Cell (Biology)

Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room"[1]) is the basic
structural, functional, and biological unit of all known organisms. A cell
is the smallest unit of life. Cells are often called the "building blocks of
life". The study of cells is called cell biology or cellular biology.
Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many

biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.[2] Organisms can be classified as
unicellular (consisting of a single cell; including bacteria) or multicellular (including
plantsand animals).[3] The number of cells in plants and animals varies from
species to species, it has been estimated that humans contain somewhere around
40 trillion (4×1013) cells.[a][4]Most plant and animal cells are visible only under a
microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres.[5]
Cells were discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named them for their
resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery.[6][7] Cell
theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor
Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that cells
are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, and that
all cells come from pre-existing cells.[8] Cells emerged on Earth at least 3.5 billion
years ago.[9][10][11]
Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotes include bacteria and archaea, two of the three domains of life. Prokaryotic cells
were the first form of life on Earth, characterised by having vital biological processesincluding
cell signaling. They are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack membrane-bound
organelles such as a nucleus. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single circular
chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is
called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms ranging from 0.5 to 2.0
µm in diameter.[12]
A prokaryotic cell has three architectural regions:
Enclosing the cell is the cell envelope – generally consisting of a plasma membrane covered by a
cell wall which, for some bacteria, may be further covered by a third layer called a capsule.
Though most prokaryotes have both a cell membrane and a cell wall, there are exceptions such
as Mycoplasma (bacteria) and Thermoplasma (archaea) which only possess the cell membrane
layer. The envelope gives rigidity to the cell and separates the interior of the cell from its
environment, serving as a protective filter. The cell wall consists of peptidoglycan in bacteria,
and acts as an additional barrier against exterior forces. It also prevents the cell from expanding
and bursting (cytolysis) from osmotic pressure due to a hypotonic environment. Some
eukaryotic cells (plant cells and fungal cells) also have a cell wall.
Inside the cell is the cytoplasmic region that contains the genome (DNA), ribosomes and various
sorts of inclusions.[3] The genetic material is freely found in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotes can
carry extrachromosomal DNA elements called plasmids, which are usually circular. Linear
bacterial plasmids have been identified in several species of spirochete bacteria, including
members of the genus Borrelia notably Borrelia burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease.[13]
Though not forming a nucleus, the DNA is condensed in a nucleoid. Plasmids encode additional
genes, such as antibiotic resistance genes.
On the outside, flagella and pili project from the cell's surface. These are structures (not present
in all prokaryotes) made of proteins that facilitate movement and communication between cells.
Eukaryotic cells
Plants, animals, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These
cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much
as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of
eukaryotes as compared to prokaryotes is compartmentalization: the presence of
membrane-bound organelles (compartments) in which specific activities take
place. Most important among these is a cell nucleus,[3] an organelle that houses
the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means "true
kernel (nucleus)". Other differences include:
The plasma membrane resembles that of prokaryotes in function, with minor
differences in the setup. Cell walls may or may not be present.
The eukaryotic DNA is organized in one or more linear molecules, called
chromosomes, which are associated with histone proteins. All chromosomal DNA
is stored in the cell nucleus, separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane.[3]
Some eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria also contain some DNA.
Many eukaryotic cells are ciliated with primary cilia. Primary cilia play important
roles in chemosensation, mechanosensation, and thermosensation. Each cilium
may thus be "viewed as a sensory cellular antennae that coordinates a large
number of cellular signaling pathways, sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary
motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation."[14]
Motile eukaryotes can move using motile cilia or flagella. Motile cells are absent
in conifers and flowering plants.[15] Eukaryotic flagella are more complex than
those of prokaryotes.[16]
Comparison of features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Typical organisms bacteria, archaea protists, fungi, plants,
animals
Typical size ~ 1–5 µm[17] ~ 10–100 µm[17]
Type of nucleus nucleoid region; no true true nucleus with double
nucleus membrane
DNA circular (usually) linear molecules
(chromosomes) with histone
proteins
RNA/proteinsynthesis coupled in the cytoplasm RNA synthesis in the nucleus
protein synthesis in the
cytoplasm
Ribosomes 50S and 30S 60S and 40S
Cytoplasmic structure very few structures highly structured by
endomembranes and a
cytoskeleton
Cell movement flagella made of flagellin flagella and cilia containing
microtubules; lamellipodia
and filopodia containing actin
Mitochondria none one to several thousand
Chloroplasts none in algae and plants
Organization usually single cells single cells, colonies, higher
multicellular organisms with
specialized cells
Cell division binary fission (simple mitosis (fission or budding)
division) meiosis
Chromosomes single chromosome more than one chromosome
Membranes cell membrane Cell membrane and
membrane-bound organelles

Cell (Biology)

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Cells consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many

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