Hardware

All the physical equipment of the computer

Software
A collection of programs it is basically divided
in two categories

Live ware
Human, who uses and give instruction to
the computer.

Firmware
A part of software that is built in to the hardware
is called.
 Hardware
Monitor
Key Board
System Unit
Mother Board
Pointing Device (Mouse)
Processor
Speakers
Ram
Disc VGA,
Plotting Pen Sound cards
Printers Hard Disc
Scanners & camera Disc Drives
Zip drive Floppy disc drive
CD ROM Drive
Joy stick Flash drive ( USP)
Barcode reader Power supply
Hardware can be divided into the
following categories: such,

• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Storage and Memory
• Processor

Definition:
“Hardware” is the electronic components, boards,
peripherals, and computer equipment
 ICT TOOLS

Software Hardware
Tools Tools
 ICT Tools
IT tools are referred to as either hardware or
software items used to process information.
For example Input output devices, application
software etc.
 ICT Tools Examples
Hardware Tools
Usage
• video conferencing
• Chatting
• Capture small video Clips
Web Camera

• Store Data
• Mobile Purposes

Flash Drive/Thumb Drive/USB drive/ Pen Drive

 ICT Tools Examples
Hardware Tools
Usage
• AS A POINTING DEVICE
• To play games

Joy Stick

• Used to form a
computer network
without wires.
Wireless network card
 ICT Tools Examples
Usage
• Used to print
information about a
particular product in
Bar code printer Barcode format
• Used in super
markets & shops to
read bar codes which
contains information
about that particular
Bar code reader product.
 ICT Tools Examples
Usage
• Used to read credit
cards

Credit Card Reader

• For communication
•Used to connect to
the Internet.

Telephone
 ICT Tools Examples
Usage
• For Navigation
purposes

Global Positioning System(GPS)

• Recognize drawings
by hand.

Digitizer
 ICT Tools Examples
Usage
• Recognize hand
written text.
• Digital documenter

Tablet

There are more Hardware ICT tools and

we will discuss them in the next unit
 ICT Tools Examples
Software Tools Usage

• Word processing

MS Word
 ICT Tools Examples
Software Tools Usage

• Edit Photos/Pictures
• Creating graphic arts

Adobe Photoshop
 ICT Tools Examples
Software Tools Usage

• Data Entering
• Data base management
• Data retrieval
• Creating simple GUIs

MS Access
 ICT Tools Examples
Software Tools Usage

• View movies
• Hear Music

Windows Media Player

Jet Audio Player

 Input Devices
Peripheral devices that are used to enter
commands or information into a
computer, such as the keyboard, mouse,
joystick, modem, scanner, and touch
screen.
Input tools can be Identified such as the following
categories:

• Keyboard
• Pointing devices
• Imaging devices
• Code & text reader
• Sound devices
Input Device …

Key Boards
 Input device- text & Numbers symbols

Keyboard
This is the most common input device. Though it is designed with the format
of a conventional type writer, it provides keys for additional functions.
Normally keyboards come in two sizes. That is from 101/102 keys to
104/108 keys.
Input Device …
Pointing devices
This is the most popular pointing device used. Mouse provides input via buttons. The
mouse contains a left button and a right button. Mouse has a wheel to roll up and
down in the screen. Laptop computers use, a touch pad or a mouse is as the pointing
device.
Need not to connect this device –

Ps 2 Normal mouse
USP mouse Wireless optical
Scroll mouse
mouse
Track ball

Track stick

Touch pad
Pointing devices - Input & Output
This is the input and
output device in the modern
computers and mobile
phones. Data is fed by
touching the screen.

Light Pen
Light pen is used
to select menu items on the
screen or to draw/write on
the screen. This is used
in Computer Aided Designs
(CAD).
Input Device …
Joystick

used mostly for playing

computer games

Joy
Stick
Input Device …
Imaging devices
Digital Camera

Web Camera

Scanner
Input Device …

This is the input device used to input

photographs and videos to the
computer. Display
screen serves as the output device of
the camera
Touch
Screen

Web Camera

The webcam is used to view a user

connected to the computer through internet or
to capture videos
This is an input device which functions
like a photocopying machine. The scanned image
or document is captured by the laser beams and
converted to digital data.

The images or videos captured by

cameras are fed as input to the
computers. CCTVs are commonly
used to maintain road safety and
the security of
premises.
 Digitizer Video Digitizer, also called frame
grabber. A device used in computer
graphics that employs a video camera,
rather than a scan head, to capture a
video image, such as one from
television or videotape

Herman Hollerith developed the

punched-card system of recording data,
an important step in the development of
computers. In 1896 he organized the
Tabulating Machine Corporation, which
became the International Business
Punch card Machines Corporation (IBM) in 1924.
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights
reserved.
 Input device- code and character reader

Bar Code Reader

This device is used to read the
bar codes.

Magnetic Ink Character Reader - MICR

This is available in banks. It is used
to check the accuracy of a cheque. This
device reads numbers printed at the bottom
of the cheque, its data such as bank code,
bank account number and feed them to the
computer.
Input device- code and character reader
Optical Character Recognition - OCR
This is used to capture text in a
document and to edit that captured text in the
document. This is commonly
used in libraries and in government institutes.

This is an input device which

recognizes marks made using a pencil or
a pen. It is commonly used to check forms
filed in pen or pencil, correct MCQs of
exam papers. It can read the marks and feed
that data to the computer.

ATMs have made bank transactions

convenient for customers. ATM
machine reads the numbers in the debit or
credit cards inserted into the machine and
connect to the computer. Once the bank
account number is read through the ATM, one
system connects with the bank's computer for
processing the transaction.
 Input device- sound

Microphone is used to feed sound

to a computer.
 Output Device …

Any machine capable of representing information

from a computer. This includes display screens,
printers, plotters

There are several methods of producing the

processed information by a
computer system. Some of them are,
(i) Soft copy
(ii) Hard copy
(iii) Sound
Output Device …
Soft Copy
The output on the screen is called a soft copy. The soft copy output can
be provided on the following devices.
A CRT Monitor
CRT Monitor
Cathode Ray Tube monitor which
looks like and works in a similar
way to television.

This type of monitor,

• is large in size
•consumes more electricity.
• Heavy
• take more spaces
Output Device … Soft Copy
The name “liquid crystal” was first used by O. Lehman in 1899 for the state of matter that is
intermediate between a crystalline solid and an isotropic liquid
Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD),
This is a flt screen type
LCD technology. LCD displays utilize two
Monitor sheets of polarizing material with a
liquid crystal solution between them.

• LED consumes less electricity

• High resolution
• some time the Natural color is not there

LED screens are designed using light

emitting diodes. LED
displays have better brightness and
they are used for symbols, billboards
and name boards in common places
and roads. This has become a
popular medium today due to its low
electricity consumption.
Output Device … Soft Copy

Multimedia Projector
This is the device used to get
information output to a wide screen
so that several people can view it at
the same time. This can be used as
a visual aid by a teacher to display
presentations, to conduct business
meetings or to watch videos for
entertainment
Output Device … Hard Copy
Output Device … Hard Copy
Impact Printers
Impact printers are a primary level device in the printing technology. Impact
printer refers to a class of printers that have a head or needle which strike against
an ink ribbon to make a mark on the paper.
• it is noisy. • Ink ribbon used is not expensive,
• Text are Not Accuracy • This is used in banks and shops for printing receipts etc.
• Slow • Legal documents can be printed)
1 - Dot Matrix Printer
Letters are printed on the
paper as small dots here when
the printer’s head strikes on the
inked ribbon with needle like tips.

This is a fast printer which prints one

row at a time. This can print about 3000
lines per minute.
 Output Device … Hard Copy
•Non Impact Printers
A focused laser beam and a rotating mirror are used to draw an image of the desired page on
a photosensitive drum.
• it is not noisy.
• The printouts are better quickly.
• Running cost of these printers are less expensive than impact printers.

laser printers which print about four A4 size papers per minute.
se r
Prin Both black and white, as well as colour laser printers are available. The
ter laser printer produces clear and quality printouts.

Bubble/Ink Jet Printer

Liquid ink stored in tanks is kept in the cartridge and ink is deposited on
paper through small nozzles and produce the print.

Thermal printers
Heat is used to print the document. It is commonly used in businesses to print
receipts in devices such as like ATM, and in printing labels

This is commonly used in computer based planning

(architectural designs, town planning, designing sailing boats
etc). A plan is drawn by moving a pen on the paper
 Speaker Head phone Sub Woofer

The device which gives

a sound output is called speaker.
Speaker devices are designed for
personal and common purpose

Earlier day the punch card machine

was a output device

Punch card machine

Input\Output Devices
Some technology works as both an input
and output device.
Hardware such as,
Touch screen
Software such as
Touch
Screen Speech recognition program
Will allow we to enter and retrieve
information from computer.
The interfaces which
connect computer with
its devices or with other
computers are called
ports.
Ports are positioned in
the front or back of
the computer.
There are symbols to
identify ports.
All the ports are
connected to the
motherboard.
Ports
Ports - cont
Ps2 – Keyboard and mouse

USB(Universal serial
bus) – Keyboard,
mouse,
Printer, Scanner,
digital Camera etc…
Ports - cont
serial port – (male)
(Communication port/ com port)
there are two versions
• 9 pin
• 25 pin
Modems, serial mouse etc…
Ports - cont
Parallel port –
(25pin Female)
(Printer port/ LPT)

Printers/Scanners,
Direct cable connection
 Ports - cont
Video Graphic Array(VGA) –
Colour (15pin Female)
Monochrome (9 pin Female)
Monitors/projectors

HDMI (High - Definition Multimedia

Interface) port
This port can be seen especially in
laptops. It connects the monitor,
multimedia projector, digital TVs, and digital
speakers to the computer.
 Ports - cont
Sound and Game
Speakers, Microphones, external sound devices,
joy sticks/ game pads
 Ports - cont
Network
Connect computers in the network

RJ45

BNC
 Ports - cont
Modem
Connect to the Internet

RJ11

RJ11
 Ports - cont
Wireless Link- Infrared /Bluetooth Create a wireless link

Bluetooth Infrared
1. Bluetooth has got much higher transfer rate than Infrared.
2. Bluetooth doesn't require line of sight as in the case of
infrared where the infrared ports of both the devices need to
face each other in a line of sight.
3. In the case of bluetooth, the devices can be placed anywhere
within the range of the device, which ranges from 10 to 100
meters.
Primary & secondary Storage /memory
Several computer memory or storage devices are used to
store data and information and the functions of each are
different. Computer memory can be classified as follows.
There are several different types of memory:
•RAM (random-access memory): This is the same as main memory. When used by
itself, the term RAM refers to read and write memory;
• Most RAM is volatile, which means that it requires a steady flow of electricity to
maintain its contents. As soon as the power is turned off, whatever data was in RAM
is lost.

•ROM (read-only memory): Computers almost always contain a small amount of

read-only memory that holds instructions for starting up the computer. Unlike RAM,
ROM cannot be written to.

•PROM (programmable read-only memory): A PROM is a memory chip on which

you can store a program. But once the PROM has been used, you cannot wipe it
clean and use it to store something else. Like ROMs, PROMs are non-volatile.
•EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory): An EPROM is a special type
of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light.

•EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory): An EEPROM is

a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to an electrical charge
Primary Storage / Main memory

DDR-RAM

RAMBUS

DIMM-RAM
•ROM (read-only memory): Computers almost always contain a small
amount of read-only memory that holds instructions for starting up the
computer. Unlike RAM, ROM cannot be written to.

The data in Read Only Memory is not erased

when the computer is switched off. Therefore
it is a Non-volatile Memory. The commands
required for booting up a computer are stored
in ROM.
These commands are called BIOS (Basic
Input Output System).
Cache Memory
Though this is smaller in capacity than other memory, it is faster. This is also
called CPU Memory. This acts as the mediator between CPU (Central Processing
Unit) and Primary Memory. The data frequently used by are stored here
The Central Processing Unit checks cache memory fist to see whether
the required data is available for processing. However, if the required data is not
available then the data is fetched to cache memory from RAM for processing.
 Secondary Storage / Backup storage
Secondary Memory or the Secondary Storage is the device which stores
data and information permanently. This is also called External Storage. There are
internal storage devices as well as external portable secondary storage devices.
Secondary memory is called non-volatile memory since it does not erase when
electricity is not available.
 Secondary Storage / Backup storage
Magnetic Tape (Mass storage for Backup)
Magnetic Media Devices

31/2 Floppy disk Zip Disk 1.44

earlier 51/2 1.44 MB 100MB
Floppy disk

Hard Disk Drive

The Hard Disk Drive (HDD), which is commonly used to store data and
information, is located inside the computer. However, there are external hard disks
as well. Today there are hard disks with large capacity due to the development of
the technology. The user can read and write the data stored in HDD. Therefore,
this medium is called Read / Write Memory. The capacity of a hard disk ranges
from 250 GB to 4 TB. The maximum capacity will increase with technological
development.
 Removable Storage
Optical media
Since data stored digitally on a disk is read and written by laser beam, it is
called optical media. Optical media is commonly used to carry data and information
and there are several types. The followings are some of them;

Single Side Single layer = 4.5GB

Double Side Single layer = 9.4GB
Single Side Double layer = 8.54GB
Double Side Double layer = 17GB
Diameter 12cm
Thickness 1.2cm
700m mb

Blue ray (BD) R

25 - 128
GB
 Removable Storage

Solid State Devices

Since these devices contain solid parts and does not contain moving parts they are called Solid
State Devices. They are used to read and write data and information.

portability and the ability

to read and write data fast.

Memory Card
This has the same function
of USB flsh drive. However,
the method of connecting to the
computer is different and it is smaller
in physical size. This is used in
digital cameras, mobile phones and
computer gaming devices.
E.g. - SD Card (Secure Digital Card)
Flash drive / Thumb drive
(Removable)
 Processor
A silicon chip that contains a CPU. In the world of
personal computers, the terms microprocessor and
CPU are used interchangeably. At the heart of all
personal computers and most workstations sits a
microprocessor. Microprocessors also control the
logic of almost all digital devices, from clock radios
to fuel-injection systems for automobiles.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The central processing unit performs the majority of calculations
and controls the operation of a computer.
CPUs are rated by the speed at which they can execute
instructions.
The speed of a CPU is measured in Megahertz (MHz),And is also
known as the clock speed.
The higher the value of the speed the faster the computer can run
programs.
The capacity of a CPU is expressed in terms of word size. A word is
the maximum number of bits that the CPU can manipulate or store
at one time
Central Processing Unit

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CU: Controls all the physical, peripherals, Software
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CPU Colling

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THG 5 Ghz CPU Speed

CPU overheat

Intel Cpu Install