Performance measurement and management (PMM) is a management and research paradox.  On one hand, it provides management with many critical, useful, and needed functions. Yet, there is evidence that it can adversely affect performance.  This paper attempts to resolve this paradox by focusing on the issue of “fit.” That is, in today’s dynamic and turbulent environment, changes in either the business environment or the business strategy can lead to the need for new or revised measures and metrics.  Yet, if these measures and metrics are either not revised or incorrectly revised, then we can encounter situations where what the firm wants to achieve (as communicated by its strategy) and what the firm measures and rewards are not synchronised with each other (i.e., there is a lack of “fit). This situation can adversely affect the ability of the firm to compete.  The issue of fit is explored using a three phase Delphi approach. Initially intended to resolve this first paradox, the Delphi study identified another paradox – one in which the researchers found that in a dynamic environment, firms do revise their strategies, yet, often the PMM system is not changed. To resolve this second paradox, the paper proposes a new framework – one that shows that under certain conditions, the observed metrics “lag” is not only explainable but also desirable.  The findings suggest a need to recast the accepted relationship between strategy and PMM system and the output included the Performance Alignment Matrix that had utility for managers.

The balanced scorecard is a performance management framework that became popular during the early 1990s. This paper describes changes to the definition of the framework that have occurred since then, recognising within these changes three distinct generations of balanced scorecard design. The paper relates these developments to literature concerning strategic management within organisations, observing that the changes made have improved the utility of the balanced scorecard as a strategic management tool. The paper concludes that the changes illustrate the importance of ideas of information symmetry in the understanding of strategic control processes within organisations. Suggestions of topics for further research are also made.

It has been recognized that in today's highly competitive industrial markets, servitization is one of the key strategic choices for many leading manufacturers to gain differentiation from competitors by offering value-added services. To do so, however, requires a service-oriented strategy and the active implementation of this strategy, which comprises a significant shift in the underlying business model, management philosophy and approach. Unfortunately, there has no study examined the organization factors specific to the issues of servitization strategy. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the influence of organization factors on the effectiveness of implementing servitization strategy. Data was collected from three multinational electronics/ICT firms in Japan, respectively, Fujitsu, Toshiba, and Hitachi limited (FTH). Organization answer to a survey included multiple choices and open questions about the perception, process, barriers, and the important factors of implementing servitization strategy. The study result revealed that there were significantly positive influences of organizational factors, such as leadership (17.2%), vision (16.3%, and marketing (9.5%), on the effectiveness of implementing servitization strategy.

Two studies were conducted to examine expert opinions of criteria used to select forecasting techniques. In Study One, while "accuracy" was a dominant criterion, the ratings of five of thirteen criteria varied by the role of the forecaster. Researchers rated accuracy relatively higher than did practitioners, educators or decision-makers. Decision makers rated implementation-related criteria, such as "ease" criteria, relatively higher than the other groups. In Study Two, forecasting experts significantly varied their ratings on six of seven criteria according to situations. Other criteria were often as important or more important than accuracy, especially when the situation involved making many forecasts. In general, there was much agreement across roles and across situations that accuracy was the most important criterion, but other criteria were rated as being almost as important. In particular, factors related to implementation, such as ease of interpretation and ease of use, were highly rated.

Despite the potentially important impact of strategy implementation on organizational performance, relatively little has been discovered so far about its antecedents and consequences. This study aims to help fill this gap by exploring the antecedents and consequences of the comprehensiveness of strategic plan implementation. Out of 500 questionnaires, 231 usable ones were collected from United Arab Emirates (UAE) public organizations. We find that our three factors of strategy formulation, namely, adoption of intended mode of strategy, enhancing employees' participation, and minimizing political behavior significantly influence the comprehensiveness of strategic plan implementation, which in turn has a significant positive impact on the effectiveness of strategic planning. We discuss our empirical results, the potential influence of culture, implications for both theory and practice, the limitations of the research and several avenues for future study.

Abstract Two important challenges in policy design are better understanding of the design space and consideration of the temporal factors. Moreover, in recent years it has been demonstrated that understanding the complex interactions of policy measures can play an important role in policy design and analysis. In this paper, the advances made in conceptualization and application of networks to policy design in the past decade are highlighted. Specifically, the use of a network-centric policy design approach in better understanding the design space and temporal consequences of design choices are presented. Network-centric policy design approach has been used in classification, visualization, and analysis of the relations among policy measures as well as ranking of policy measures using their internal properties and interactions, and conducting sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, through use of a decision support system, network-centric approach facilitates ranking, visualization, and selection of policies using different sets of criteria, and exploring the potential for compromise in policy formulation. The advantage of the network-centric approach is providing the ability to go beyond visualizations and analysis of policies and piecemeal use of network concepts as a
tool for different policy design tasks to moving to a more integrated bottom–up approach to design. Furthermore, the computational advantages of the network-centric policy design in considering temporal factors such as policy sequencing and addressing issues such as layering, drift, policy failure, and delay are presented. Finally, some of the current challenges of network-centric design are discussed, and some potential avenues of exploration in policy design through use of computational methodologies, as well as possible integration with approaches from other disciplines, are highlighted.

Strategic decision-making theories suggest that organizations that combine rational and incremental strategy implementation styles are likely to perform better than those that emphasize a single style. To assess whether these arguments apply to the public sector; we explore the strategy implementation style and perceived service effectiveness, efficiency and equity of Turkish municipal government departments. Using fuzzy cluster analysis, we identify four distinctive though inter-related styles of strategy implementation in our sample organizations: logical-incremental; mostly rational; mostly incremental; and no clear approach. A logical-incremental and mostly rational style of implementation are associated with better effectiveness, efficiency and equity; with the absence of an implementation style associated with worse performance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. View Full-Text
Keywords: strategy; implementation; performance; public sector; quantitative analysis; fuzzy clustering

This paper focuses on the concept of fit as a topic of research. The concept of fit has been viewed as an internal consistency among key strategic decisions or the alignment between strategic choices and critical contingencies with the environment (external), organization (internal), or both (external and internal). A number of research perspectives or approaches related to fit are presented. Research design problems are discussed: definition of terms, theoretical issues, and empirical issues. Emphasis is on how key variables or dimensions of fit are defined and measured in research. A six-celled matrix is proposed as a conceptual scheme to distinguish different perspectives of fit and to portray congruence relationships more accurately. The matrix includes three common dimensions: strategy, organization, and environment. The matrix also suggests two levels of strategy—corporate or business—and three domains of fit—external, internal, or integrated. These suggest different research perspectives for the study of fit. Examples from the literature are provided to illustrate and support this conceptual scheme. Finally, implications for management and further study are outlined.

The field of systematic conservation planning has grown substantially, with hundreds of publications in the peer-reviewed literature and numerous applications to regional conservation planning globally. However, the extent to which systematic conservation plans have influenced management is unclear. This paper analyses factors that facilitate the transition from assessment to implementation in conservation planning, in order to help integrate assessment and implementation into a seamless process. We propose a framework for designing implementation strategies, taking into account three critical planning aspects: processes, inputs, and context. Our review identified sixteen processes, which we broadly grouped into four themes and eight inputs. We illustrate how the framework can be used to inform context-dependent implementation strategies, using the process of 'engagement' as an example. The example application includes both lessons learned from successfully implemented plans across the engagement spectrum, and highlights key barriers that can hinder attempts to bridge the assessment-implementation gap.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to describe how managers from a network of organisations formed and operated as a team to work on a benchmarking project. The project had the dual purpose of enabling learning for the participants, and identifying leading practices in strategy deployment. Design/methodology/approach -The participants were managers with responsibility for strategy deployment. Data were collected from case studies of seven diverse New Zealand organisations that were undertaking performance improvement using the Baldrige performance excellence model. The unit of analysis for the case studies was a strategic initiative that the organisation had deployed. Secondary sources were also used to identify leading deployment practices. Findings -Despite the different sectors, sizes, and cultures of the participating organisations their strategy deployment issues were similar and the managers were able to share experiences and cooperate effectively. Over 50 leading deployment practices were identified. Seven dimensions of strategy deployment were determined. A framework for strategy deployment was developed.

*** PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to address the following question: How do strategy implementation obstacles relate to each other and affect strategy implementation? *** METHODOLOGY The research methodology is qualitative and based on an extensive review of the literature and on an in-depth case study analysis. *** FINDINGS This paper draws two main conclusions. The first is that the many obstacles that impact the strategy implementation process can interact and be strongly interrelated in dynamic and complex manners. The second is that obstacles can lead to and reinforce other obstacles, eventually forming long chains of blockages. *** ORIGINALITY Strategy implementation remains a difficult task with improbable success. This paper provides a contribution to an explanation on why so many strategy implementation efforts fail. It is one of the very few papers addressing the issue of the relationships between strategy implementation obstacles. ***************************************************************************************** FREE COMPLETE VERSION OF THE PAPER: http://hdl.handle.net/10400.1/12307 ***************************************************************************************** VERSION OF RECORD/EDITOR PUBLISHED VERSION: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/BJM-11-2017-0350

The formulation of policies requires the selection and configuration of effective and acceptable courses of action to reach explicit goals. A one-size-fits-all policy is unlikely to achieve the desired goals; as a result, the identification of a suite of alternative policies, together with clear indications of their trade-offs, is crucial to accommodate the diversity of stakeholders’ preferences. At present, the formulation of transport policies is done manually; this fact, together with the size of the space of possible policies, results in a large part of that space being left unexplored. A six-step framework to explore the space of alternative transport policies in order to achieve environmental targets is proposed. The process starts with a user-defined set of specific policy measures, using them as building blocks in the generation of alternative policy packages, clusters and future images according to the user's preferences and goals.The analysis framework is based on the visioning and backcasting approach used in the VIBAT report [Banister, D., & Hickman, R. (2006a). Visioning and backcasting for UK transport policy (VIBAT) project. Department for Transport's Horizons Research Programme 2004/06. The Bartlett school of planning and Halcrow Group Ltd. Retrieved 1/18/2008 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/∼ucft696/vibat2.html]. The framework is being implemented as a prototype decision support system around a case study: the formulation and analysis of policies required to achieve CO2 emission targets for the transport sector in the UK. Important insights on how to develop the framework have also been elicited from engineering design. The goal is to accelerate the task of policy-making and improve the effectiveness of the resulting policies.The proposed method and computer implementation is fundamentally different from the tools commonly used in the transport sector and is intended to assist (not replace) transport policy makers, and complement (not substitute nor compete with) existing mathematical modelling tools. This research constitutes the first step towards the development of a general family of computer-based systems that support the design of policies to achieve environmental targets—not only for transport, but also for other sectors such as energy and water.

This research investigated factors that influence the implementation levels of evidence-based comprehension
strategy instruction (CSI) among K–3 teachers. An explanatory design was chosen to gather and probe the data. Quantitative data were gathered via a mailed survey distributed through
a representative sample of the 40 school districts (through a stratified-random selection of teachers) in a state in the Rocky Mountain West. Expectancy-value theory was applied as it affects self-reported levels of teacher implementation of CSI. Both expectancy and value showed significance for predicting self-reported CSI implementation in two multiple regression analyses. Surveys revealed teachers’ perceptions of what impedes or supports their sustained implementation of CSI.
These findings suggest that increases in school support will also raise teacher CSI implementation levels.

The interdependence and complexity of socio-technical systems and availability of a wide variety of policy measures to address policy problems make the process of policy formulation difficult. In order to formulate sustainable and efficient transport policies, development of new tools and techniques is necessary. One of the approaches gaining ground is policy packaging, which shifts focus from implementation of individual policy measures to implementation of combinations of measures with the aim of increasing efficiency and effectiveness of policy interventions by increasing synergies and reducing potential contradictions among policy measures. In this paper, we describe the development of a virtual environment for the exploration and analysis of different configurations of policy measures in order to build policy packages. By developing systematic approaches it is possible to examine more alternatives at a greater depth, decrease the time required for the overall analysis, provide real-time assessment and feedback on the effect of changes in the configurations, and ultimately form more effective policies. The results from this research demonstrate the usefulness of computational approaches in addressing the complexity inherent in the formulation of policy packages. This new approach has been applied to the formulation of policies to advance sustainable transportation.

"Abstract. In addressing various policy problems, deciding which policy measure to start with given the range of measures available is challenging and essentially involves a process of ranking the alternatives, commonly done using multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques. In this paper a new methodology for analysis and ranking of policy measures is introduced which combines network analysis and MCDA tools. This methodology not only considers the internal properties of the measures but also their interactions with other potential measures. Consideration of such interactions provides additional insights into the process of policy formulation and can help domain experts and policy makers to better assess the policy measures and to understand the complexities involved. This new methodology is applied in this paper to the formulation of a policy to increase walking and cycling.

Keywords: policy formulation, network analysis, multiple-criteria decision analysis, transport policy, walking and cycling"

One of the approaches gaining ground in policy design is the implementation of combinations of policy measures as policy packages with the aim of increasing efficiency and effectiveness of the designed policies. In this paper, we describe the recent advancements in the developments of a virtual environment for the exploration and analysis of policy packages. The virtual environment uses an agent-based modelling approach for the generation of different configurations of policy measures in the policy packages. The benefit of using the approach is the proactive and flexible generation of policy packages as the agents can react to the changes that occur and create packages that are more robust. The system allows faster examination of more alternatives, further exploration of the design space, and testing the effects of changes and uncertainties while formulating policies. The results demonstrate the benefit of using agent-based modelling approaches in the design of complex policies.

Purpose: As sport gradually becomes a full-scale business, a debate about the applicability and appropriateness of measures of performance has emerged. This research aims to analyse how the special features of sport businesses influence the performance management system of a sports merchandiser.
Design/methodology/approach: The research work examines a case study of a sports retailer that manages the merchandising and image rights of a major European football club. It was conducted using Otley’s (1999) performance management framework.
Findings: We found that organization objectives were clearly known by all managers at all levels, despite not articulated in explicit statements, but conveyed in less formal ways. The main finding is to explain how a performance management system can be structured to effectively respond to the sports setting in which a company operates:  constant meetings, shared values, information exchange and fast response to events substituted planning and forecasting.
Research limitations/implications: The nature of the case study research method limits the generalizability of findings. Research in performance measures must have a holistic approach.
Practical implications: Managers can use this comprehensive framework to analyse the consistency of their performance measurement systems and to identify opportunities for improvement. Also, understanding how this organization was successful in communicating objectives and values can be of help.
Originality/value: The paper analyses a performance management system within the special features of sport-related businesses.

This paper looks at a current management consultant driven “fashion” for using graphical techniques to communicate strategic direction within larger organisations. Recent literature shows that many strategic change programmes fail through poor or miscommunication of the organisation’s strategic objectives, suggesting there is a need in the market place for new communication techniques. This research evaluates the use of one graphical technique within three organisations to explore how it is being used and what the benefits of using this technique are. These new graphical techniques are felt to be more effective than traditional strategy communication techniques. Our research suggests that this is because they consider both the communication medium and the content and presentation of the information in the strategic message. In particular, these techniques use pictures or graphics with embedded metaphors to communicate clearer strategic messages, they encourage dialogue and inclusiveness from all employees within the process, they show connectivity of information, they facilitate the ability to remember the strategy and they are novel.

This paper aims to explore the influence of strategy implementation on export performance. The main question addressed in this paper relates to how the strategy implementation is linked to the firm's export performance with respect to diverse dimensions of performance in international activities. Data were gathered from food exporter firms in Iran and partial least squares method was used to test the proposed conceptual framework. The finding from this study support the conceptual framework; so it was concluded that strategy implementation influences export performance, both directly, and as a mediating variable between organizational characteristics, export commitment and environmental characteristics with export performance.

Organizational culture cuts across most independent variables causing all manner of reactions on specific dependent variables especially where human resource behavioral aspect is at play in an organizational setup. This paper investigates the moderating effect of organizational culture on the implementation of turnaround strategy through a desktop research. Specifically, literature on turnaround strategy, its implementation, the factors at play during implementation with reference to business process reengineering as an independent variable and organizational culture's moderating effect on turnaround implementation strategy.

This paper is designed to look at how the food manufacturing industries in Zimbabwe formulate and implement business strategies for competitive advantage locally and in the region. The sample size of this research paper consisted of 150 Chief Executive Officers located in Harare, Bulawayo, Mutare, Gweru and Masvingo in Zimbabwean. The research instrument used was the self – administered questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using both inferential and descriptive statistical tools. Results obtained from the study revealed that strategy formulation and implementation if fully practiced in food manufacturing organisations enhances efficiency, profitability and competitive advantage in a dynamic environments. The paper recommended a conceptual model for Strategy formulation and implementation for competitive advantage in the food manufacturing industry in Zimbabwe.

Author: Mayookapan Chaimankong* and Dissatat Prasertsakul; Email: icdissatat@mahidol.ac.th

**Institution: *) Graduate School of Management, Faculty of Business Administration, Thonburi University. **) Corresponding Author. Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business Administration, Mahidol University International College, Thailand.

Suggested Citation: Chaimankong, M. and Prasertsakul, P. (2012) Impact of Strategy Implementation on Performance of Generic Strategy: Evidence from Thailand. South East Asian Journal of Management, 6(1), 1-14, ISSN: 1978-1989."

"The purpose of this paper is to examine the strategic orientation in terms of Miles and Snow typologies of the firms in emerging country and investigate their implications on performance. Unlike previous research, this paper focuses the importance of strategy implementation to the performance implications of Miles and Snow typology. Data was collected from 111 key informants from firms in Thailand’s chemical industry using probability sampling. The one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results showed that prospectors performed better than the other three strategic types, whereas reactors exhibited the lowest performance scores. While the success in strategy implementation is found to be a significant predictor of firm performance, the two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results revealed that the success in strategy implementation did not alter the relationship between Miles and Snow strategic type and a firm’s performance. This finding suggests that the relationship between Miles and Snow strategic type and a firm’s performance may be universal, regardless of the location where the study is conducted. However, additional studies in other contexts are required before the conclusion can be made whether the strategic type – performance relationship will be contingent on strategy implementation.

Keywords: Generic strategies, typologies, Miles and Snow, firm performance, strategy implementation.

The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of strategic success or failure in Zimbabwean Profit and Non-Profit Organizations. The convergent parallel mixed methods research design was adopted as the guiding model for the data collection, analysis and interpretation process in this study. This explains why data was collected through a concurrent parallel methodological triangulation of questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis. Quantitative data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 while the analysis of qualitative data was performed using the NVivo 10 data analysis software. The study established that there is a high rate of strategy implementation failure in Zimbabwean Profit and Non-profit Organizations. The failure to build the distinctive competences and resource capabilities needed for successful strategy implementation was identified as the main cause of strategic failure in these Organizations.

Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) merupakan antara institusi pengajian tinggi di Malaysia yang terawal melancarkan program dan aktiviti berkaitan penjagaan alam sekitar dan pembangunan lestari. Komuniti kampus yang terdiri daripada golongan staf dan pelajar telah terlibat secara langsung dan tidak langsung dalam aktiviti kelestarian yang telah dijalankan. Kitar semula merupakan program kelestarian kampus yang dilaksanakan di USM. Namun, program kitar semula yang dilaksanakan dianggap bermusim ataupun sementara kerana sistem kitar semula yang dilaksanakan di dalam kampus tidak efektif. Oleh itu, kajian ini meneroka sistem kitar semula satu aliran sebagai pendekatan alternatif kepada sistem kitar semula pelbagai aliran di Universiti Sains Malaysia dari segi tahap penglibatan komuniti di kawasan kajian terhadap sistem kitar semula satu aliran dan mengenal pasti cabaran pelaksanaan sistem kitar semula satu aliran di kawasan kajian. Pendekatan kajian yang digunakan adalah kajian lapangan dan kajian kes. Seramai 120 responden dipilih berdasarkan persampelan rawak berlapis dan persampelan kuota. Dalam kajian ini, data diperolehi menerusi soal selidik, pemerhatian ikut serta dan kajian lapangan. Penemuan kajian menunjukkan tahap penglibatan komuniti kampus terhadap sistem kitar semula adalah sederhana. Namun, keberkesanan sistem kitar semula satu aliran yang dilaksanakan menunjukkan kesan yang positif berdasarkan kutipan barangan kitar semula yang meningkat setiap minggu. Selain itu, cabaran pelaksanaan sistem kitar semula satu aliran dikenal pasti untuk penambah baik program kitar semula pada masa hadapan.

Background. Research on the process of strategic management, particularly the implementation phase, does not give a definite recommendation regarding the aspect of formalization in each of its stages. Therefore, it seems important to examine this issue, especially in the context of its impact on the quality of the implemented strategies. The article presents the results of research on the practices of companies in the process of strategic management.
Research aims. I examined whether formalization is a desirable and recommended factor in the implementation of strategic concepts or whether it does not contribute to the degree of their realization.
Method. The quantitative research has been based on an open and standardised collection of data and involved 150 subjects grouped into 3 samples. The enterprises under examination were divided into two groups – the first one was composed of the subjects that confirmed using formal tools facilitating strategy implementation and the second consisted of the subjects that denied using those solutions. As the study used an ordinal scale, as a measure for the correlation of the investigated variables, the Kendall tau-b test was used.
Key findings. The research results showed that having a formal strategy document often resulted in the use of formal systems of strategy implementation. Moreover, it also proves the importance of the applied tools since they allow periodic verification of the progress made in strategy implementation and its conformity with the set vision. I also pointed out that the formalization of the implementation of the strategy stems from the formalization of the whole process of strategic management, as evidenced by the regularity of the work at all stages. The results showed, however, that the decision about introducing formalisation may facilitate strategy implementation but is not a factor determining the success of implementing the devised development concepts.

Os principais códigos de governança corporativa (GC) do mundo atribuem aos Conselhos de Administração (CA) a responsabilidade pelo sucesso estratégico das empresas. A visão de que os CA desempenham um papel central no capitalismo moderno é compartilhada por governos, acionistas, reguladores e acadêmicos. No entanto, diversos episódios de má governança têm exemplificado o distanciamento dos CA em relação ao que acontece de fato na execução das estratégias empresariais. Conforme recentemente ilustrado por empresas internacionais como a Lehman Brothers, Citigroup, Sadia e Aracruz Celulose, as práticas de trabalho dos CA podem não ter sido eficazes em antecipar, avaliar e contornar riscos de execução estratégica.

This paper presents a preliminary approach for implementing e-learning/b-learning pedagogical practices at the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), North-eastern Portugal. It is a low-resource, middle-out approach, based on the creation of “pivot” teachers at each UTAD subunit, supported by consultancy services. It was initiated in September 2010 and scheduled for one year, with the ambition to serve as a basis to extend e-learning and b-learning practices to the overall organization.

The literature on the strategic management emphasizes the essence and importance of both the good formulation and the proper implementation of the strategy. However, business practice shows that while companies have quite highly developed skills in the area of strategy formulation, at the same time they are characterized by a surprisingly low level of skills in the scope of the effective implementation of the strategy. Various factors that affect the effectiveness of the implementation process are mentioned, including poorly developed leadership skills among management staff, the improper allocation of decision-making powers, the incompetent communication of the strategy, the lack of ability to manage changes, and the lack of appropriate motivators associated with the strategy being implemented. It is worth considering whether the companies that achieve market success are also facing such problems in the strategy implementation process. This paper is based on the results of the research conducted as part of the project entitled " The implementation of the strategy in the organization – model, determinants and implications " 1. It presents five key problems faced in the strategy implementation process by small and large companies that can be considered to be effective in implementing their development concepts. It appears that the implementation of the strategy in such companies is usually hindered by two problems: " management staff overloaded with current problems " and " attention of employees focused on operational activities ". Most problems are associated with the changes occurring in the environment and the lack of appropriate motivators.

The strategic planning process is used by management to establish objectives, set goals, and schedule activities for achieving
those goals and includes a method for measuring progress Therefore, the general the objective of this paper is to exanimate
effect of strategic management practices on firm performance in telecommunication companies in Mogadishu, Somalia. The
study explored the effects of Strategy formulation, strategy implementation and strategy control and evaluation on firm
performance of telecommunication in Mogadishu The target population of this study was top managers, middle managers and
normal employee of some telecommunication companies in Mogadishu. There are more than five telecommunication
companies Mogadishu but our study will focus on three Telecommunication Companies in Mogadishu. The target population
of this study was 62. Therefore, since the study population (N) is 110. Error of tolerance used was 0.05. Thus, the sample size
is 54 respondents. The study collected primary data which was analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequencies
tables, percentages, mean scores, standard deviation. Data collected from questionnaires will code and keyed into a computer.
Quantitative data will analyze using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics including the
means and standard deviations were used to analyze quantitative data and capture the characteristics of the variables under
study. Regression model was applied to determine the relationship between Strategy Formulation, Strategy implementation
and Strategy control and evaluation as the independent variables and firm performance of telecommunication companies in
Mogadishu as the dependent variable. Pearson's product moment correlation analysis is also used and it's a powerful technique
for determine the relationship among variables. Correlation coefficient will be used to analyze the strength of the relations
between variable.

Streszczenie: W literaturze zarządzania strategicznego prezentowane są badania dotyczące decyzji i działań przedsiębiorstw w obszarze strategii. Równocześnie istnieje wiele wątpliwo-ści dotyczących definiowania, standardu opracowania czy możliwości implementacji strategii przez przedsiębiorstwa różnej wielkości.
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie różnic pomiędzy ma-łymi, średnimi i dużymi przedsiębiorstwami w kwestii opracowania koncepcji strategii oraz jej wdrożenia.
Uwagę poświęcono analizie wybranych aspektów związanych z postacią, ho-ryzontem czasowym, aktualizacją strategii oraz stopniem wdrażania strategii w podmiotach różnej wielkości.
Wyniki badań można zinterpretować jako wskazanie, że odnoszące sukcesy małe, średnie i duże firmy mają odmienne podejścia do strategii, które trudno uporządkować, biorąc pod uwagę kryterium ich wielkości.

Although strategy implementation has profound implications for delivering efficient service, it has been largely neglected in the healthcare management literature. This study explores the barriers to effective implementation of strategic plans in healthcare organizations. To achieve this end, empirical data were collected from 185 hospital managers in Turkey using a survey-based methodology. A descriptive analysis was undertaken of the survey responses to determine the most important barriers to strategy implementation. The most significant barriers undermining strategy implementation efforts were found to be: low employee motivation, an exclusive focus on financial performance and lack of consensus among decision makers.

Purpose: Although the implementation process involves employees from different hierarchical levels, previous research on the implementation topic focused mostly on a top management perspective, omitting the perspective of lower hierarchical levels. We believe that employees from different hierarchical levels perceive differently the way the implementation process is carried out because of many intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Considering the primary role of lower hierarchical levels during the implementation process, we decided to include lower levels of management and operatives in our research. Methodology: We investigate the way employees from different hierarchical levels perceive the implementation process. The implementation process in our research was evaluated using four implementation factors: 1) People, 2) Resources allocation, 3) Communication, 4) Operational planning & control. We sent the questionnaire to all large Croatian enterprises (396) and gathered 208 questionnaires from 78 enterprises. Findings: The research findings confirm that the evaluation of key implementation factors differs significantly between hierarchical levels in two of the four identified factors: 1) Communication and 2) Operational planning & control. Frontline managers and operatives mostly consider the instructions for implementing the strategy too vague and unclear, their suggestions not taken into account, the communication generally too slow, what creates confusion and reduces the efficiency in coordinating operational tasks and introducing potential changes. Implications for theory and practice: Although we proved the statistically different perception about two out of four implementation factors, we contributed in a way to point out that this stream of research, with multiple factors and multiple respondents

Strategy implementation is critical to the success of every organization. It addresses means of achieving desired goals and objectives. Literature review indicates that strategy formulation is given more focus than strategy implementation. Previous studies have shown that strategies fail due to poor implementation. Given the importance of strategy and its execution, it is imperative that the Eswatini Cotton Board identifies challenges that impede strategy implementation. This study investigates strategy implementation challenges at the Eswatini Cotton Board with an aim of providing recommendations on how to overcome the identified challenges. Qualitative research method was adopted in conducting the study. The target population included senior management and board members of the Eswatini Cotton Board who were familiar with strategy formulation and implementation. Ten interviewers were selected using purposive sampling technique. Primary data was collected using a semi structured interview schedule and analyzed by means of a thematic analysis. The findings indicate that poor management, lack of financial resources and poor coordination of activities are the key factors that hinder strategy implementation. The study recommends education and training, development of resource mobilization strategies, alignment of the organizations structure and effective communication.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between strategic leadership and strategy implementation at FUFA. The study was premised on strategic leadership theory. The objectives of the study were to examine relationship between: leadership competence and strategy implementation, investigate relationship between leadership communication and strategy implementation, to establish relationship between staff involvement and strategy implementation and to assess the relationship between monitoring and evaluation and strategy implementation. The population of the study were 45 staff at FUFA. Sampling was considered inappropriate due to smallness of the population and approach adopted was a census that covered all the staff in the population. The study used descriptive research design because it aimed at understanding how one variable produced changes in another and explain relationship among variables. The study used a self-administered questionnaire. Findings indicate that leadership competence and leadership communication have positive and significant relationship with strategy implementation. Findings also indicate that employee involvement and monitoring and evaluation have an insignificant positive relationship with strategy implementation. It is recommended that leaders at FUFA should prioritise on leadership competence as it enhances opportunities to realise its strategic goal while paying attention to employee involvement, monitoring and evaluation as part of less important aspects of their activities. Leadership communication is not a useful predictor of changes in strategy implementation at FUFA.

The purpose of the article is to present the results of empirical research concerning solutions used in the strategy implementation process by companies recognized as effective in achieving their strategic goals. Based on the results of the research, a model for improving the strategy implementation process was proposed. In the theoretical part, the method of analysis and critical review of the literature was used. The technique used in the empirical study was PAPI. In order to investigate relationships, Cramer's V coefficient was calculated. The main findings of the study allow us to conclude that there are some specific solutions from the following areas: organisational structure, communication and motivation, cooperation, implementation tools and methods, and control, which particularly effectively support the strategy implementation.

Strategy implementation is a process by which strategies and policies are put into action through development of
programs, budgets, and procedures. The process is sometimes referred to as operational planning and often involves day-today decisions in resource allocation. Strategy implementation is very important since it gives a company a competitive edge
only if it is skillfully executed through the decisions and actions of front line managers and employees. It is in this realization
that this study was carried out. This study aimed at examining the influence of organizational culture in strategy
implementation in state corporations in Kenya; a case of Local Authorities Provident Fund (LAPFUND). This study utilized
descriptive survey design. A sample size of 63 respondents was adopted for the study. Simple random sampling was used
since the sampled population had homogenous characteristics. This study used primary data which was collected through use
of questionnaires. Data from the questionnaire were coded and processed with the help of a statistical application, namely
SPSS version 24.0. Quantitative approach involved use of descriptive and inferential statistics. The results indicated that:
majority of the respondents as indicated by a computed mean score of 4.295 and a corresponding percentage of 85.9%
strongly agreed that organizational culture influences strategy implementation in the state corporations significantly. Also,
computed mean scores: of 4.36 indicated that majority of the respondents strongly agreed that shared values in the
organization influence the rates of strategy significantly; of 4.64 indicated that majority of the respondents strongly agreed that
availability of work ethics in the organization influences the implementation of proposed strategies; of 4.36 indicated that
majority of the respondents strongly agreed with the idea that the teamwork spirit outlined in the organization among
employees influences strategy implementation. Since the calculated p value of 0.124 was less that 0.5 (p < 0.5), at 95%
significance level, the alternative hypothesis was considered. Therefore, organizational culture has a significant influence on
strategy implementation in state corporations in Kenya. Based on these findings, the researchers recommended that the
management and other relevant strategic leaders in the state corporations should develop and implement an efficient and
effective organizational culture that encourages and motivates good performance among employees in these corporations for
better strategy implementations.

Strategy implementation has been described as an integral part of strategic management process in organisations in the
modern competitive world. This is due to the fact that, it is through strategy implementation that written goals and plans are
translated into results that could improve the organization‟s position. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the
influence of leadership in strategy implementation in state corporations in Kenya; a case of local authorities provident fund
(LAPFUND). This study utilized descriptive survey design. A sample size of 63 respondents was adopted for the study.
Simple random sampling was used since the sampled population had homogenous characteristics. This study used primary
data which was collected through use of questionnaires. Data was collected, coded and analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. The
findings were presented in form of frequency tables and percentages and discussions and interpretation of the same given. The
results indicated that: majority of the respondents as indicated by a computed mean score of 4.1 and a percentage reorientation
of 82% agreed that leadership influences strategy implementation in the state corporations significantly. Also, a computed
mean score of 4.08 indicated that majority of the respondents agreed that leaders with idealized characteristics influence the
implementation of proposed strategies at LAPFUND significantly. Majority of the respondents on the other hand strongly
agreed that: Leaders with intellectual stimulation characteristics (indicated by a mean score of 4.2); Leaders with inspiration
motivation characteristics (indicated by a mean score of 4.4); Leaders with individualized consideration characteristics
(indicated by a mean score of 4.2); and Transformational style of leadership (as indicated by a mean score of 4.2) influence
the implementation of the said strategies at LAPFUND significantly. The regressions analysis conducted showed that taking
all other independent variables at zero, a unit increase in the leadership would lead to a 0.682 increase in the scores of strategy
implementation at LAPFUND. Based on the results, the study recommended that the strategic leaders should be equipped with
modern leadership skills that bring every stakeholder on board for better strategies implementation. The Strategic leaders
should also understand the organizational culture of their organizations, create an enabling organizational environment and
structure, do better strategy communication and mobilize the required resources or strategy implementation effectively and
efficiently. The study also recommended that the top managers must be willing to give energy and loyalty to the
implementation process of the various strategies in the organization