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timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.

“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”

IS 12799 (1989): Recommended practice for impregnation of

castings [MTD 14: Foundry]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
 IS 12799 : 1989
(Reaffirmed 2000)
Indian Standard
FOUNDRY-IMPREGNATIONOF
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UDC 621’762’86-982 : 621’746

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/-\ @I BIS 1990

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BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

February 1990 Price Group 2

Foundry Sectional Committee, MTD 14

FOR F WOK
_ __1., D
___~~

This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on 10 ,July 1989, after
the draft finalized by the Foundry Sectional Committee had been approved by the Metallurgical
Engineering Division Council.

Impregnation of casting may be required for one of the following three rcnsons:

a) For recovery of ferrous or non-ferrous castings containing micro or macro porosity, where
pressure tightness is mandatory.

b) For sealing components to improve corrosion resistance and/or to render the surface suitable
for subsequent surface treatment.

c) Those components requiring impregnation and having been itemised at the design stage and
the drawings of such components are marked with the legend ‘Impregnate after machining’.

It was, therefore, felt that a standard describing the recommended practice for impregnation of
castings would be of help to the foundries.

The following additional information has been given in Annexes A, B and C:

a) Vacuum impregnation systems technical data,

b) Properties of sealants, and

c) Treatment cycle time-analyses.

In the preparation of this standard valuable assistance has been provided by Ultraseal (India)
Pvt Ltd, Pune.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with,
the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of test or analysis, shall be rounded
off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerlcal values ( revised)‘. The
number of significant places retained in the roundeil off value should be the same as that of the
specified value in this standard.
 IS 12799 : 1989

Indian Standard
FOUNDRY---IMPREGNATIONOF
CASTINGS--RECOMMENDEDPRACTICE
1 SCOPE vacuum usually exceeding 755 mm mercury.
This process should be used only with low
1.1 This standard covers the procedure to be viscosity impregnants. ( Specific gravity-l’004
adopted when reclaiming porous components to 1’022 ).
( metallic, such as ferrous and non-ferrous
castings, as well as non-metallic components) 4.1.2 Vacuum/Pressure Impzgnation
by impregnating with a sealant.
Impregnation achieved by drawing the im-
2 LIMITATIONS OF USE pregant into the casting at a vacuum of a
2.1 To reclaim castings having gross defects. minimum of 710 mm mercury followed by
pressurization at a minimum 69’0 m bar.
The process does not contribute to the strength
of faulty castings and, therefore, castings
4.1.3 Internal Hydraulic Prtssure Impregnation
rejected on strength grounds shall not be
considered for treatment. Cracked castings
Impregnation achieved by filling the casting
cannot be reclaimed by impregnation.
with impregnant and pressurizing. Pressure will
2.2 Castings intended for service at temperature depend on the factor of safety of the casting.
ranging from -5O“C to 300°C or above on
continuous heating or cooling. For air or water 4.1.4 Autoclave
cooled components, temperature up to 750°C
can be withstood for short intermittent periods It is the impregnation vessel into which the
with particular variety of sealant ( see Annex A ). components are loaded for the sake of either
vacuum or vacuum/pressure impregnation.
3 CONDITION OF COMPONENTS
BEFORE IMPREGNATION 5 CHOICE OF PROCESS

3.1 Components should be thoroughly cleaned 5.1 The choice of process will depend upon the
of all metal, swarf, rust, sand particles, die following:
penetrants, grease and dirt, and oil, including
cutting fluids before being impregnated. Any a) Nature of casting, shape, size and material;
casting which has not been sufficiently cleaned
should not be impregnated. b) Type of sealant being used ( see Annex A );
and
3.2 Cleaning and preparation of metal surfaces
prior to impregnation: c) Working environment.

a>Vapour degreasing using trichloroethylene 6 VACUUM IMPREGNATION

as the cleaning agent should be resorted
to. Components should be vapour degrea- 6.1 Degreasing and Dehydration
sed for sufficient duration depending on
the degree of contamination. The castings should be thoroughly degreased
Dehydration and dehydrated. After the degreasing operation,
b) the castings should be allowed to cool to
of any traces of moisture appear to be room temperature before continuing with the
present, the castings should be dehydrated impregnation.
in an oven at a temperature of about 120°C
for sufficient duration depending upon the 6.2 Impregnation Cycle
degree of moisture on the casting.
The castings shouid bc carefuiiy packed into
4. TERMINOLOGY wire baskets, using dividers where necessary, to
ensure good draining of surplus impregnant.
4.1 For the purpose of this standard, the
(:arc is required to ensure that no damage is
following definitions shall apply.
caused to machined surfaces at any stage in the
4.1.1 Vacuum Impregnation process. The basket containing the castings
should be loaded into the autoclave containing
Impregnation achieved by drawing the the impregnant. The autoclave is then sealed
impregnant into the component at a high and evacuated to a vacuum equal to or better

1
,IS 12799 t 1989

than 755 mm of mercury. The cycle time would 7.2 The impregnating solution, which should be
depend on the type of porosity and sealant at a temperature compatible with the nature of
being used ( see Annex C ). the impregnating solution, shall be drawn into
the tank, at such a rate that the vacuum speci-
6.3 Draining fied in 7.1 is maintained. When the tank
Contains a sufficient amount of solution to cover
After release of the vacuum the castings should the castings, to a level of at least 15 cm above
be removed from the autociave and aiiowed to the castings, pressure shaii be appiied. After a
drain to recover surplus sealant. The basket period which has been found by experience to
should be tilted in different directions during be sufficient to seal porosity, has elapsed, the
the draining phase to ensure the removal of pressure shall be released, the tank emptied of
impregnant from blind holes and corners. the solution, and the castings removed.

6.4 Cold Water Wash 8 INTERNAL HYDRAULIC PRESSURE

IMPREGNATION
.The castings should be washed in an agitated
cold clean water rinse to remove surplus sealant 8.1 This technique may be used when it is not
film from all surfaces. They should then be possible to place a casting in an autoclave. All
drained for a short while to remove surplus the openings in the casting, except connections
water from blind holes and corners. to fluid lines: shall be closed with plu_gs or plates
and gaskets. The impregnating solutron shall be
6.5 Cure Cycle poured or injected into the casting until the
casting is completely full, or shall be circulated
Castings are cured either in hot water ( 90°C) through the casting under pressure. The casting
for 10 minutes or in an oven ( 130°C) for and the solution shall be at a temperature
60 minutes or stored for a length of time at room compatible with the nature of the impregnating
temperature ( see Annex C ). solution. Hydraulic pressure from 3’5-5’3 kg/
cm2 above the prescribed pressure as mentioned
6.6 Inspection in 4.1.2 (if factor of safety of the castings will
permit) shall be applied. This pressure should
After impregnation, the casting should be cause the solution to seep through the pores, or
visually checked to ensure that they are free of in the case of extremely fine porosity, where the
__l..&:__ _-__
SOI~LIOII may _^L --L_-_L1..
IDOLnormsau~y ----- oursiae
cume _..r.lJ- to the
all excess resin on the machined or cast faces, in
blind holes and along all screw threads. Any surface and the inspector is satisfied that the
surplus. resin must be removed. pores are filled. Loss of solution by seepage may
be stopped by spot curing. Care should be taken
6.7 Second Impregnation not to heat the castings unduly. In cases 01’
minute porosity in heavy wall, 6 hours or more
The castings should be pressure tested. If certain under pressure may be required to effect
castings are found to be leaking, they may be complete penetration of the solution through
reimpregnated once only, provided the leakage the wall.
is only slight. Any major leakage seen after the
first impregnation, should cause the casting to 9 DESPATCH FROM THE IMPREGNATOR
be rejected. Any leakage seen during pressure
test after a second impregnation- should also 9.1 Castings should be securely packed and all
cause the castings to be reJected. machined -surface protected against corrosion
or damage during transit.
7 VACUUM PRESSURE IMPREGNATION
10 TYPES OF IMPREGNANTS AND
7.1 The clean and dry castings, heated if APPLICATION PROCEDURES
necessary, shall be placed in an empty pressure
tank. The tank shall then be closed and the air 10.1 Refer Annex A for details and different
exhausted there from until a vacuum of procedures to be used with different types of
685’8 mm of mercury is attained. sealants.
 IS 12799 : 1989

ANNEX A
[ Clauses 2.2,
5.1(b) and 10.11
VACUUM IMPREGNATION SYSTEM TECHNICAL DATA
( For Information Only )

Sl Type of z’oye;f Ultimate EP~;tJve PokfLife Frequency Sealing Ability Number Overall
No. Sealant Vaccum _ Testmg of of Porositv of Chemi- ADD&
that may to be ration Sealant Sealant r-_h--T cab Used &GOD
be Used Applied Gross Ma&o of
mm percent System

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)

i) Thermo- Vacuum 759 95 excellent once excellent excellent one simple

curing impreg- per
methacry- nation week
late . .
ii) Anaerobic a) Vacuum 710 85 poor three good excellent five comp-
pressure times lex
impreg- per
nation day

b) Internal
hydraulic
pressure
impreg-
nation

iii) Sodium a) Vacuum 715 45 good once poor very one simple
silicate pressure per good
impreg- week
nation

b) Internal
hydraulic
pressure
impreg-
nation

iv) Polyester a) Vacuum 715 60 good once good poor four comp-
pressure per lex
impreg- week
nation
.
b) Internal
hydraulic
pressure
impreg-
nation

ANNEX B
(Foreword )
PROPERTIES OF SEALANTS
( For Information Oniy )

B-l Properties of different sealants are as c) Penetrability excellent in both fine and
follows: gross porosity.

B-l.1 Thermocuring Methacrylate d) Not hazardous.

a) Temperature resistant up to 760% on e) Odourless.

water/air cooled components for short
intermittent periods. f) Chemical resistance include freon gases,
hydraulic fluids, a wide range of acids and
b) Excellent resistance within castings to high alkalies, antifreeze, engine oil, petrochemi-
pressure stress and flexings. cal products, brine, water, steam, etc.

3
IS 12799 : 1989

B-1.2 Anaerobic Application of heat causes sodium silicate

\ __~ _ to exude from the porosity which could
a) High vacuum not to be used for fear oi resuit in seizure oi moving parts.
gelling up.
f) Not suitable for moving parts.
b) Total degassing not possible.
g) High pH factor and hence corrosive on
certain light alloys.
c) Process very complex.
h) System is now obsolete.
d) Dissolved air can encourage _bleed out, if
elevated temperature curing is used. B-l.4 Polyester
B-l.3 Sodium Silicate Low boiling material present and hence
4
cannot achieve a very high vacuum.
a) Low boiling point materials present in
.I. XI*~_-:*-_ _._-_. ?_!_I. ___I ____r__L:,lr_. ____
sincate and hence cannot achieve high b) vlscoslry very 111~11 anu p"merraulrlry pool

vacuum. on fine porosity.

b) Should not be used on applications where c) Cannot be washed with water. Solvent
vibrations are envisaged.- - required.
Vapourisation of monomer results in
4 Sodium silicate is brittle and can break d,
thickening on the surface, which restricts
down if tapped gently around the area of
ultimate drain off.
seal.
problems, castings e) Blended with styrene and other noxious
4 Washing exhibit materials for dilution purposes. Hazard
deposits on machined surfaces. Hand from health and safety point of view.
washing is necessary to obtain cleanliness
^_ Gaarr‘lg;J.
“11 -,“.:..,o I9
‘J

ANNEX C
( Clauses 6.2 and 6.5 )
TREATMENT CYCLE TIME - ANALYSIS
( For Information Only )

Chemical Autoclave Cycle Centrifuge Drain Washing Rins Cure

Temperature Time ( Minutes ) Tim0 station Cycle Cycle Cycle
ReidSta%ce
~=~~_--"----~~ IMl..,&,_\
\-w~aanucs~, qz!" TimC.
s-v Time
Vacuum Pressure Unloaded Time (Min- (Min- ( Min-
( Min- utes ) utes ) utes/
utes ) hrs )

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ’ (7) (8) (10)

Excellent at 10 - 1 2 25
50 to 300°C (Gate, )
water )

Very good at 10 20 2 3 - 2 3 180 220

40 to 200*c ( Deter- (Acti- ( Room
gent 1 vator) temp )

fl,....I
“““U _L “t 25 25 2 - 2 3 24 hrs 25 hrs
40 to 250% ( WLer ) ( Water ) ( Room
temp )

20 20 2 5 - 5 2 45 99
( Deter- ( Waler ) ( 0ve11/
..b

gent I 011 )
 -_. -.._

Standard Mark

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to manufacturers or producers may be obtained from the Bureau of Indian Standards.
 .

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are issued from time to time. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in
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to BIS giving the following reference:

Dot : No. MTD 14 ( 3416 )

Amendments Imsued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text AA ected

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