Introduction and Basic Concepts UNITS (Ch-1) : Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics
Lecture 3
Introduction and Basic Concepts

UNITS (Ch-1)
Lecturer: Fatima Zehra

MS SYSTEMS ENGINEERING RCMS-NUST
BS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UMT
Dimensional homogeneity
All equations must be dimensionally homogeneous.
Unity Conversion Ratios

All non-primary units (secondary units) can be
formed by combinations of primary units.
Force units, for example, can be expressed as
They can also be expressed more conveniently

as unity conversion ratios as
To be dimensionally
homogeneous, all the
terms in an equation
Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and must have the same unit.
are unit-less, and thus such ratios (or their inverses)
can be inserted conveniently into any calculation to
properly convert units.
6
EXAMPLE 1-1 Spotting Errors from Unit Inconsistencies
While solving a problem, a person ended up with the following equation at some
stage:
E = 25 kJ + 7 kJ/kg
where E is the total energy and has the unit of kilojoules. Determine how to correct
the error and discuss what may have caused it.
EXAMPLE 1-2 Obtaining Formulas from Unit Considerations

A tank is filled with oil whose density is p = 850 kg/m3. If the volume of the
tank is V = 2 m3, determine the amount of mass m in the tank.
IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
Any physical quantity can be characterized
by dimensions. TABLE 1-1
The seven fundamental (or primary)

The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions dimensions and their units in SI
are called units. Dimension Unit
Some basic dimensions such as mass m, Length

Mass
meter (m)
kilogram (kg)
length L, time t, and temperature T are Time second (s)
selected as primary or fundamental Temperature kelvin (K)

Electric current ampere (A)
dimensions, while others such as velocity V,
Amount of light candela (cd)
energy E, and volume V are expressed in Amount of matter mole (mol)
terms of the primary dimensions and are

1 TAB LEI-2 I
called secondary dimensions, or derived
dimensions. Standard prefixes in SI units
Multiple Prefix
1012 tera, T
giga, G
Metric SI system: A simple and logical system 109
106 mega, M
based on a decimal relationship between the 103
kilo, k
various units. 102 hecto, h
101 deka, da
English system: It has no apparent systematic to-1 deci, d
numerical base, and various units in this system lO-2 centi, c
lO-3 milli, m
are related to each other rather arbitrarily. io-6 micro, jx
10“9 nano, n
10~12
pilCC- > 2
Some SI and English Units
1 lbm = 0.45359 kg
1 ft = 0.3048 m
Work = Force x Distance

1 J = 1 Nm
The SI unit prefixes are used in all
1 cal = 4.1868 J
branches of engineering.
1 Btu = 1.0551 kJ
Force = (Mass) (Acceleration)
F = ma
1 N — 1 kg • m/s2
1 lbf = 32.174 lbm • ft/s2

g = 9.807 m/s2 g = 32.174 ft/s2
W = 9.807 kg • m/s2 W = 32.174 lbm - ft/s2
= 9.807 N = 1 Ibf
= 1 kgf
The weight of a unit mass at sea level.
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Density is mass per unit volume

The P-V diagram of a
compression process.
Process:
The prefix iso- is often used to designate a process for which a particular
property remains constant.
Isothermal process: A process during which the temperature T remains
constant.
Isobaric process: A process during which the pressure P remains
constant.
Isochoric (or isometric) process: A process during which the specific
volume v remains constant.
Adiabatic Process: A process in which no heat is transferred to or from
the working fluid.
The Steady-Flow Process
• The term steady implies no change with time. The opposite of steady is unsteady.
A large number of engineering

devices operate for long periods
of time under the same
conditions, and they are
classified as steady-flow
devices. Steady-flow process: A
process during which a fluid
flows through a control volume
steadily.
Steady-flow conditions can be
closely approximated by
devices that are intended for
continuous operation such as
turbines, pumps, boilers,
condensers, and heat
exchangers or power plants or
refrigeration systems.
Under steady-flow conditions, the mass During a steady-flow process, fluid properties within the
and energy contents of a control volume control volume may change with position but not with time.
remain constant. (Fluid Properties may
vary) 22
TEMPERATURE AND THE ZEROTH LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
The zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two bodies are in thermal
equilibrium with a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with
each other.
By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth law can be
restated as two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the same
temperature reading even if they are not in contact.
When two objects are separately in thermodynamic equilibrium with a

third object, they are in equilibrium with each other.
Two bodies reaching thermal equilibrium after being brought into contact in an isolated
enclosure
IRON IRON
150°C 60°C
COPPER COPPER
20°C 60°C
8
Temperature Scales
• All temperature scales are based on some easily reproducible states such as the
freezing and boiling points of water: the ice point and the steam point.
• Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in equilibrium with air saturated with
vapor at 1 atm pressure (0°C or 32°F). The reference temperature in the original Kelvin
scale was the ice point, 273.15 K, which is the temperature at which water freezes (or ice
melts)
• The reference point was changed to a much more precisely reproducible point, the triple
point of water (the state at which all three phases of water coexist in equilibrium), which is
assigned the value 273.16 K. Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and water vapor
(with no air) in equilibrium at 1 atm pressure (100°C or 212°F).
• Celsius scale: in SI unit system

• Fahrenheit scale: in English unit system
• Thermodynamic temperature scale: A temperature scale that is independent of
the properties of any substance.
Kelvin scale (SI) Rankine scale (E)
Kelvin to Celsius:- T(K)= T(C)+273.15

9
Rankie to Fahrenheit: T(R)=T(F)+459.67
EXAMPLE: During a heating process, the temperature of system rises by 10C.
Express the rise in temperature in K,F,R.
Temperature Measurement Devices
•Thermometers (Mercury based, Alcohol
based)
• Thermocouples
• RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector)
• Thermistors
• Radiation Thermometers
• Optical Pyrometers
PRESSURE
Pressure: A normal force exerted by a
fluid per unit area
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 bar = I05 Pa = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa 1 atm = 101,325 Pa
= 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bars I kgf/cm2 = 9.807 N/cm2 = 9.807 X I04
N/m2 = 9.807 X 104 Pa
0.23 kgf/cm2 0.46 kgf/cm2

Some basic pressure gages. P=68/300=0.23 kgf/cm2
The normal stress (or “pressure”) on the
feet of a chubby person is much greater
than on the feet of a slim person.
12
Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is
measured relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and the
local atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices are
calibrated to read zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage
pressure.
Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure.
Throughout this text, the pressure P will denote absolute

pressure unless specified otherwise.
EXAMPLE:
Pressure Measurement
EXAMPLE:
Manometer:
Pressure at point 1 is: P2=P1
The differential fluid column of height h is in static equilibrium and

open to atmosphere. Therefore pressure at point 2 will be determined by:
P2=Patm+(rho)gh
Pressure Measurement
Bourden Tube gauge and Piezoelectric Sensors:
Piezoelectric effect: A charge is

generated within certain solid
materials when deformed i.e. crystals
and ceramics. Quartz
Barometer
is a scientific instrument that is used to
measure air pressure in a certain
environment. Pressure tendency can
forecast short term changes in the
weather. Pressure =Patm+(rho)gh
EXAMPLE
PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
• Step 1: Problem Statement

• Step 2: Schematic
• Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
• Step 4: Physical Laws
• Step 5: Properties
• Step 6: Calculations
• Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and discussion
16
Summary
• Thermodynamics and energy
^ Application areas of thermodynamics
• Importance of dimensions and units

^ Some SI and English units, Dimensional homogeneity,
Unity conversion ratios
• Systems and control volumes

• Properties of a system
• Density and specific gravity
• State and equilibrium
^ The state postulate
• Processes and cycles

^ The steady-flow process
• Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics

^ Temperature scales
• Pressure
• The manometer and the atmospheric pressure
• Problem solving technique
17
Daily Quotes
“We create our fate every day . . . most of the ills we suffer
from are directly traceable to our own behavior.”
― Henry Miller

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Thermodynamics

Introduction and Basic Concepts

Lecturer: Fatima Zehra

Unity Conversion Ratios

They can also be expressed more conveniently

EXAMPLE 1-2 Obtaining Formulas from Unit Considerations

The seven fundamental (or primary)

are called units. Dimension Unit

Some basic dimensions such as mass m, Length

length L, time t, and temperature T are Time second (s)

selected as primary or fundamental Temperature kelvin (K)

terms of the primary dimensions and are

various units. 102 hecto, h

numerical base, and various units in this system lO-2 centi, c

Work = Force x Distance

Force = (Mass) (Acceleration)

1 lbf = 32.174 lbm • ft/s2

Density is mass per unit volume

A large number of engineering

When two objects are separately in thermodynamic equilibrium with a

• Celsius scale: in SI unit system

Kelvin scale (SI) Rankine scale (E)

Kelvin to Celsius:- T(K)= T(C)+273.15

•Thermometers (Mercury based, Alcohol

• RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector)

0.23 kgf/cm2 0.46 kgf/cm2

Throughout this text, the pressure P will denote absolute

Pressure at point 1 is: P2=P1

The differential fluid column of height h is in static equilibrium and

Bourden Tube gauge and Piezoelectric Sensors:

Piezoelectric effect: A charge is

• Step 1: Problem Statement

• Importance of dimensions and units

• Systems and control volumes

^ The state postulate

• Processes and cycles

• Temperature and the zeroth law of thermodynamics

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