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Basics of PLC Programming

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14 views

Basics of PLC Programming

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sharmahk2003
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basics of PLC Programming

B.Tech. : Mechanical Engineering,


Year/Semester: III / V
Subject: Mechatronic Systems (5ME3-01)

By:
Praveen Saraswat
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineeing
Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Jaipur
Lecture Outcomes
The students will be able to:

• Understand the basics of ladder diagram.

• Explain the various logic functions used in


ladder programming.

• Develop various ladder diagram for different


logics.
Content
The sub-topics of this lecture are:

• Basics of ladder diagram

• Logic functions
Introduction
• In present industrial automation sector, there are several leading PLC
manufactures that develop typical PLC’s ranging from small to high-end
PLC’s.
• Some of the standard programming languages of PLC are basically of two
types, which are further sub-divided into several types, which are as follows:
1.Textual language
• Instructions List (IL)
• Structured Text (ST)
2. Graphical language
• Ladder Diagrams (LD)
• Function Block Diagram (FBD)
• Sequential Function Chart (SFC)
1. Instruction List(IL):
• There are other methods to program PLCs. One of the earliest techniques
involved mnemonic instructions. These instructions can be derived directly
from the ladder logic diagrams and entered into the PLC through a simple
programming terminal.
2. Structured Text (ST):
• Programming has been developed as a more modern programming language.
It is quite similar to languages such as BASIC and Pascal. Structured Text
(ST) is a high level textual language that is a Pascal like language. It is very
flexible and intuitive for writing control algorithms.
3. Ladder Diagrams (LD):
• Ladder logic is the main programming method used for PLC's. Ladder logic
has been developed to mimic relay logic. By selecting ladder logic as the main
programming method, the amount of retraining needed for engineers and
trades people was greatly reduced.
4. Function Block diagram (FBD):
• This is used for PLC programs described in terms of graphical blocks. It is
described as being a graphical language for depicting signal and data flows
through Inputs blocks, these being reusable software elements.

5. Sequential Function Charts (SFC):


• SFC have been developed to accommodate the programming of more
advanced systems. These are similar to flowcharts, but much more powerful.
This method is much different from flowcharts because it does not have to
follow a single path through the flowchart.
Ladder Logic Programming
• Ladder logic is a programming language that is used to program a PLC (Programmable Logic
Controller). It is a graphical PLC programming language which expresses logic operations with
symbolic notation using ladder diagrams, much like the rails and rungs of a traditional relay logic
circuit.

• Ladder logic is used extensively for programming PLCs in industrial automation applications. Some
examples include.

• Material Handling Conveyor System.


• Pallet Packing and Strapping.
• Ball Mill Lubrication System.
• Logistics Package Conveying and Sorting.
• Cement Batching.
• Beverage Bottling and Labelling.
• Hopper and Tank Level Control.
• Air and Liquid Flow and Pressure Control.
Basics of Ladder Diagram

• Ladder diagram: Programming language for PLCs.


• Ladder diagram (LD): official name given in the international PLC
programming standard IEC-61131.
• Symbols represent opening and closing relays, counters, timers, shift
registers, etc.

• Symbols are arranged in the desired program routine.


• Rules in ladder logic are termed “rungs.”
• Each rung has a single output.
There are seven basic parts of a ladder diagram:
1. Rails:
• Two rails (power rails) in a ladder diagram, represented by vertical lines.
• The power flows from the left hand side to the right hand side.
2. Rungs: Horizontal lines, connects the rails to the logic expressions.
3. Inputs: Inputs are external control actions (Sensors and Transducers).
• E.g. Push button being pressed, limit switch being triggered.
• Inputs are hardwired to the PLC terminals.
• Represented in the ladder diagram by a normally open (NO) or normally closed (NC) contact
symbol.
4. Outputs: Outputs are external devices (Actuators).
• E.g.Turn on and off an electric motor or a solenoid valve.
• The outputs are hardwired to the PLC terminals.
• Represented in the ladder diagram by a relay coil symbol
5. Logic Expressions:
• The logic expressions are used in combination with the inputs and outputs to
formulate the desired control operations.
6. Address Notation:
• Address notation describes the input, output, logic expression, memory
addressing structure of the PLC.
• Tag names: descriptions allocated to the addresses.
7. Comments:
• Important part of a ladder diagram.
• Comments are displayed at the start of each rung.
• Used to describe the logical expressions and control operations that the rung.
• Understanding ladder diagrams are easier by using comments.
Ladder Logic Diagram
PLC Memory Mapping and I/O addressing
The PLC has to be able to identify each particular input and output. It does this by
allocating addresses to each input and output. With a small PLC this is likely to be just
a number, prefixed by a letter to indicate whether it is an input or an output.
Binary Input
Devices

Binary Output Devices


Basic Ladder Logic Symbols
Logic Functions
• PLC programming is a logical procedure
• In a PLC program, “things” (inputs and rungs) are either TRUE or
FALSE
• If the proper input conditions are TRUE:
 The rung becomes TRUE and an output action occurs (for
example, a motor turns on)
• If the proper input conditions are not TRUE:
 The rung becomes FALSE and an output action does not occur
1. AND Logic:
2. OR Logic:
3. NOT Logic:
4. Latching:
• The term latch circuit is used for the circuit used to carry out such an
operation. It is a self-maintaining circuit in that, after being energized, it
maintains that state until another input is received.

Fig. Latched circuit


References
• Bolton W., “Mechatronics – Electronics Control Systems in
Mechanical and Electrical Engineering”, 4th Edition, Pearson
Education Press, 2010.

• R.K. Rajput, “A text book of Mechatronics”, 1st Edition, S. Chand and


Company Ltd., 2007.

• https://plc-coep.vlabs.ac.in/Introduction.html (Virtual Lab)

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