dan
 Rami anterior saraf spinal
T1.
Memberikan saraf perifer :
 Axillary,
 Musculocutaneous,
 Radial nerve,
 Median nerve,
 Saraf ulnar,
Brachialis 13-11a
 Lumbar
plexus
Dibentuk oleh :
Ramus Anterior dari :
saraf spinal L1 – L4
Mensupply
 dinding anterolateral
abdominal,
 external genitalia dan
 bagian dari lower limbs.
Sacral plexus :

Dibentuk oleh :
 Ramus anterior
dari spinal
nerve L4 – L5
 Ramus anterior
dari spinal
nerve S1 – S4.
Sciatic n,13-12b
 Cranial nerves
Penamaan :
 dengan angka Romawi, berdasarkan urutan
dari anterior ke posterior,
 dengan nama, menunjukkan distribusi dari
saraf ataupun fungsinya
Asal
1. hidung (I),
2. mata (II),
3. brainstem (III – XII) dan
4. medulla spinalis (sebagian dari XI).
 12 Pasang Saraf
Kranialis

Fungsi Sensorik&
Motorik Pada
Leher & Kepala
N. I
i724

N. II

N. IIII

N. IV
N. V
N. VI
N. VII
N. VIII
N. IX
N. X
N. XI

N. XII
 Gambar 14_20,

Nervus Olfactorius
Gambar 14_ 21,

Nervus Opticus
Gambar 14_ 23,

Nervus Trigeminus
 Nervus Facialis
Gambar 14_ 24,
Gambar 14_ 25,

Nervus Vestibulocochlearis
 Gambar 14_ 26

Nervus Glossopharyngeus
 2. Autonomic Nervous System
Involved in many
aspects of arousal
and consciousness.
Can be simply
understood by its
role in preparing the
body to either fight or
flee from a scene
(fight or flight).
Sympathetic: Prepares
the body for action.
Parasympathetic:
prepares the body to
conserve energy
The peripheral nervous
system influences
many organ systems
 Autonomic Nervous System
 Stimulates glands and relays
commands to smooth muscles
 Cannot be controlled by
conscious thought
 Composed of elements
that act in opposition to
each other
 Parasympathetic nervous
System
 Controls normal functions
 Conserves energy by slowing
down processes
 Sympathetic nervous system
 Dominates in time of stress
 Controls the “fight-or-flight”
reaction
 Increases blood pressure,
heart rate, breathing
AUTONOMIC MOTOR SYSTEM

Spinal Cord
-Simpatis: T1-
L3 /torakolumbal
-Parasimpatis:
S2-S4
/craniosacral

Brain Stem
Parasimpatis
NC X
NC IX
NC VII
NC III
 Simpatis CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC
Brain
a. Pengeluaran adrenalin&
Dilates pupil
noradrenalin
b. Peningkatan detak jantung & Stimulates salivation
Salivary
tekanan darah& rata2 pernapasan & Relaxes bronchi
glands
produksi keringat
Spinal
c. Peningkatan aliran darah ke otot cord Lungs
skeletal
d. Menghambat fungsi digestif Accelerates heartbeat
Heart
e. Meningkatkan diamater sal. Napas
f. Dilatasi pupil Inhibits activity Stomach
g. Kontriksi spingter kandung kemih
h. Respons“ Fight or flight” Pancreas

Stimulates glucose Liver

Secretion of adrenaline, Adrenal

nonadrenaline gland

Kidney
Relaxes bladder

Sympathetic Stimulates ejaculation

ganglia in male
 Parasimpatis CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PARASYMPATHETIC
Brain

a. Sistem “ Istirahat & cerna ” Contracts pupil

b. Menurunkan gerak tubuh Stimulates salivation

untuk menyimpan dan Constricts bronchi
mempertahankan energi Spinal
cord
c. Menurunkan detak jantung,
respirasi rate & tekanan darah
Slows heartbeat
d. Meningkatkan aktivitas umum
sistem cerna
Stimulates activity
e. Meningkatkan sekresi kelenjar
sistem cerna
f. Meningkatkan produksi urin
dan merelaksasi sfingter Stimulates gallbladder
g. Ereksi Gallbladder
h. Kontriksi pupil
Contracts bladder

Stimulates erection
of sex organs
 Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Cardiovascular system
blood vessels none
to skeletal muscle vasodilation
to skin and viscera vasoconstriction
Heart
rate, force of contraction increases decreases
Respiratory system
diameter of air passages increases decreases
respiratory rate increases decreases
Eye dilate pupil constrict pupil
accommodation distance vision near vision
Sweat gland increased secretion none
Adrenal gland secretes E, NE none
 Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Digestive system
general level of activity decreases increases
sphincters constrict dilate
secretory glands inhibit stimulate
salivary gland stimulate simulate
serous secretion watery secretion
Urinary system
kidneys decreases urine increases urine
urinary bladder relaxes tenses
sphincter constricts relaxes
Male reproductive system increases erection
glandular secretion
and ejaculation
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