Chapter 81
Chapter 81
Chapter 81
dy
py=0
dt
where "First Order'' indicates that both dy/dt and y occur to the first power
and "homogeneous'' refers to the zero on the right hand side of the equation
In circuit analysis, y can either be the voltage v or the current i of the circuit
A Direct Approach
Since the variables can be separated, the differential equation can be rewritten as
dy
=−p dt
y
We integrate both sides as
dy
∫ y =−p∫ d t
Then, we have
ln yt=−p tA
The constant of integration must be selected to satisfy the initial condition y(0)=Y0
ln Y 0 =A
Thus, we obtain
ln yt=−p tln Y 0
−p t ln yt−ln Y 0 =−p t
y t=Y 0 e for t0
y t
ln =−p t
Y0
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen
dy st st st
py=0 As e p Ae =0 sp Ae =0
dt
The characteristic equation
where (s +p) is the characteristic equation
dy
Determine the value of s py=0
dt
sp =0 s=−p sypy=sp y=0
vt=Aest
The characteristic equation
1 1
s v=0 s=−
RC RC
Using the initial condition v(0)=V0, we have
v0=V 0 =Aes 0 A=V 0
Noting carefully how the circuit changes once the switch in the circuit is
thrown, determine v(t) at t = 0 and at t = 160 μs
Before the switch is thrown, the 80Ω resistor is connected only by one of its
terminals and therefore may be ignored (i=0)
After the switch is thrown, the only remaining circuit is a simple source-free
RC circuit. With τ = RC =160 μs
−t
vt=v 0e
=50e−6250 t V
Finally, the voltage is
v160 s=50 e−1 =18.39 V
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 12
General RC Circuits
The time constant of a single-capacitor circuit will be τ=ReqC, where Req is the
resistance seen by the capacitor
At t=0.15 s in the circuit, find the value of (a) iL; (b) i1; (c) i2
Resistor current (or voltage) prior to the switch i(0-) can be different from
the voltage after the switch i(0+)
{
ut= 0 t0
1 t0 {
ut−t0 = 0
1
tt0
tt0
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 16
The exact equivalent for the current-step forcing function, we may replace this
circuit by a dc source in series with a switch
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 17
{
0 tt0
vt= V 0 t0 tt1
0 tt1
The two unit steps u(t−t0) and −u(t−t1) are needed to obtain the rectangular
voltage pulse
A pulsed sinewave
The expression for the voltage in an RL series circuit describes the energizing
characteristics of the inductor
Forced response Natural response
it=
V 0
−V
e 0
−R
L
t
R R
The Natural response: The exponential term has the functional form of the
natural response of the RL circuit; it is a negative exponential, it approaches
zero as time increases, and it is characterized by the time constant L/R
The Forced response: It is the response that is present a long time after the
switch is closed
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 21
We note that, when f(t) is zero (a source-free circuit), the solution is the
natural response
−pt
y n t=Ae
Since f(t)=F, the particular solution leads to the following forced response
F
y f t=e−pt∫ F e pt dt =
p
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 22
to be determined
The characteristic equation
R R
s i=0 s1 =−
L −R
L
L t
Then, we have in t=Ae
V0
Next, we determine the forced response if t=
R
50
idc t= =25 A
2
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 24
it=
{ i1 t
i1 ti2 t
0tt0
tt0
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 27
Find the capacitor voltage vC(t) and the current i(t) in the 200 Ω resistor for
all time
K. A. Saaifan, Jacobs University, Bremen 28
For t>0
The complete response of the capacitor is
vC t=vCf tvCn t
100=20A A=80
Thus, we have
−t
1.2
vC t=2080 e t0
and
vC t=100 t0
Homework Assignment 7
P8.7, P8.10, P8.20, P8.22, P8.24, P8.27, P8.29, P8.35, P8.38, P8.40, P8.44,
P8.46, P8.48, P8.52, P8.54, P8.57, P8.61 and 8.65