Eng-Thermodynamics (GENG-220), Fall 2009

Solution of Tutorial 6
5-30)
Air is accelerated in a nozzle from 30 m/s to 180 m/s. The mass flow rate, the exit
temperature, and the exit area of the nozzle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Air is
an ideal gas with constant specific heats. 3 Potential energy changes are negligible. 4 The
device is adiabatic and thus heat transfer is negligible. 5 There are no work interactions.
Properties The gas constant of air is 0.287
kPa.m
3
/kg.K (Table A-1). The specific heat
of air at the anticipated average temperature
of 450 K is c
p
= 1.02 kJ/kg.C (Table A-2).
Analysis (a) There is only one inlet and one
exit, and thus
m m m
1 2

. Using the ideal
gas relation, the specific volume and the
mass flow rate of air are determined to be
/kg m 0.4525
kPa 300
) K 473 )( K /kg m kPa 0.287 (
3
3
1
1
1



P
RT
v
kg/s 0.5304 ) m/s 30 )( m 0.008 (
/kg m 0.4525
1 1
2
3
1 1
1
V A m
v

(b) We take nozzle as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the
boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate
form as

out in
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in change of Rate
(steady) 0
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra net of Rate
out in
0
E E
E E E

( )
2
0
2
0
0) pe W (since /2) + ( ) 2 / (
2
1
2
2
1 2 ,
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
2 2
2
1 1
V V
T T c
V V
h h
Q V h m V h m
ave p

+

+
+


Substituting,

,
_

+
2 2
2 2
2
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
2
) m/s 30 ( ) m/s 180 (
) C 200 )( K kJ/kg 1.02 ( 0

T
It yields T
2
= 184.6C
(c) The specific volume of air at the nozzle exit is
/kg m 1.313
kPa 100
) K 273 184.6 )( K /kg m kPa 0.287 (
3
3
2
2
2

+

P
RT
v
AIR
P
2
= 100 kPa
V
2
= 180 m/s
P
1
= 300
kPa
T
1
= 200C
V
1
= 30 m/s
A
1
= 80 cm
2
( ) m/s 180
/kg m 1.313
1
kg/s 0.5304
1
2
3
2 2
2
A V A m
v

A
2
= 0.00387 m
2
= 38.7
cm
2
5-41)
43 R-134a is decelerated in a diffuser from a velocity of 120 m/s. The exit velocity of R-
134a and the mass flow rate of the R-134a are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2
Potential energy changes are negligible. 3 There are no work interactions.
Properties From the R-134a tables (Tables A-11 through A-13)
kJ/kg 267.29
/kg m 0.025621
.
kPa 800
1
3
1
1

;

h vapor sat
P
v
and
kJ/kg 274.17
/kg m 0.023375
C 40
kPa 900
2
3
2
2
2

h T
P
v
Analysis (a) There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus
m m m
1 2

. Then the exit
velocity of R-134a is determined from the steady-flow mass balance to be
( ) m/s 60.8 m/s 120
/kg) m (0.025621
/kg) m (0.023375
1.8
1 1 1
3
3
1
2
1
1
2
2 1 1
1
2 2
2
V
A
A
V V A V A
v
v
v v
(b) We take diffuser as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the
boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate
form as
out in
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in change of Rate
(steady) 0
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra net of Rate
out in
0
E E
E E E

,
_

+
+ +
2
0) pe W (since /2) V + ( ) 2 / (
2
1
2
2
1 2 in
2
2 2
2
1 1 in
V V
h h m Q
h m V h m Q

Substituting, the mass flow rate of the refrigerant is determined to be

,
_

,
_

+
2 2
2 2
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
2
m/s) (120 m/s 60.8
kg 267.29)kJ/ (274.17 kJ/s 2 m
It yields
kg/s 1.308 m
5-54) Message to the TAs: solution was not immediately available to me. Could you
please solve this one?
5-66)
R-134a
1
2
2 kJ/s
69 Steam is throttled from a specified pressure to a specified state. The quality at the inlet
is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Heat transfer to or from the fluid is
negligible. 4 There are no work interactions involved.
Analysis There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus
m m m
2 1 . We take the throttling
valve as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The
energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as


0
2 1
2 1
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
h h
h m h m
E E
E E E

since 0 pe ke W Q

.
The enthalpy of steam at the exit is (Table A-6),
kJ/kg 1 . 2716
C 120
kPa 100
2
2
2

h
T
P
The quality of the steam at the inlet is (Table A-5)
0.957

8 . 1889
47 . 908 1 . 2716

kJ/kg 1 . 2716
kPa 2000
2
1
2 1
2
fg
f
h
h h
x
h h
P
5-75)
A hot water stream is mixed with a cold water stream. For a specified mixture
temperature, the mass flow rate of cold water is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The mixing chamber is well-insulated
so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential
energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 Fluid properties are constant. 5 There are no
work interactions.
Properties Noting that T < T
sat @ 250 kPa
= 127.41C,
the water in all three streams exists as a
compressed liquid, which can be approximated as
a saturated liquid at the given temperature. Thus,
h
1
h
f @ 80C
= 335.02 kJ/kg
h
2
h
f @ 20C
= 83.915 kJ/kg
h
3
h
f @ 42C
= 175.90 kJ/kg
Analysis We take the mixing chamber as the system,
which is a control volume. The mass and energy
balances for this steady-flow system can be expressed
in the rate form as
Mass balance:
3 2 1
(steady) 0
system out in
0 m m m m m m +

Steam
2 MPa
100 kPa
120C
Throttling
valve
H
2
O
(P = 250
kPa)
T
3
= 42C
T
1
= 80C
m
1
= 0.5 kg/s
T
2
= 20C
m
2

Energy balance:

0) pe ke (since
0
3 3 2 2 1 1
out in
energies etc. potential,
kinetic, internal, in change of Rate
(steady) 0
system
mass and work, heat, by
nsfer energy tra net of Rate
out in
+

W Q h m h m h m
E E
E E E

Combining the two relations and solving for
m
2 gives

( )
3 2 1 2 2 1 1
h m m h m h m + +

m
h h
h h
m
2
1 3
3 2
1

Substituting, the mass flow rate of cold water stream is determined to be

kg/s 0.5
kJ/kg 83.915 175.90
kJ/kg 175.90 335.02
2
m
5-80)
Steam is condensed by cooling water in the condenser of a power plant. If the
temperature rise of the cooling water is not to exceed 10C, the minimum mass flow rate
of the cooling water required is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 There are no work interactions. 4 Heat loss
from the device to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid
is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 5 Liquid water is an incompressible
substance with constant specific heats at room temperature.
Properties The cooling water exists as compressed liquid at both states, and its specific
heat at room temperature is c = 4.18 kJ/kgC (Table A-3). The enthalpies of the steam at
the inlet and the exit states are (Tables A-5 and A-6)
kJ/kg 251.42
liquid sat.
kPa 20
kJ/kg 2491.1 2357.5 0.95 251.42
95 . 0
kPa 20
kPa 20 @ f 4
4
3 3
3
3

;

+ +

h h
P
h x h h
x
P
fg f
Analysis We take the heat exchanger as the system, which is a control volume. The mass
and energy balances for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
Mass balance (for each fluid stream):
s w
m m m m m m
m m
m m m

4 3 2 1
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
and
0

Energy balance (for the heat exchanger):

W Q h m h m h m h m
E E
E E E








Combining the two,
( ) ( )
4 3 1 2
h h m h h m
s w

Solving for
m
w :
( )
s
p
s w
m
T T c
h h
m
h h
h h
m
1 2
4 3
1 2
4 3

Substituting,
kg/s 297.7

) kg/s 0 20,000/360 (
) C 10 )( C kJ/kg 4.18 (
kJ/kg ) 251.42 2491.1 (

w
m