Enhancement of Voltage Profile by The Performance of PMSG-Based Wind Power Generator by Using The Fuzzy Logic Controller

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© 2018 IJSRST | Volume 4 | Issue 10 | Print ISSN: 2395-6011 | Online ISSN: 2395-602X

Themed Section: Science and Technology

Enhancement of Voltage Profile by the Performance of PMSG-


Based Wind Power Generator by Using the Fuzzy logic
Controller
V. Priyanka1, K. V. Ramana Reddy2
1Student, Gouthami Institute of technology & Management for women, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India

2Assistant Professor, Gouthami Institute of technology & Management for women, Proddatur, Andhra Pradesh,

India
ABSTRACT

In this work full-scale permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based wind turbine with dc-link
voltage control via the machine-side converter has the potential to provide inherent low-voltage ride-through
(LVRT) execution without any extra hardware components. However, several important performance aspects
related to this analogy are not addressed in this literature. LVRT control impacts chance of resonance, stability
operation, and fatigue in the PMSG-based full-scale system generation of wind power. The logical model,
considered the double-mass nature of the turbine/generator and typical LVRT essentials, is developed, validated,
and used to characterize wind generation system dynamic performance using generator practical characteristics
and LVRT control. To make better operation and reduce the fatigue under LVRT control, two solutions, found
as active damping control and dc-link voltage bandwidth retuning, are proposed, compared, and analyzed. The
elaborated nonlinear results of time-domain simulation declare the exactness of developed model and with
analytical results. By using the fuzzy controllers improves voltage profile with its characteristics.
Keywords : PMSG, LVRT, dc-link voltage, GSC

I. INTRODUCTION implemented in several countries [7].Naturally,


LVRT standards emphasize the need to give a wind
Wind turbines technology is very advanced that’s power generator connected to the grid and to
why wind power is considered as a major green improve the voltage profile throughout low-voltage
source in modern power systems generation .The transients. In this project all the generators in wind
usage of wind energy is increasing there is without farm are not required to allow LVRT capability [8].
slowing down[1]-[3]. While the classical issues with
wind power, such as extracting the maximum The function of a doubly-fed induction generator
accessible wind power, has been solved, the (DFIG), as the most famous model of wind generator,
enhanced penetration level of wind power is creating has been broadly analyzed under LVRT [9]. Although
new problems for power systems. Incorporating wind the crowbar method is widely utilized in DFIGs, it is
power generators in frequency regulation and low- characterized by the loss of control and the waste of
voltage ride thorough (LVRT) are among these energy [10].As another method, the demagnetizing
serious issues. Frequency regulation creates control method has been proposed. However, this
significant attention in the modern days [4]-[6] and method not widely adopted due to its difficulty. All
grid codes for LVRT have been standardized and these problems such as reliability, losses, and the cost

IJSRST1841090 | Received:20 Oct 2018| Accepted : 30 Oct 2018 | September-October -2018 [ 4 (10) : 402-408 ]
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V. Priyanka et al. Int. J. S. Res. Sci. Technol. 2018 September-October-2018; 4(10) : 402-408

of slip rings and gearboxes, reduce the advantages of dc-link voltage. Alternatively, to utilize the generator
DFIGs and result in an increasing trend toward rotating mass for storing the excessive energy present
utilizing permanent-magnet synchronous generators a fault, switching Figure.(1).PMSG-based grid-
(PMSG) with dual converters of full-scale. By using connected wind power generator. Figure. (2)
double mass nature of PMSG based generator we Schematic view of the LVRT modeling approach.
easily estimate the LVRT requirements. Many more
advantages for the PMSG based wind power
generator are the excessive energy can be used to
during fault condition to clear the transients. Suppose
considering the soft type of direct drive PMSG shaft,
the scheme of LVRT can increase the fatigue and the
speed of aging of wind generator.

This paper mainly speaks about the wind power


generator stability on LVRT requirements and
Figure 1. PMSG-based wind power generator with
mechanical drive resonance, operation under the
active crow bar
faults and fatigue in PMSG-based full-scale system
generation of wind power. The main theme of this
paper to the field is
1) For the PMSG- based wind power generator
having the three-stage small-signal model for
analyzing the fault –ride through problems for taking
double mass nature turbine and LVRT characteristics.
2) The operation of the PMSG-based wind generator
under LVRT can investigates the stability, hazard of
resonance, and successful operation.
3) The impact LVRT control on the generator fatigue
can be studied. Figure 2. Scheme view of the LVRT modeling
4) The performance of two possible solutions for the approach
PMSG-based wind power generator under LVRT can
be assessment and improved, can be studied and The control functions of the WSC and GSC has been
compared. studied. This switching could be either permanent or
only temporarily during faults. In this paper, the
II. MODELING performance of an LVRT-capable PMSG-based wind
generator in which the control functions of the WSC
Figure.(1) Represents the PMSG-based wind In the figure.2 it shows the different conditions in
generator. It’s having the grid side converter (GSC) the fault condition. Three modes in the system. They
used to modulate dc-link voltage. Another important are: 1) pre-fault mode, 2) during fault mode, 3) post
part is wind-generator-converter wants maximum fault mode. In these three modes how the system
available power. In the fault condition, the GSC parameters and performance can be studied. For wind
losses its capability to inject or sink active power, power generator the linear equations can be linear
completely; thus, a voltage violation may occur in the

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V. Priyanka et al. Int. J. S. Res. Sci. Technol. 2018 September-October-2018; 4(10) : 402-408

can be not the simple thing. The figure.2 represents This requirement means that for a slow recovery (e.g.,
the schematic view of the LVRT modelling approach. up to 900 ms),no active power can be injected into
the system, and even after that occurs, the active
A. Pre-Fault: power injection should be increased gradually to
The name for the pre-fault condition is normal respect the grid codes and converter rating.
condition. Some similarities in during fault condition
in the features. Always WSC controls the dc link C. After Fault Clearance:
voltage. If it is normal or fault condition WSC can “
regulate the dc-link. But the GSC performance in the
fault condition different dynamics and disturbances
imposed on the on the dc-link.

To facilitate the close control of PMSG, a field-


oriented control system implemented in the d-q
reference frame is usually employed. This frame
associates the q-axis current iq with the active power
production, whereas the reactive power is dependent Figure. 4. Generator output power during a fault,
on the d-axis current component, id.Which is usually considering fast (red) and slow (blue) recovery
regulated to zero.” scenarios.
After the time instant denoted by t∗ in Fig. 4, the
B. During Fault GSC returns to its previous control, introduced in
During the fault, a model modification is needed, due (10), trying to restore its initial pre-fault operating
mainly to the inability of a wind power generator to point. It means that is once more valid to describe the
inject the available wind power to the system. Fig. 3 system; however, it is not in its equilibrium point
clarifies the situation, presenting a typical LVRT anymore. This initial point could be easily extracted
standard [7].Fig. 3(a) shows the voltage limits for from the previous part. In other words, the final
LVRT, where Fig. 3(b) shows the reactive power states of the fault part could be used as initial values
injection code requiring a wind power generator to for this mode. To simplify the model, the wind speed
reserve its entire thermal limit for reactive power changes could be ignored here. Then this mode could
injection for a voltage dip of more than 50%. be understood as an initial value response.”

III. DOUBLE MASS PMSG AND LVRT

State space model allows the following details (1)


under the fault condition what is the system stability
and characteristics (2) Different states and parameters
are observed (3) generator control parameters are
tuned and coordinated (4) To improve the generator
Figure 3. Grid code for LVRT. performance and stability under the fault conditions
(a) Voltage limits (b) Reactive current injection by by testing the performance of the new controllers are
the generator during a fault. needed. The proposed analytical model is very much
useful for analyzing and solving the equations.

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V. Priyanka et al. Int. J. S. Res. Sci. Technol. 2018 September-October-2018; 4(10) : 402-408

A. Successful LVRT Operation ago. In the literature, fatigue is associated with the
No active or passive damping mechanism for the notion of stress. When the stress is higher than a
conventional PMSG-based wind generator. The risk certain limit, the shaft material will go through the
of resonance can be discussed by the many authors i.e. plastic strain region. In this region, the shaft material
relatively about the generators especially discussed deforms irreversibly, and this no reversible
about the soft shaft dynamics. The problems are deformation cans be interpreted as fatigue.”
solved by the introduction of active damping. By
using an electromagnetic torque equation with On the other hand, this result also implies that under
positive derivative for the generator speed that at a certain stress limit, the shaft remains in the
(dTg/dωg=2Koptωg>0) it gives clarify about the stability. elastic stress region, and the machine experiences no
1) Problem Description: If the fault occurs in the faster aging. A machine in this condition has not yet
system automatically changes in the positive dTg/dωg reached its fatigue limit, which describes the
condition.fig.4 represents the during fault condition maximum stress that does not result in any fatigue.”
Pgridis reduced to zero, and the MPPT control doesn’t
followed the generator the dc link can be regulated IV. TIME –DOMAIN SIMULATION RESULTS
by the WSC, the generator exists the risk of
instability in the mechanical system.fig.8 represents Theoretical analysis can be verified from the previous
the three-phase fault at the generator terminals sections, by using the non linear typical model
before and during the fault the dominant poles Ontario, Canada-based system with the help of time
location. If the system is reasonably damped it is in domain simulation technique, are employed. DG2
normal (pre-fault) condition the system is during means, the second unit is modeled based on the
fault condition vulnerable to resonance. details. The system includes the droop and excitation
characteristics. The systems having low X/R
Remedy ratio(X/R=2) nothing but distribution systems are
During the fault condition stabilize the system and modeled as a lumped R-L parameters. Parallel R-L
the state can be controlled. A smaller bandwidth elements represent the loads for the system.
means that the controller is slower, and a wind
generator is not responding to changes rapidly. In The system studied under the disturbance of a three-
other words, now the dc-link should play the role of phase to ground fault happens at bus #4 at t=35sec in
a buffer that does not allow the generator to be most the cases. The worst case scenario can observe
exposed to fast changes. In this case, fault transients near the wind generator may the fault is severe. The
will be suppressed by the dc-link slow dynamics Matlab/Simulink can be used for study the simulation
instead of being directly imposed on the rotating results.
masses of the generator. This major role of the dc-
link in stabilizing the system under faults is in A. Shaft Stiffness:
contrast with the philosophy of LVRT in a PMSG- The Shaft Stiffness and weight ratio of the rotating
based wind generator, in which the rotating mass of masses are changed to know the analytical results.
the generator is preferred over the dc-link to store Scenario for slow recovery can shows here, the GSC
the excessive energy.” can be injected by the active power for the slow
B. Fatigue Analyses recovery scenario, represents the worst scenario. The
Researchers understood the importance of fatigue figure.5 shows the result. The overall changes in dc
analysis of power generators a relatively long time link voltage doesn’t impacted.30% over speed can be

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V. Priyanka et al. Int. J. S. Res. Sci. Technol. 2018 September-October-2018; 4(10) : 402-408

experienced by the generator rotating mass unit, on the shaft torque and its derivative. By neglecting
because the speed of the turbine doesn’t exceed 1.18 the fluctuations, because of the transients associated
per unit. The results in the single mass model can with the fault and its clearance, are observed.
lead to misleading results.

B. DC-Link Controller Bandwidth:


The testing for fast recovery also over. The figure.6
shows the results, from the theoretical analysis;
bandwidth reduces by using a lower dc-link voltage
controller. By using the dc link voltage controller
larger changes in the rotating masses speeds. The
figure also describes the mechanical stresses and how
to save the generator shaft from the higher stresses.
By using the dc link as a buffer the capacitor will (a)
wear out faster because of the stress on the
mechanical system of the generator is reduced.

C. Active Damping:
Figure.7 represents the generator characteristics for
the slow voltage recovery case when the active
damping is applied. Same for before onetime domain
simulations gives same theoretical findings. The
fluctuations are reduced by the active damping in the
generator rotating mass, for the dc-link voltage speed
increases with the cost of higher deviations. Figure.7 (b)
(b) represents that speed of wind is 12m/s, speed of
generator rotating can exceed 1.20 per unit. This is
near to the higher speed threshold of turbines. The
successful LVRT yields by the active damping
method and the mechanical stresses on the turbine
shaft reduce, as shown in the analysis.

D. Asymmetrical Fault:
Figure .8 represents a single –phase fault occur at the
generator terminals in the wind power generator.
Obviously, with a 1.20 p.u.it is a power converter (c)
thermal limit, the active power is injected to the Figure 5. Impact of doubly-mass model specifications
faulted phases by using the healthy phases. In this when a slow recovery occurs after fault: (a) DC-link
case the active power remains constant, the generator voltage. (b) Generator rotating speed. (c) Turbine
output is active power, Pwind but it has the second rotating speed.
order harmonic appears in the system. However,
these oscillations do not yield observable oscillations

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V. Priyanka et al. Int. J. S. Res. Sci. Technol. 2018 September-October-2018; 4(10) : 402-408

(a)
(a)

(b)

(b)

(c)
Figure 7. Impact of the active damping when a slow
recovery happens after fault;
(a) DC-link voltage. (b) Generator rotating speed. (c)
Torque of shaft.
(c)

Figure 6. Impact of dc-link controller bandwidth


when a fast recovery occurs after fault. (a) DC-link
voltage. (b) Generator rotating speed. (c) Torque of
shaft.

(a)

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V. Priyanka et al. Int. J. S. Res. Sci. Technol. 2018 September-October-2018; 4(10) : 402-408

mechanical tensions by using active damping method


for increasing the stress of dc link capacitor cost also
increases.4) For reducing the mechanical stresses
here by using the dc-link voltage control band width
returning. Active damping method having less
electrical stress compared to dc-link capacitors. The
time domain simulation results are analytical results
and discussions. Here by using the fuzzy controllers
(b)
improve the voltage profile and active power.

VI. REFERENCES

[1]. (2014). Global wind energy outlook.[Online].


Available:www.gwec.net
[2]. 20%Wind Energy by 2030, increasing wind energy’s
contribution to U.S.Electricity Supply. Washington,
DC, USA, Jul. 2008, U.S. Department ofEnergy.
(c) [3]. "Wind by numbers: Economic benefits of wind
Figure 8. Impact of a single-phase fault that occurs at energy," Canadian WindEnergy Association [Online].
the generator terminal: Available:http://www.canwea.ca
[4]. S.DeRijcke, P. Tielens, B. Rawn,D.VanHertem, and J.
(a) Output power of wind generator.
Driesen, "Trading energy yield for frequency
(b) DC-link voltage. (c) Torque of shaft. regulation: Optimal control of kinetic energyin wind
farms," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 30, no. 5, pp.
V. CONCLUSION 2469-2478,Sep. 2015.
[5]. M. F. M. Arani and Y. A. I. Mohamed, "Analysis and
impacts of implementingdroop control in DFIGs on
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different fault conditions like during fault and post Syst., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 385-396, Jan. 2015.
fault conditions we modeled and analyze the system [6]. M. F. M. Araniet al., "Implementing virtual inertia in
each and every thing present in this paper. One of DFIG-based windpower generation," IEEE Trans.
Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1373-1384,May 2013.
the different models i.e. an analytical multi model
[7]. (Apr. 2006). E. ON Netz GmbH, Grid Code: High and
system is considering for the double mass nature of Extra High Voltage,Germany.[Online]. Available:
turbine/generator and LVRT requirements for http://www.eon-netz.com
analyzing the non-linear time domain simulation [8]. S.M.Muyeen, R. Takahashi, T.Murata, and J. Tamura,
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wind farm grid code requirements,"IEEE Trans. Power
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using this system successfully. [9]. R. Cardenas, R. Pena, S. Alepuz, and G. Asher,
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DFIGs in wind energy applications," IEEETrans. Ind.
The following shows the analysis requirements are: 1)
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the excessive energy can be stored for the [10]. L. Zhou, J. Liu, and S. Zhou, "Improved
requirement of over speeding the generator by using demagnetization control of adoubly-fed induction
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an LVRT-capable PMSG. 3) For reducing the

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