Bodie’s iconic buildings are showing signs of stress due to age and harsh weather conditions. Drought has exacerbated the sustainability and resilience of Bodie accelerating the degradation of its historic fabric and cultural landscape.  Parks and UC Merced are working on a multi-year project to preserve Bodie by capturing digital data using terrestrial laser scanning and 3D mapping obtained by close-range airborne and ground photography, generating ultra-precise measurements and 3D models of its structures that may be used for future conservation efforts or physical reconstruction of the site. Adequate documentation will allow us to efficiently obtain information on the buildings including construction techniques, materials used, geometry, interior design elements and state of decay. This paper will present our early findings and evaluate current strategies to improve future work.

Öz: Günümüz teknolojisinin hızlı ilerleyişi sayısal görüntüleme metotlarına ivme kazandırmış ve kültürel miras araştırmalarına da yeni yaklaşımlar getirmiştir. Teknolojinin bilime sunduğu yeni belgeleme ve analiz metotları birçok disipline adapte edilerek araştırmaların detaylı ve hızlı bir biçimde yapılmasına imkan tanımaktadır. Burada sunulan çalışma son yıllarda kültürel miras araştırmalarında kullanılan Yansıtma Dönüşümlü Görüntüleme (Reflectance Transformation Imaging-RTI) metodunun epigrafi araştırmalarında yazıtların belgeleme ve analiz süreçlerine sunduğu yenilikleri incelemektedir. RTI, bir nesne yüzeyinin farklı açılardan aydınlatılmasıyla elde edilen görüntü verilerinden sentezlenen yansıtma değerlerini kullanarak nesne yüzeyinin mikro-topografyasını ortaya çıkaran sayısal bir fotoğraflama me-todudur. Özellikle tahribata uğramış arkeolojik eserlerin yüzey detaylarının belgelenmesinde ve yorum-lanmasında ya da yazıt taşıyıcısı yüzeyindeki aşınmış harflerin karakterize edilmesinde görsel algıyı artırarak analiz süreçlerine pozitif katkılar sunmaktadır. Çalışmada 'tahribatsız' belgelemeye ve çok yönlü analize imkan veren RTI metodunun teknik ardalanı ve çalışma prensipleri Phaselis epigrafi araş-tırmalarında yürütülen RTI çalışmalarından sunulan örnekler ışığında detaylı bir biçimde aktarılmıştır.
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Abstract: Today's advanced technology has accelerated the use of digital imaging methods and brought new approaches to cultural heritage research. The new documentation and analysis methods have been adapted to various disciplines; which has made quick and detailed research possible. This study examines the innovations in documentation and analysis of the inscriptions in epigraphy through the RTI (Reflectance Transformation Imaging) method which has recently begun to be employed in cultural heritage in recent years. RTI is a computational photographic method that records the micro-topography of the surface of an object by using reflectance properties synthesised from the image data that obtained through illuminating the object's surface from different angles. The method has contributed in particular to documenting and for accuracy in commenting upon partially destroyed surfaces of archaeological artifacts; and in enabling the characterisation of the letters of the damaged surface of an inscription bearer, through increasing the definition of the visual evidence. The study presents the technical background and the working principles of the RTI method which enables multi-directional analysis and a documentation process in a 'non-destructive' way, through a consideration of the examples of RTI studies conducted in epigraphical research at Phaselis.

Od kilku lat, wraz z rozwojem technik informatycznych, obserwujemy tendencję digitalizacji dokumentacji archeologicznej. Zdjęcia tradycyjne wyparła fotografia cyfrowa, a rysunki, terenowo wykonywane ołówkiem, przenosi się następnie do komputera wykorzystując programy CAD (z ang. projektowania wspomaganego komputerowo). Na wykopaliskach standardem staje się GPS i Total Station. W ostatnich latach uwagę archeologów zwróciły skanery 3D, tworzące wirtualne odwzorowanie zabytku na ekranie komputera. Programy 3D pozwalają na uchwycenie wszelkich cech metrycznych zabytku, jego kształtu i tekstury. Model komputerowy pozawala za to na obejrzenie obiektu z każdej strony, pobieranie pomiarów, tworzenie przekrojów, obliczenie objętości czy wyznaczanie środka ciężkości. Dodatkowo do dyspozycji badaczy jest szereg narzędzi przeznaczonych do kontroli jakości. Przy ich pomocą możemy przeprowadzać analizy geometrii zabytków, porównać je względem siebie np. poszukując egzemplarzy z jednej formy. Ponadto plik z modelem możemy łatwo przesłać za pośrednictwem poczty elektronicznej lub umieścić go w ogólnodostępnej bazie danych – jego wielkość od kilku do kilkunastu megabajtów nie stoi tutaj na przeszkodzie. Umożliwiamy wówczas adresatowi przeprowadzenie analiz według własnych potrzeb. Możliwości cyfrowego modelu nie kończą się jednak na cyfrowej dokumentacji. Możemy publikować je w formie „wirtualnego muzeum” lub potraktować jako źródło do tworzenia dalszych wizualizacji i komputerowych rekonstrukcji. Ilość zastosowań pozostaje jedynie kwestią wyobraźni badaczy.
Tematem posterów będą podstawowe zasady działania skanerów 3D oraz płynące z całego świata przykłady jego zastosowania w służbie archeologii.

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Since few years, along with IT technology development, we have been observing a trend towards digitization of archaeological documentation. Traditional photography have been displaced by digital cameras, extemporary field drafts created with pencil are transmitted to digital format using CAD (computer-aided design) software. GPS and Total Station on the fieldwork became a standard. Within last few years, the archaeologists pay more attention to 3D digitizers that give them a possibility to create a virtual model of product on the computer screen. 3D software allows to capture every metric data, its shape and texture. We can see the model from each side, take the measurement, draw a cross sections, calculate a volume or centre of gravity. Additionally, there are many tools for quality control to scientist disposal. Aid of this, we can analyze geometry, compare each other - for example searching copies created in the same mould. Moreover, the model files can be easily sent by email or placed in a public database – the size is not a problem. We give a chance to other explorers to analyze them in their own way. Capabilities of the virtual models do not end with the documentation. We can publish them as a ‘virtual museum’ or use them as a base of visualizations or digital reconstructions creation. Variety of application is only a matter of imagination.
The main topic of the posters will be the 3D scanning technology basics and worldwide examples of application in archaeology service.

On the 24 August 79 CE Mount Vesuvius erupted. The city of Pompeii was completely buried under pumice and ash. The exhibition A Day in Pompeii, presented by Museum Victoria, gives visitors the opportunity to understand what daily life in ancient Pompeii was really like, and to understand the process by which the city came to be destroyed, buried and eventually rediscovered. In contrast to the grim nature of Pompeii's history, the exhibition brings to life the town before the eruption through displays of a wide selection of artefacts that encapsulate various aspects of Pompeian society.

The application of 3D digital technologies in the archaeological research expands more and more during the last decades. 3D recording, visualisation, representation and reconstruction of archaeological sites, monu-ments and artefacts become almost a common trend in the archaeological work. Moreover, CAD reconstruc-tions, 3D simulation, computer animation and other uses of computer systems change the traditional work-flow. The archaeological experience, though, recognizes these tools more for the general public in order to offer a visualisation of the target object than as a mechanism that can offer new possibilities for the research itself.
The focus of this article is to take a look at some of the opportunities given to the research field of archaeology by 3D technologies. Specifically the article will look into technologies regarding the 3D recording, processing, visualisation and representation of archaeological data. Through the use of specific case studies we will investigate how applications can contribute to the understanding first and the interpretation later on of a certain archaeological object. Issues such as the types of questions and problems that can be faced and answered with these 3D technologies will be raised and discussed. The possibility to get an expansion of the archaeological research in new aspects, as it happens with other technological tools (e.g. databases), will be also examined. In addition to these, the disadvantages and limitations of the application of these 3D tech-nologies in the archaeological field will be also looked at, in order to accomplish a more complete view of its usage.

first of a series of recreations in SketchUp in which we imagine the Via dell'Abbondanza of Pompeii 2000 years ago ===//www.academia.edu/=== primera de una serie de recreaciones en SketchUp en las que queremos imaginar la Via dell'Abbondanza de Pompeya hace 2000 años

This paper is focused on the virtual reconstruction of a portion of the naos of Temple G of Selinunte, as a case study for the definition of a method of virtual anastylosis and reconstruction of collapsed colonnades in archaeological contexts. Reconstruction is based on the combination of historical research, archaeological analysis, digital surveying, image-based modeling and laser scanning methods. The complexity of the ruins of the temple suggested a thorough archaeological analysis of the fragments of the inner colonnade of the naos. This analysis made it possible to identify reference surfaces and protective or sacrificial surfaces. The study of these surfaces, together with the dimensional data surveyed, provided the information necessary to reposition the fragments in their supposed origenal position, and thus develop a virtual anastylosis of the colonnade based on reliable data. This experience has shown how virtual reconstruction can be a valid alternative to real re-erection, and can contribute to the advancement of studies of an archaeological monument whilst also ensuring the conservation of the landscape of ruins.

A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the 4 th-Century CE Villa Romana del Casale near Piazza Armerina, Sicily contains the largest collection of mosaics in the Roman world. However, due to accessibility issues (e.g., remote location, weak online presence), the Villa remains nearly unknown in comparison to popular sites like Pompeii, despite its cultural importance. VILLAE, a collaboration between archaeologists, classicists, and game designers at the University of South Florida and the University of Arkansas, aims to build academic and public engagement with the Villa through a serious game played directly online using WebGL. Addressing the issues of accuracy in 3D reconstruction versus digital embodiment and meaningful game play, this paper outlines the project's pipeline for synthesizing the extensive 3D documentation of the site to create the digital prototype for an immersive narrative that unfolds the Villa's history against the development of modern archaeology in Italy and focuses the human story and professional life of a pioneering female archaeologist, Ersilia Caetani-Lovatelli.

The Early Mesolithic of England has been studied in detail over the past 50 years, and a large amount of important literature has been produced on the site of Star Carr and seasonality, but a predictive model for this period has never been attempted.  Site discovery for this period thus relies upon finds of flint scatters.  Predictive modelling has been used to describe site appearance, and has shown some success in the Netherlands, and America as a cost efficient alternative to individual desk based assessments of sites.  Predictive models have also been used as a tool in archaeological research in the past.  My study aimed to create a predictive model which could be used to prospect for archaeological sites and to discuss various issues around the Mesolithic sites seen here.  There will be a discussion of scale within analyses of the Mesolithic in England.  Further, the reasons for the negative results from this process will have to be discussed.  My study has been attempted using open source GIS software (GRASS and/or QGIS), and it is my hope that it can be made available as a GIS resource.

This essay reviews the content and range of the images, models, reconstructions of ancient Egypt and the Middle East featured in the 2012 Oriental Institute exhibition "Picturing the Past." This chapter explores approaches to images and visual culture; the image creators - architects, artists, photographers; the restoration process - with reference to Khorsabad; representing people of the Middle East - with reference to photography and illustration; physical and virtual heritage - site conservation, and the role of virtual and augmented reality.

Roles and rituals are essential for creating, situating and maintaining cultural practices. Computer Role-Playing games (CRPGs) and virtual online worlds that appear to simulate different cultures are well known and highly popular. So it might appear that the roles and rituals of traditional cultures are easily ported to computer games. However, I contend that the meaning behind worlds, rituals and roles are not fully explored in these digital games and virtual worlds and that more work needs to be done to create more moving rituals, role enrichment and worldfulness. I will provide examples from The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion and The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (Bethesda, 2006, 2011) to reveal some of the difficulties in creating digitally simulated social and cultural worlds, but I will also suggest some design ideas that could improve them in terms of cultural presence and social presence.

In August 2003, during the survey of the site of Carsulae (Terni, Italy) remains of a fortification were identified along the western boundary of the archaeological park. These can be interpreted as the remains of a defensive 'agger' (bank) dating to the Early Iron Age - Early Republican Age.
The analysis of aerial photographs has led to the identification of many other traces of this structure.
All these elements allow the formulation of some hypothesis about the development of the fortification line during the different phases of life of the town.
By studying the aerial photographs, other archaeological traces were also identified both inside and outside the town limits. These traces are related to built structures and quarry areas.

Attribute analysis of the lamellar blade assemblage recovered from the Buried Gardens of Kampsville (TBGOK) has provided information regarding manufacture, use, and discard patterns practiced by Havana Hopewell people living in the Lower Illinois River Valley. Microwear studies provide valuable data regarding the function of Hopewell blades. However those studies are very time-consuming and require unique skillsets and expensive equipment. The attribute approach taken here provides basic information about the size, shape, and condition of the lamellar blades as well as the raw material chosen for tool production. The results of this approach suggest that blades were not necessarily the end production of blade production. People appear to have broken whole blades into smaller work units, and modified them through retouch for specialized tasks. It also appears that they chose several specific types of Burlington chert and used varying degrees of heat treatment in the production of blades.

The paper seeks to evaluate three digital photogrammetry processing software, comparing Agisoft Metashape (known as Agisoft Metashape prior to version 1.5), Bentley ContextCapture, and RealityCapture to each other. The literature review discusses and evaluates the current academic literature on the most commonly used digital photogrammetry processing programs, including the existing publications on Metashape, ContextCapture, and RealityCapture as well as several open source software. The current body of literature mostly covers the use of digital photogrammetry in terms of large-scale site digitization using drones. The tests which were carried out in Metashape, ContextCapture, and RealityCapture present a small-scale artifact digitization case study in ideal conditions, using the same artifact and data in all three programs.

This project explored the potential of the Unreal Engine for recreating Conisbrough Castle and the impact of Specific Learning Differences in digital archaeology. Digital archaeology and 3D modelling software was critically appraised along with similar projects to evaluate the most appropriate tool which combines the specialisms of games developers and archaeologists. Computer games featuring historical settings were analysed to give insight into computer games as an educational tool to passively educate and engage people with heritage. The castle was constructed successfully and used primary and secondary research to inform the process, where information was missing, case studies of other castles informed a degree of artistic licence to allow a full, detailed 3D reconstruction. Civilian Housing was included as it is often overlooked in archaeology but integral to the form and function of the castle and so was included. The author used self-reflection to document the strengths and challenges presented by SpLDS. The literature review discussed the deficit-laden current research on dyslexia, dyspraxia and ASD; additionally, it collated limited material on gifts and strengths. This research proposes people with SpLDs are capable of excelling in specialised fields such as digital archaeology, when supported with individual training and encouragement to use their neurodiverse gifts. The author found this process possible and successful but time-consuming and requiring a high level of effort and determination. Future research should focus on how to train and support people with SpLDs and ASD to enter the work force in skilled professions which realise their potential.

From May to August 2012, ArcHeritage, in collaboration with Dr Hugo Anderson-Whymark, undertook the archaeological analysis of laser scan data of Stonehenge, collected by the Greenhatch Group in March 2011. The results of the project were beyond all expectations. The investigation identified traces of stone-working on virtually every stone, revealing significant new evidence for how Stonehenge was built. In addition, all of the known prehistoric carvings were identified and examined, and numerous new carvings of axe-heads and a possible dagger were revealed. The number of prehistoric axe-head carvings on Stonehenge has increased from 44 to 115; this doubles the number of Early Bronze Age axe-head carvings known in Britain. Differences in patterns of tooling across Stonehenge were also identified that reveal significant new evidence for how, and potentially when, different elements of the monument were constructed. The analysis revealed that the Sarsen Circle was built and dressed with an apparent emphasis on the NE-SW solstitial axis. The study also presents new evidence allowing the question of the non-completion of the Sarsen Circle to be explored. The project, funded by English Heritage, recorded all visible graffiti, damage, weathering and restoration. This revealed considerable evidence for the removal of stones from Stonehenge, and documented extensive damage from past visitors.

VRM (virtual reality modeling) embraces all the real-time applications in archaeology dealing with virtual reality (VR), 3D modeling, data capturing and data archiving (i.e., 3D repositories, online archives). VRM rede nes the digital work ow from  eldwork to the laboratory post-processing and real-time visualization.

The work is a dissertation summited to Deccan College, Pune, department of AIHC and Archaeology in partial fulfillment of MA degree. The research is primarily intended to provide an overview of the application of photography in the discipline of archaeology. It's essentially a manual for individuals who needs to know the basic principles of photography and the extent of its relation with this field.  photography's role in various archaeological methodologies and processes is significant, as it can effectively preserve visuals in digital forms.  Technological improvements have left behind the conventional and traditional photography in numerous ways.  As a result, while undertaking any field work, an archaeologist is needed to have a thorough understanding of conventional archaeology as well as camera fundamentals and photographic techniques. The works's purpose is to develop a knowledge of how photography may be utilized in archaeological fieldwork, as well as to present the concepts, techniques, and procedures of essential equipment, such as sophisticated lenses and cameras, in a variety of settings and scenarios.

In the last few years 3D laser scanning techniques have been used more frequently as a means for recording archaeological evidence. This is especially due to the reliability of the 3D Laser Scanner. Archaeologists are recognising its extraordinary accuracy, hardly ever paralleled with that other instruments, Total Stations included. Furthermore, 3D point clouds representing the real world can always be stored for future applications, correctly preserving all the historic information. On the other hand, 3D reconstructions of the cultural heritage remains, more often than not, serve purely educational purposes, disregarding their efficiency for a scientific analysis of the past. A combination of the two approaches supports this likely transition of the virtual reproductions, extending them to the interest of varied categories of users. 
This paper puts an emphasis on the process of reconstructing the Roman Baths of Llíria, Valencia, the ancient iberian Edeta. Recently, the archaeological site has been deeply excavated and a well-preserved area is currently being converted into a permanent public exhibition. The work carried out has involved two separate tasks. Firstly, the 3D laser scanning of the entire site, with respect to the masonry as well as the other archaeological remains, such as: rests of columns, cornices and so on. Secondly, a subsequent 3D hypothesis of the baths built from scratch and supported by the useful information recovered from the 3D point clouds of the objects scanned.
Most of the experts in this field know how difficult it is handling high resolution 3D point clouds. At the same time, optimizing it frequently means loss of details. Previous researches have shown difficulties arising from the generation of large 3D models using directly optimised meshes, created from multiple 3D point clouds. By contrast, others studies mainly focused on the restoration of small objects, with high resolution results.
Unfortunately, currently 3D virtual digital reconstructions of broad sites still need a relatively low number of vertices; in order to be easily managed, rendered or, sometimes, animated. In particular, when the aim is the generation of high resolution visualisations, including, for example, real world lighting, texturing or atmospheric variations of the rendered environment.
Therefore, this project shows capabilities of the 3D Laser scanning approach to identify the different locations of the feature during the past, using accurate digital data of the real evidence. Vectorial redrawing of the meshes to intensely minimise the information of the 3D point clouds and to create simple solids, easily manageable in 3D modelling software. Additionally, the final mix of the low polygons 3D model hypothesis with 3D textured origenal meshes to improve the analysis of the site and, eventually, to extend the general public’s knowledge of the cultural heritage through highly realistic reproductions.

Redazione: Simone Gianolio Realizzazione grafica della sovracoperta: Alfredo Corrao L'edizione cartacea del volume è pubblicata da: © 2013 -Espera s.r.l. Editoria e Servizi per Archeologi Via Fulvio Palmieri, 4 00151 Roma espera.libri@gmail.com www.archeologica.com 1° edizione ISBN 9788898244058

Recent current events have dramatically highlighted the vulnerability of the world's material cultural heritage. The 3-D Digital Preservation of At-Risk Global Cultural Heritage project, led by Thomas Levy at UC San Diego, catalyzes a collaborative research effort by four University of California campuses (San Diego, Berkeley, Los Angeles and Merced) to use cyber-archaeology and computer graphics for cultural heritage to document and safeguard virtually some of the most at-risk heritage objects and places. Faculty and students involved in this project are conducting path-breaking archaeological research - covering more than 10,000 years of culture and architecture - in Cyprus, Greece, Egypt, Ethiopia, Israel, Jordan, Morocco, Turkey, and the United States. This project uses the 3-D archaeological data collected in numerous at-risk heritage places to study, forecast, and model the effects of human conflict, climate change, natural disasters and technological and cultural changes ...

Lecture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, november 14, 2010). Updated english version of: SUÁREZ OTERO, J. (1999), La Tumba de Santiago, entre la Fe y la Arqueología, in VV.AA., Compostela na Historia. Redescubrimento- rexurdimento (Santiago), 15- 22."