.

- JSC-07904
(
N A T I O N A L A E R O N A U T I C S A N D SPACE A D M I N I S T R A T I O N

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.* APOLLO 17 MISSION REPORT

J
.

LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER

H 0 U STON . T E X X S
MARCH 1973

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APOLLO SPACECRAFT FLIGHT HISTOE!

!.fission r e p o r t
Mission nmber Soacecraft Ces c r i p t i cn Launch s i t e

Postlaunch BP-6 F i r s t pad abort White Sam&

PA- 1
memorandum Missile fienge.
N. Mex.

A-001 KC-A-R-64-1 BP-12 Transonic abort Y ! 13, 1964 White Se;i&

Missile Rar.ge.
N. Mex.

AS-101 ffiC-A-R-64-2 3T-13 Nominal launch a?d :<ay 28, 1964 Cape Kennea,
e x i t enviroment Fla .
As-102 a?- 15 Nominal launch a?d S q t . 18, 1964 Cape Kexe*,
e x i t envimnment Fla.

A-002 BP-23 Maxioum dynanic T'C. 8, 1964 White S a n d s

pressure abort Missile B&.?ge,
N. Mex.

As-103 BP- 16 M i croreteoroid 3 5 . 16, 1965 Cape K e x e i y ,

experinent Fla .
A-003 X3 C-A-R- 65- 2 3?-22 L o w a l t i t u d e abor. ! < ! r 1 9 , 1965 White Sends
(planned high- Missile ?age,
altitude abort) N. Mex.

AS-iOh Bot published ~ - 2 6 Micmneteoroid !.!<< 25, 1965 Cape K e x e g ,

experiment and Fla.
s e r v i c e nodule
r e a c t i o n control
s y s t e n launch
environment

PA- 2 :,SC-A-?-65-3 BT-23A , Second pad a b o e 2 i l e 29, 1965 k h i t e SazCs

Missil- . ? . ~ c g e ,
I
N. Mex.

AS-105 :lot published BT-?A ! M i crone teoroi d 30, 1965 Cape xezzeiy, '
experircent and Fla.
s e r v i c e module
r e a c t i o n control
system launch
envi ronment

A-OOL XSC-A-R-66-3 sc-302 Power-on tumblizc CLT. 20, 1966 White S a ~ 3

boundary abort ,Missile R a s e ,
N . Mex.

AS-201 ISC-A-R-66- 4 SC-309 Supercircular Fob. 26, 1966 Cape K e x e t y ,

entr?. with high Fla.
heat r a t e

AS-2C2 ISC-A-R-66- 5 SC-3I.l Supercircular k 3 . 25, 1966 Cape K e x e g ,

e n t r y wiLb h i & Fla .
heat load

(Continued i n s i d e back cover)

 APOLLO SPACECFAT FLIEZ SISTDW

.. (Continued from i x s i l e f r z n t cover)

. _
.. .

_.. Irissicn m p o n
nmbar Snacecraft L53.inch daze 2 a c h site

. . IG C-PA-3-68-1 sc-017 NC7. 9, 1967 7e-xeQ Space

LTA-1OA Certer, Fla.

U4-1 J c . 22, 1453

sc-020 April 4 , 1962

LTA-23

CSM 101

C S M 103

hSC-?A-R-69-2 a!.!1 0 4 !.!arch 3 , 1959

L%!-
3

AFOllC 10 !.sc-oolr6 CSM 106

LV-4

CSN 107
c4-5
i CSM 108
: u.1-6

CSM 109
LV-7

EM 110 ::erne& Space

LM-a :er.:er, 7-8.

CSY 112 Fourth bxl6- lzAiiing Xe=:eQ Space

L\i-10 and first e.r.s:ted sci-
.-..-er,
-=.- ?la.
ence capabili:? lissicn
Agclls 16 !.!si-07230 C S.h!-113 Fifti. lunar I c - i n g a r t
s e c c r t e.m,ent=l science
L:.i-ll . ... ____-__
capa-L..',j. 7*.::-

CS%114 Sixth I.z.ar l$LZrlg ~5

x.1-12 t h i r i er.ecS--I science
c a p & i l i c y 3is:on. Xral
mission of -2e Apollo
Progrm.

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MOLL0 17 M I S S I O N RFPORT

PmPARED BY

M i s s i o n Evaluation T e a m

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i APPROVED BY
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Owen G. M o r r i s
Manager, A p o l l o Spacecraft Program

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER
HOUSTON, TEXAS
M a r c h 1973
 . . . . ..... ...........

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

1.0 S U M M A R Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

2.0 'INTRODUCTION ................ ..... \ 2-1

3.0 TMJXCTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.1 LAUNCH AND TRANSLUNAR TRAJECTORIES . . . . . . . . 3-1

3.2 S-IVB STAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
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3.3 LUNAR ORBIT.................... 3-8
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TRANSEARTH AND ENTRY TRAJECTORY . . . . . . . . . .
...
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..>- ... 3.4 3-9

4.0 LUNAR SURFACE SCIENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

4.1 SUMMARY OF LUNAR SURFACE ACTIVITIES . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.2 APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE EXPER1I"TS PACKAGE
CENTRAL STATION .................. 4-1
4.3 HEAT FLOW E~PERIMENT ............... 4-9
4.4 LUNAR SEISMIC PROFILING EXPERIiYENT ........ 4-11
4.5 LUNAR ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION EXPERIMENT . . . . . 4-12
4.6 LUNAR EJECTA AND METEORITES EXPERIMENT . . . . . . 4-13
4.7 LUNAR SURFACE GMVImTER EXPERIiYENT ........ 4-13
4.8 TRAVERSE GRAVIMETER EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
4.9 SURFACE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES EXPERIMENT . . . . . 4-15
4.10 LUNAR NEUTRON PROBE EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
4.11 COSMIC MY DETECTOR EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
4.12 LUNAR GEOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
4.13 SOIL MECHANICS EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-40
4.14 PHOTOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41

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Section Page

5.0 INFLIGHT SCIENCE AND PHOTOGRAPHY ............ 5-1

5.1 S-BAND TRANSPONDER EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.2 LUNAR SOUNDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
5.3 ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
5.4 INFRARED SCANNING RADIOMETER . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
5.5 PANORAMIC CAMERA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5- 5
5.6 MAPPINGCAMERA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
5.7 LASER ALTIMETER .................. 5-10
5.8 OPERATIONAL AND COMMAND MODULE SCIENCE
PHOTOGRAPHY .................... 5-12
5.9 VISUAL OBSERVATIONS FROM O R B I T . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
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.. . 5.10 GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETER EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . 5-15
5.11 APOLLO WINDOW METEOROID EXPERIMZNT . . . . . . . . 5-16
I
6.0 MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS \AND I N F L I G H T DEMOITSTRATIONS . . . . . 6-1
I
6 . 1 BIOSTACK EXPERIMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1
6.2 BIOLOGICAL COSMIC RADIATION EXPERIMENT . . . . . . 6-1
6.3 VISUAL L I G H T FLASH PHENOMENON . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
6.4 HEAT FLOW AND CONVECTION DEMONSTRATION ...... 6-2
6.5 ORTHOSTATIC COUNTERMEASURE GARMENT . . . . . . . . 6-5
7.0 COMMAND AND S E R V I C E MODULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
.-
7.1 STRUCTURES AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . .
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7.2 ELECTRICAL POWER AND RJEL CEUS .......... 7-2
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7.3 CRYOGENICS STORAGE SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
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7.4 COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
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.... 7.5 INSTRUMENTATION AND DISPLAYS . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
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GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL . . . . . . . . .
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..-=.." 7.6 7-3

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7.7 S E R V I C E PROPULSION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
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Section Page

7.8 Rl3ACTION CONTROL SYSTEM .............. 7-8

7.9 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
7.10 E X T R A V E H I C U L m A C T I V I T Y EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . 7-9
7.11 CONSUMABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10
8.0 LUNAR MODULE PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
8.1 STRUCTURFS AND MECHANICAL SYSTEm . . . . . . . . . 8-1
8.2 ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION AVD
BATTERIES ..................... 8-1
8.3 COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
8.4 INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
8.5 RADAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
8.6 DESCENT PROPULSION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
8.7 ASCENT PROPULSION SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
8.8 GUIDANCE ‘NAVIGATION. AND O N T R O L . . . . . . . . . 8-4
’i
8.9 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTE.! ........... 8-9
8.10 CONSUMABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
9.0 LUNAR SURFACE OPERATIONAL EQUIPbEYT . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
9.1 LUNAR ROVING VEHICLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
9.2 LUNAR COMMUNICATIONS RELAY UNIT AND
. . . . . . . 9-4
GROUND COMNANDED T E L E V I S I O N ASSEMBLY
9.3 EXTRAVEHICULAR MOBILITY U N I T . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
10.0 P I L O T ’ S Rl3PORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

10.1 TRAINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -10-1

10.2 LAUNCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
10.3 EARTH ORBITAL F L I G H T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
10.4 TRANSLUNAR I N J E C T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
10.5 TRANSLUNAR F L I G H T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
10.6 LUNAR ORBITAL OPERATIONS P R I O R TO DESCENT . . . . . 10-8
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Section Page

10.7 POWERED ...........

DESCENT AND LANDING 10-11
10.8 LUNAR SURFACE OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
10.9 SOLO OPERATIONS I N LUNAR O R B I T . . . . . . . . . 10-32
10.*10 ASCENT, FENDEZVOUS. AND DOCKING . . . . . . . . . 10-39
10.11 LUNAR ORBITAL OPERATIONS - POST-DOCKING T O
..............
TRANSEARTH I N J E C T I O N 10-42
10.12 TRANSEARTH F L I G H T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-43
10.13 ENTRY, LANDING. AND RECOVERY . . . . . . . . . . 10-44
11.0 BIOMEDICAL EVALUATION ................. 11-1

11.1 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION AND

PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA ............... 11-1
11.2 MEDICAL OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-10
11.3 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-16
11.4 VESTIBULAR FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-16
I
11.5 SKYm MOBILE/LABORATORIES OPER4TIONAL
TEST ...................... 11-17
1 2 . 0 M I S S I O N SUPPORT PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

12.1 F L I G H T CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1

12.2 NETWORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
12.3 FBCOVERY OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3

13.0 ASSESSMENT OF M I S S I O N O B J E C T I V E S . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1

1.4.0 LAUNCH PHASE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1

14.1 WEATHER CONDITIONS ............... 14-1
14.2 LAUNCH VEHICLE PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
15.0 ANOMALYSUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1
1 5 . 1 COMMAND AND S E R V I C E MODUIX ANOMALIES . . . . . . 15-1
15.2 LUNAR MODULE ANOMALIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-21
15.3 GOVERNMENT-FURNISHED EQUIPMENT ANOMALIES .... 15-23
LUNAR SURFACE EQUIPMENT ANOMALIES . . . . . . . .
. .
.... 15.4 15-25 ...... 1
......
15.5 ORBITAL EXPERIMENTS EQUIPMENT ANOMALIES . . . . . 15-34 \
\d’

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Section Page

16.0 CONCLUSIONS...................... 16-1

APPENDIX A - VEHICLE AND EQUIPMEW? DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . A-1

A.1 COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULES . . . . . . . . . . A-1

A.2 LUNARMODULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
A.3 LUNAR SURFACE MOBILITY SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . A-2
A.4 EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT ............. A-3
A.5 PHOTOGRAPHIC TASKS AND QUIPIENT ....... A- 31
A.6 MASS P R O P E R T I E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-31

APPENDIX B - SPACECRAFT H I S T O R I E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

APPENDIX C - POSTFLIGHT T E S T I N G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

APPENDIX D - DATA AVAILABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

APPENDIX E - M I S S I O N 'REPORT SUPPLEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . E-1

I
APPENDIX F - GLOSSARY' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1
F8FEmCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R-1
 .. . , ., . - -. . . . , ... ., .,. .. .. . . . .-.... ... . . ~ . .. .~.... . ..

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1.0 S W J t Y

Apollo 17, t h e f i n a l Apollo mission, w a s launched at 05:33:00 G . m . t .

(12:33: 00 a.m. e .s .t. ) , December 7 , 1972 , from Launch Complex 39 at t h e
Kennedy Space Center. The spacecraft was manned by Captain Eugene A.
Cernan, Commander; Commander Ronald E. Evans, Command Module P i l o t ; and
D r . Harrison H. Schmitt, Lunar Module P i l o t .

The launch countdown had proceeded smoothly u n t i l T minus 30 seconds,

at which time a f a i l u r e i n t h e automatic countdown sequencer occurred and
caused a launch delay of 2 hours and 40 minutes. This w a s the only launch
delay i n the Apollo program t h a t was ceilsed by hardware f a i l u r e . A s a, re-
sult , t h e launch azimuth w a s adjusted a d an e a r t h parking o r b i t of 92.5-
miles by 91.2-miles w a s achieved. The vehicle remained i n e a r t h o r b i t
f o r approximately 3 hours before t h e t r v l s l u n a r i n j e c t i o n mmeuver was
i n i t i a t e d . The t r a n s l u h a r coast time wzs shortened t o compensate f o r t h e
launch delay. Transposition, docking, cnd lunar module e j e c t i o n were nor-
m a l . The S-IVB s t a g e was maneuvered for lunar impact , which occurred
about 84 miles from t h e pre-planned poizt. The impact w a s recorded by
t h e Apollo 1 2 , 14, 15 , and 1 6 passive seismometers.

The crew performed a heat flow and convection demonstration and an

Apollo l i g h t f l a s h experiment during the translunar coast period. One
midcourse correction was performed t o achieve t h e desired a l t i t u d e of
c l o s e s t approach t o t h e l u n a r surface. The s c i e n t i f i c instrument module
door w a s j e t t i s o n e d approximately 4 1 / 2 hours p r i o r t o lunar o r b i t inser-
t i o n . The Apollo 17 spacecraft initiat;ted the lunar o r b i t i n s e r t i o n maneu-
ver and entered i n t o a l7O-mile by 52.6-mile o r b i t . Approximately 4 1 / 2
hours l a t e r , t h e command and s e r v i c e module performed t h e first of two
descent o r b i t i n s e r t i o n maneuvers lowering t h e o r b i t t o 59 by 14.5-miles.
The command and s e r v i c e module and lunzr module stayed i n t h i s o r b i t about
17 1/4 hours before undocking and separating. After undocking, the com-
mand and s e r v i c e module o r b i t w a s c i r c u l a r i z e d t o 70 miles by 54 miles
and t h e l u n a r module lowered i t s o r b i t t o 59.6-miles by 6.2-miies by per-
forming t h e second descent o r b i t i n s e r t i o n maneuver. From t h i s o r b i t , t h e
l u n a r module i n i t i a t e d i t s powered descent and landed a t 20 degrees 9 min-
u t e s 55 seconds north l a t i t u d e , 30 degrees 45 minutes 57 seconds east lon-
\I gitude at 110:21:58.

The f i r s t extravehicular a c t i v i t y began at about 114:22. The off-

loading of t h e l u n a r roving vehicle and unstowage of equipment proceeded
normally. The lunar surface experiment package w a s deployed approximately
185 meters west northwest of t h e lunar module. The Commander drove t h e
rover t o t h e experiments package d e p l o p e n t s,ite and d r i l l e d t h e heat flow
and deep core holes and emplaced t h e neutron probe experiment. Two geo-
l o g i c u n i t s were sampled, two explosive packages were deployed and seven
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1-2

t r a v e r s e gravimeter measurements were taken during t h e extravehicular ac-

tivity. About 31 pounds of samples were collected during t h e 7 hour and
12 minute extravehicular a c t i v i t y .

The second extravehicular a c t i v i t y began at about 137:55. The tra-

verse w a s conducted with real-time modifications t o s t a t i o n stop times
because of geological i n t e r e s t s . Orange s o i l w a s found and has been t h e
subject o f considerable geological discussion. Five surface samples and
a double-core sample were taken at t h i s s i t e . Three explosive packages
were deployed, seven t r a v e r s e gravimeter measurements were taken, and all
observations were photographed. The crew t r a v e l e d 7370 meters away from
t h e l u n a r module, and t h i s i s t h e g r e a t e s t r a d i a l distance any crew has
t r a v e l e d away from t h e l u n a r module on t h e lunar surface. About 75 pounds
of samples were gathered during t h e 7 hours 37 minutes of extravehicular
activity.

The t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y began at about 160:53. Specific

sampling objectives were accomplished at s t a t i o n s 6 and 7 among some 3-
t o 4-meter boulders. Nine t r a v e r s e gravimeter measurements were made.
The surface e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s experiment w a s terminated because t h e
receiver temperature w a s approaching t h e upper limits of t h e data tape
and t h e recorder w a s removed at s t a t i o n 9 .
- - __
A t t h e completion of ithe t r a v e r s e , t h e crew s e l e c t e d a breccia rock, ..
. -
L -

which w a s dedicated t o nations represented by students v i s i t i n g t h e Mis-

s i o n Control Center. A plaque on t h e landiog gear of t h e lunar module
commemorating all Apollo l u n a r landings w a s then unveiled. Samples
amounting t o about 137 pounds were obtained during t h e T-hour and 15-min-
u t e t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y f o r a t o t & of approximately 243 pounds
f o r t h e mission. The lunar roving vehicle w a s driven about 36 kilometers
during t h e t h r e e extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s . The t o t a l time of the three
extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s w a s 22 hours and 04 minutes.

Numerous o r b i t a l science a c t i v i t i e s were conducted i n . l u n a r o r b i t

while t h e l u n a r surface w a s being explored. I n addition t o t h e pvloramic
camera, t h e mapping camera, and t h e l a s e r d t i m e t e r , t h r e e new s c i e n t i f i c
instrument module experiments were included i n t h e Apollo 17 complement
of o r b i t a l science equipment. An u l t r a v i o l e t spectrometer measured lunar
atmospheric density and composition, an i n f r e r e d radiometer mapped the
thermal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e moon, and a lunar sounder acquired data on
subsurface s t r u c t u r e . The o r b i t a l science experiments and cameras have
provided a l a r g e amount of data f o r evaluating and analyzing t h e lunar
surface and t h e lunar environment.

The command and s e r v i c e module o r b i t did not decay as predicted while

'the l u n a r module was on t h e l u n a r surface. Consequently, a s m a l l o r b i t a l
t r i m maneuver w a s performed t o lower t h e o r b i t , and i n addition, a planned
plane change maneuver w a s made i n preparation f o r rendezvous.

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1-3

Lunar ascent w a s i n i t i a t e d af'ter 74 hours 59 minutes and 39 seconds

on t h e lunar surface, and w a s followed by a normal rendezvous and docking.
Samples and equipment were t r a n s f e r r e d from t h e ascent stage t o t h e com-
mand module, and t h e ascent s t a g e w a s jettisoned f o r t h e deorbit f i r i n g .
The ascent stage impacted t h e l u n a r surface at 19 degrees 57 minutes 58
seconds and 30 degrees 29 minutes 23 seconds about a mile from the planned
t a r g e t . An a d d i t i o n a l day w a s spent i n lunar o r b i t performing s c i e n t i f i c
experiments, a f t e r which t r a n s e a r t h injection w a s i n i t i a t e d .

A 1-hour and 6-minute t r a n s e a r t h extravehicular a c t i v i t y w a s conduc-

t e d by t h e Command Module P i l o t t o retrieve t h e f i l m cassettes from t h e
s c i e n t i f i c instrument module bay. The crew performed t h e Apollo l i g h t
f l a s h experiment and operated t h e i n f r a r e d radiometer and u l t r a v i o l e t
spectrometer during t h e t r a n s e a r t h phase. One midcourse correction w a s
performed during t h i s phase.

Entry and landing were normal. The command module landed i n the
P a c i f i c Ocean west of H a w a i i , about 1 mile from t h e planned location.
The Apollo 17 mission l a s t e d 301 hours, 51 minutes, and 59 seconds. The
Apollo 17 mission thus brought t o a close t h e Apollo Program, one of the
most ambitious and successful endeavors o f man.
 /
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2.0 INTRODVCTION

The Apollo 17 mission w a s t h e f i n d mission i n t h e Apollo program.

The mission accomplished t h e s i x t h l u o a r landing and a l s o completed t h e
s e r i e s o f t h r e e o r b i t a l - s c i e n c e - o r i e n t e d missions.

The Lunar Module P i l o t w a s t h e f i r s t Scientist-Astronaut assigned

-.
t o an American manned s p a c e f l i g h t mission. H i s academic background in-
cludes a Doctorate i n Geology, and he has p a r t i c i p a t e d i n many unique
g e o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t i e s . He w a s s e l e c t e d as a Scientist-Astronaut i n
June, 1965, and t h i s w a s followed by e year of f l i g h t t r a i n i n g . H i s
f i r s t mission assignment w a s as t h e bzckup Lunar Module P i l o t f o r
Apollo 1 5 . I n 1972, he w a s assigned es t h e prime Lunar Module P i l o t
f o r t h e Apollo 17 mission.

The v e h i c l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n w a s s i d l a r t o t h o s e of Apollo 15 and 16.

There were s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e science payload f o r Apollo 17.
S p a c e c r a f t hardware d i f f e r e n c e s and e q e r i m e n t equipment a r e described
i n Appendix A.

. .;. , . The mission achieved a l a n d i n g i n t h e Taurus-Littrow region of t h e

moon and r e t u r n e d samples o f t h e pre-Inbrium highlands and young c r a t e r s .
_- An assessment o f t h e !mission o b j e c t i v e s i s presented i n s e c t i o n 13.

This r e p o r t p r i m a r i l y provides information of t h e o p e r a t i o n a l and

e n g i n e e r i n g a s p e c t s of t h e mission. Preliminary s c i e n t i f i c r e s u l t s and
launch v e h i c l e performance a r e reported i n r e f e r e n c e s 1 and 2 , respec-
t i v e l y . A complete a n a l y s i s of all a a p l i c a b l e data i s not p o s s i b l e
w i t h i n t h e time frame of t h e preparation of t h i s r e p o r t . Therefore, re-
p o r t supplements w i l l be published as necessary. Appendix E l i s t s t h e
r e p o r t s and g i v e s t h e i r s t a t u s , e i t h e r published or i n preparation.

Standard English u n i t s of measure2ent a r e used i n those s e c t i o n s of

t h e r e p o r t p e r t a i n i n g t o s p a c e c r a f t systems and t r a j e c t o r i e s . The I n t e r -
. n a t i o n a l System of Units (SI) i s used i n s e c t i o n s p e r t a i n i n g t o science
a c t i v i t i e s . Unless otherwise s p e c i f i e d , time i s expressed as elapsed
time from range zero ( e s t a b l i s h e d as t h e i n t e g r a l second before l i f t - o f f ) ,
and does not r e f l e c t t h e time update shown i n t a b l e 3-1. Mileage i s given
i n n a u t i c a l m i l e s and weight i s referenced t o e a r t h g r a v i t y .

. _-.
, .___.
-.,.,-- ~ _._- __., ~ ..... ._ . . .. .- . ... , . . . .. . . .. ..

3.0 TRAJECTORY

The b a s i c t r a j e c t o r y p r o f i l e f o r t h i s mission w a s similar t o t h a t

planned f o r t h e Apollo 1 6 mission. The major differences, aside from
t h o s e required t o reach t h e Taurus-Littrow landing s i t e , were those re-
quired because of a night launch, translunar i n j e c t i o n being i n i t i a t e d
over t h e A t l a n t i c Ocean r a t h e r than t h e P a c i f i c Ocean, descent o r b i t in-
s e r t i o n being performed i n two maneuvers r a t h e r than one, and the elimin-
a t i o n of t h e o r b i t shaping maneuver and t h e s a t e l l i t e j e t t i s o n i n g event.
The sequence and d e f i n i t i o n of events f o r t h e Apollo 17 mission a r e shown
i n t a b l e s 3-1 and 3-11. Tables 3-111 and 3-IV contain t h e l i s t i n g and
d e f i n i t i o n of t r a j e c t o r y parameters, and t a b l e 3-V contains a summary of
t h e maneuvers.

3.1 LAUNCH AND TRANSLUNAR TRAJECTORIES

The launch t r a j e c t o r y i s presented i n reference 3. The launch a z i -

muth w a s updated from 72 degrees e a s t of north t o 91 degrees 30 minutes
e a s t of north. The t r a n s l u n a r i n j e c t i o n d i f f e r e d from t h e o r i g i n a l plan
3
I
-
.
because of a 2-hour 40-minute launch delay. This delay r e s u l t e d i n t h e
-.. t r a n s l u n a r coast time \being shortened (zccomplished automatically by t h e
. .
launch v e h i c l e guidanie system), so t h a t t h e a r r i v a l time a t t h e moon
would remain t h e same as t h a t planned prelaunch. This constant t i m e of
a r r i v a l plan s i m p l i f i e d t h e crew t r a i n i n g by providing them with only one
l u n a r l i g h t i n g condition and one s e t of lunar groundtracks with which they
had t o become familiar, r e s u l t i n g i n a s i n g l e s e t of conditions on which
t h e crew could concentrate t h e i r t r a i n i n g .

One t r a n s l u n a r midcourse correction of 1 0 . 5 f t / s e c w a s required and

performed a t t h e second option point. The s c i e n t i f i c instrument module
door w a s j e t t i s o n e d about 4 1 / 2 hours p r i o r t o lunar o r b i t i n s e r t i o n .

3.2 S-IVB STAGE

Separation from t h e S-IVB s t a g e and the S-IVB evasive maneuver were

completed normally. The S-IVB stage was t a r g e t e d f o r lunar impact by two
f i r i n g s o f t h e a u x i l i a r y propulsion system. Lunar impact occurred approx-
imately 87 hours i n t o t h e mission at 4 degrees 1 2 minutes south l a t i t u d e
and 1 2 degrees 18 minutes west longitude, about 84 miles from t h e planned
t a r g e t p o i n t . The impact w a s recorded by t h e passive seismometers at t h e
four l u n a r surface experiment s t a t i o n s . Figure 3-1 shows t h e l o c a t i o n o f
t h e S-IVB impact on t h e l u n a r surface.
.... ... .., ., . . . . . -> -... .. .... ... . .... - . . . . ... ...... . . .. _ .

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TABLE 3-1.- SEQUENCE OF EVENTS

Elapsed time
Events H r :min :sec

Lift-off (Range zero = 342:05:33:00 G.m.t.) 00zoo: 00.6

Earth o r b i t i n s e r t i o n 00:11:53
Translunar i n j e c t i o n maneuver 03:12:37
S-IVB/command and s e r v i c e module separation 03:42:29
Translunar docking 03:56 :45
Spacecraft e j e c t i o n 04:45:00
First midcourse correction 35:30:00
Mission c o n t r o l c e n t e r time update (+2:40:OO) 65:00 :00
S c i e n t i f i c instrument module door j e t t i s o n 81:32:40
Lunar o r b i t i n s e r t i o n 86:14:23
S-IVB l u n a r impact 86:59:41
Descent o r b i t i n s e r t i o n 90:31:37
Lunar module undocking and separation 107:47:56
C i r c u l a r i z a t i o n maneuver 109:17:29
Lunar module descent o r b i t i n s e r t i o n 109:22:42
Powered descent i n i t i a t i o n 110:09:53
Lunar landing 110:21:57
S t a r t f i r s t extravehicular a c t i v i t y 114:21:49
Apollo l u n a r surface experiment package f i r s t data 117 :21zoo
End f i r s t e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y 121:33:42
S t a r t second extravehidular a c t i v i t y 137:55 :06
End second e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y 145:32:02
S t a r t t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y 160:52:48
End t h i r d e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y 168:07 :56
O r b i t a l t r i m maneuver 178:54:05
Plane change 179:53:54
Lunar ascent 185:21 :37
Lunar module v e r n i e r adjustment maneuver 185:32:12
Terminal phase i n i t i a t i o n 186:15:58
Docking 187:37:15
Lunar module j e t t i s o n 191:18:31
Separation maneuver 191:23:31
Lunar module d e o r b i t f i r i n g 192:58:14
Lunar module impact 193:17:21
Transearth i n j e c t i o n 234:02:09
S t a r t transearth extravehicular a c t i v i t y 254:54:40
End t r a n s e a r t h e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y 256:00:24
Second midcourse c o r r e c t i o n 298:38:01
Command module/service module separation 3O1:23:49
Entry i n t e r f a c e (400 000 f e e t ) 301 :38 :38
Begin blackout 3 1 :38:55
End blackout 301 :42:15
Forward heat s h i e l d j e t t i s o n 301:46:20
Drogue deployment 301 :46:22
Main parachute deployment 301:47 :13
Landing 301:51:59
 . .
2 _,.....
f I .. .. :__.

3-3

TABLE 3-11.- DEFINITION OF EVENTS

-
Events Definition

Range z e r o F i n a l i n t e g r a l second before l i f t - o f f

Lift-off Time of instrumentation u n i t umbilical Cisconnect
as i n d i c a t e d by launch v e h i c l e t e l e n e t r j

Earth o r b i t i n s e r t i o n S-IVB engine cutoff time plus 10 s e c x d s as i n d i -

c a t e d by launch v e h i c l e telenetrj

Translunar i n j e c t i o n Paneuver S t a r t s when tank discharge valve ocens, allowins

-%el t o be pumped t o t h e S-IVE engine

S-IVB/canmand module s e p a r a t i o n , t r a n s l u n a r Tne t k e of t h e event based on aneljsis of timing

docking, s p a c e c r a f t e j e c t i o n , s c i e n t i f i c in- d a t a on air-to-ground voice t r s n s c r i p z i c n s
strument module door j e t t i s o n , l u n a r module
undocking and s e p a r a t i o n , docking, l u n a r mod-
ule J e t t i s o n , and l u n a r landing

Spacecraft maneuver i n i t i a t i o n Eugine cn time as i n d i c a t e d by onboard c d f o r

ground computers

S-IVB l u n a r i n p a c t Time based upon loss of s i g n a l 5-03 telezetry

Beginning of e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y me t i r e cabin pressure reaches 3 g s i s d-A-ing

depressurization i n d i c a t e d by tele=e'.rf d a t a

End of e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y Tne tile cabin pressure reaches 3 p s i a & r i n g

zepressurfzation i n d i c a t e d by t e 1 m e y . - *eta

Apollo l u n a r s u r f a c e experiment package first The r e c e i p t of f i r s t d a t a considered v d i d f r c n

data I t h e Awllo l u n a r surface experinents gackage
t eleDetzy

Command module/senrice module s e p a r a t i o n The ti=e of s e p a r a t i o n i n d i c a t e d by l o s s of

telemetry d a t a from s e r v i c e module

Entry i n t e r f a c e The ti=e t h e connand module reaches a geodetic

a l t i t u d e of 400 000 feet indicated by grsund r a d a r
tracking data

Begin blackout Tne tine of S-band cclmrmnication is 10s'. during

entry

End blackout The ti-e of a c q u i s i t i o n of S-band c c m i c a t i o n s

follok-hg blackout

Forward heat s h i e l d j e t t i s o n , drogue deploy- T h e of first telemetry i n d i c a t i o n of system

ment, and main parachute deployment e c t u e t i o n by t h e r e l a y

Earth landing The t k e t h e s p a c e c r a f t w a s observed t o touch

t h e water

Time update A give= increment of time change made t o onboard

timers t h a t sets timers t o f l i g h t plan time.
 . . ,: . ..,.. ~ , . .. .- . c .... , - .. ... . - . . . ., - . . ... .. . ._ . . . .

3-1;

TABLE 3-111. - TIWECTORY PARAMF,TERSa

Space-fixed conditions
Event Reference Tine. Latitude. Longit&, *Irit&e,
bady hr:min:sec deg:min deg:dzz lile Velocity Flight-path Eeadiw mgle,
ttlsec angle. deg deg E oi A

Translunar PhMe
Translunar i n j e c t i c a cutoff Earth 03:18:28 5.14 N 53.86 Y 162.b ~ 35 589.6 6.9117 118.0110
Command and service modulellunar Earth 04 :45 :00 21.91 S 31.68 B 13 393.6 16 012.8 61.80 83.U5
module eJection from S-IYB

First midcourse correction

Ignition Earth 35:M:OO 11.04 s 22.82 Y 2 3 c1.1 b058.1 16.bo 66.11
cutoft Earth 35 :30:02 17.04 s 22.82 Y 2 2U.g 4066.8 76.48
Scientific instrument uedule Moon 81:3?:40 0.4 N 69.50 Y c 370.6 3114 .6 -79.90 258.16
d w r jettison
I

Lunar o r b i t phase
Lunar o r b i t insertinn
1e;lition Moon 86:1b:23 11.33 S 117.38 0 16.8 8110.2 -9.90 213.10
cutoff Moon 86:20:56 6.81 s 151.a 3 51.2 5512.1 0.k3 288.89
First descent o r h i t insertion
1gr.ition Moon 50:31:31 11.40 s 164.16 3 51.1 5512.1 -0.39 286.50
cutoff Moon 50:3:59 u.06 s 163.a 3 50.9 5322.1 -0.89 2ffi.w
Command and service moduleflunar Mmn 107:h7 :56 5.02 S 135.91 3 41.2 5342.8 -1.26 269.k1
module separation

C o m d and service module

circulariratian
Ignition Mmn 109:11:29 20.03 S 149.11 Y 58.6 5219.9 0.45 210.13
cutoff Moon 1?9 :17:33 20.02 s 149.30 Y 58.8 5349.9 0.47 210.11
Second descent o r b i t insertion
Iation Moon 1d9:22:42 19.22 S 165.18 Y 59.6 5214. 5 0.04 275 .7k
cutoff Moon 1?9:23:04 19.12 S 166.n Y 59.6 52667.0 0.02 216.6
Pwered descent i n i t i a t i o n Moon ll0:09:53 19.13 A 48.75 3 8.1 5550.3 -0.9 216.07
Crbital t r i m m e u v e r ignition Mmn 178:54:05 12.31 S 124.26 3 G.9 5315.1 0.08 285.74
Command and service module Moon 179: 54 6 4 12.01 N 57.38 Y 60.5 5341.1 -0.001 250.09
plane change (cutoff]
Ascent ( i n s e r t i o n ) Mmn 185:28:56 21.91 N 19.60 E 8.0 55'12.3 0.9 271.58
Vernier a41w t m n t w e u v e r Moon 1 8 5 :P :12 22.54 N 8.22 E 9.k 559.7 0.54 213.2k
Terminal phase i n i t i a t i o n Mmn 186:15:58 15.12 S 129.53 Y hb.6 5333.3 0.29 252.U
mcking Moon 181:31:15 21.81 a.bo Y 60.6 53kl.T 0.03 262.1b
Lunar m d u l s J e t t i a a n Mmn 191:18:3 19.41 N 3.23 3 60.6 5343.b 0.03 282.69
Lunar aodule ascent stage deorbii
Ignition Moon 192:58:14 0.2b S 86.97 E 60.5 53b3.1 -0.03 293.ll
..
i
. - ..
.. cutorr Won 193:00 :10 2.02 11 81.68 E 58.9 5133.1 -2.14 293.61
Translunar i n j e c t i o n
Ignition Moon 29:02:09 19.65 8 170.02 Y 62.1 5331.1 -0.18 251.32
cutoff Mon 234 :Ob :33 21.52 S 119.69 Y 63.1 8314.3 2.116 259.41
rnsearth 1
Second midcourse w a c t i o n
Isnition Earth 298:38:01 45.61 11 78.b9 t 25 Ol6.3 12 021.1 -68.b) 9.63
Cutoff Earth 298:38:10 45.68 A '18.46 E Zb 999.7 12 025.8 -68.42 34.63

btry
b a n g
Earth
Earth
301:38:38
3)1:51:59
0.71 I
lT.88 S
173.3b Y
166.U Y -
65.6 36 W.3
- -
-6.@
-
156.53

%ee t a b l e 3-N lor traJectory p a r m t e r definition.

 . . .. .. . . . ...
.. . . . . .
,__ ~ .

3-5

TABLE 3-1v.- DEFINITION OF TRAJECTORY AND ORBITAL PARAMETERS

T r a j e c t o r y parameters Definition

Geodetic l a t i t u d e The s p h e r i c a l coordinate measured along a meridian on

t h e e a r t h f r o n t h e equator t o t h e p o i n t d i r e c t l y be-
neath t h e spacecraft, deg:min

Selenographic l a t i t u d e The d e f i n i t i o n i s t h e same as t h a t o f t h e geodetic l a t i -

tude except t h a t t h e reference body i s t h e moon r a t h e r
than t h e earth, deg:min

Longitude The s p h e r i c a l coordinate, as measured i n t h e e q u a t o r i a l

plane, between t h e plane of t h e reference body's prime
meridian and t h e plane o f t h e spacecraft m e r i d i m , deg

Altitude The distance measured between t h e spacecraft end t h e r e f -

erence radius of t h e e a r t h along a l i n e from t h e c e n t e r of
t h e e a r t h t o t h e spacecraft. When t h e reference body i s
t h e moon, it i s t h e d i s t a n c e measured f r o m t h e s p a c e c r a f t
along t h e local vertical. t o t h e s u r f a c e of a sphere having
a r a d i u s equal t o t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t e r of t h e m o n
t o t h e landing s i t e , fX o r miles

Space-fixed v e l o c i t y Magnitude of t h e i n e r t i a l v e l o c i t y vector referenced t o

t h e body-centered, i n e r t i a l reference coordinate system,
ft/sec
i
Space-fixed f l i g h t - p a t h angle Flight-path a p e measured p o s i t i v e upward from t h e body-
centered l o c e l h o r i z o n t a l plane t o t h e i n e r t i a l v e l o c i t y
v e c t o r , deg

Space-fixed heading angle Angle of t h e projection o f t h e i n e r t i a l v e l o c i t y v e c t o r

onto t h e body-centered local. h o r i z o n t a l plane, measured
p o s i t i v e eastward from n o r t h , deg

Apogee The point o f reximu=! o r b i t a l a l t i t u d e o f t h e spacecraft

above t h e center of t h e e a r t h , miles

Perigee The p o i n t of n i n i m u o r b i t a l a l t i t u d e of t h e spececraft

above t h e center of t h e e a r t h , miles

Apocynthion The p o i n t of n a x i m u c ! o r b i t a l a l t i t u d e above t h e zoon as

measured fro= t h e redius o f t h e l u n a r landing s i t e , m i l e s

Pericynthion me p o i n t of ninimun o r b i t a l a l t i t u d e above t h e noon as

measured fros t h e radius of t h e l u n a r landing s i t e , m i l e s

Period Time required f o r spacecraft t o complete 360 degrees o f

o r b i t r o t a t i o n , min

Inclination The true angle between t h e Spacecraft o r b i t p l m e and

t h e reference body's e q u a t o r i a l plane, deg

Longitude o f t h e ascending node The longitude a t which t h e o r b i t plane crosses t h e ref-

erence body's e q u a t o r i a l plane going fYom t h e Southern
t o t h e Northern Hentisphere, deg
 . .._.

3-6

TABLE 3-V.- MANEWER SUMMARY

Maneuver
syst~ I g n i t i o n tiae,
hr:min:sec
F i r i n g time,
sec
"nlsec~ - & ~ L-.ir.ie.
Resultant pericynthion conditions

Velocity, Latitude, Longi?ade. Arrival ti=,

51es ftlsec deg:nin deg.di kr:win:sec

Tra?sh?ar i d e c t i o n 6-IVB 3 :l2 :37 351.0 10 376.0 - 8393 10:21 S 173:s E 83:110:52

F i r s t d d c o u r o e cor- Service propulsion 35'30:OO 1.7 10.5 52.1 8203 9% S 159:k8 Z 83:38:1L
rectlon

(b) Lunar o r b i t

I g n i t i o n time,
Ik7euver System h r :min:sec

I
>mar o r b i t insertion Servfce propulsion 86 :14 :23 39% 2

First descent o r b i t S e r v i c e propulsion sQ:u:37 22.3 59 1k.5

insertion
-.-

1
:::2
Connand and s e r v i c e Beaction c o n t r o l 107:47:56 j.l 1.0 61.5 ll.5
module s e p a r a t i o n

Lunar o r b i t c i r c u l a r i z a t i o n S e r v i c e p-opulsion 109 :17:29 3.: 70.5 TO 5'1

Second descent o r b i t Lunar m d u l e r e a c t i o n 109:22:42 E.5 7.5 59.6 6.2
insertion control

Powered descent i n i t i a t i o n Descent propulsion ll0:09:53 725 6698

Orbital t r i m ?+action c o n t r o l 178: 5h:05 x.3 9.2 67.3 62.j
I 62.8 62.5
Lunar o r b i t a l plane change S e n n c e pmpul$ion 179: 53:5& 23.1 66
Ascent Ascent propulsion 185:21:3l Lkl 6075.7 48.5 9.1
Vernier a u s t m e n t m e u v e r Feaction c o n t r o l 185:P:lZ 10 10 48.5 9.i
Terminal giase i n i t i a c i o n Ascent propulsion 186:15:58 3.1 I 53.8 6L.7 L6.5
Separation maneuver 3eaction c o n t r o l 191:23:3l 63.9 61.2

Lunar madule d e o r b i t 3eaction c o n t r o l 192 :58 :lb

meuve: I

Pesultant e n t r y i n t e r f a c e c o n j i t i o n
Event
System ~ g n i t i o nt i m e ,
br:pin:sec
Firing time.
sec
ch=,g.
lsec .:____Velocity,
.--=-. :LS: Latitude, Longitude, A-dval tint,
hr:li.n:sec
c g e . ieei ftlsec deg:nin deg:dn

Transeaeh inJection S e r v i c e propulsion 234:02:09 lb3.7 30b6.3 I -6.3 36 093 2:09 N 173:83 Y U1:38:13
Second l i d c o u r s e Reaction c o n t r o l 298:38:01 9 2.1 G.3 36 090 0:4b N 173:20 W 331:38:32
,, .
. : .. .-I . . . .
a

.
-
., .-....

3-7
 3-8

3.3 LUNAR ORBIT

3.3.1 Orbital Phase

The l u n a r o r b i t i n s e r t i o n maneuver placed t h e Spacecraft i n t o an or-

b i t having a 170-mile apocynthion and a 52.6-mile pericynthion. About
four hours l a t e r , t h e spacecraft o r b i t was lowered t o one having a 59-mile
apocynthion and a 14.5-mile pericynthion. After spending 1 7 hours i n t h i s
lower o r b i t , t h e command and service module separated from t h e lunar mod-
u l e a f t e r which t h e command and service module o r b i t was circularized i n t o
one having a 70-mile apocynthion and a 54-mile pericynthion.

3.3.2 Descent

Five minutes after t h e c i r c u l a r i z a t i o n maneuver w a s i n i t i a t e d by t h e

command and service module, t h e lunar module performed t h e second descent
o r b i t i n s e r t i o n maneuver. This lowered i t s pericynthion t o within 6.2 m i -
l e s of t h e lunar surface. An hour l a t e r , the lunar module powered descent
was i n i t i a t e d and t h e lunar module landed on t h e moon a t 110 hours 21 min-
utes 58 seconds. A manual t a r g e t update of 3400 f e e t w a s incorporated
e a r l y i n t h e powered descent. Later i n the descent maneuver, t h e Commander I
_. 1
made e i g h t landing point redesignations. These redesignations r e s u l t e d i n .._-_
-
t h e spacecraft landing at 20 degrees 9 minutes 55 seconds north l a t i t u d e
and 30 degrees 45 minutes 57 seconds east longitude on t h e 1:25 000-scale
L u n a r Topographic Photomap of Taurus Littrow, F i r s t Edition, September,
1972.

3.3.3 Ascent and Rendezvous

The planned decay of t h e command and service module a l t i t u d e t o

match t h e l u n a r module t r a j e c t o r y at rendezvous w a s not realized. This
was similar t o t h e experience of t h e Apollo 1 5 mission. Because of t h i s ,
an o r b i t a l t r i m maneuver was performed t o change t h e command and service
module apocynthion t o 67.3 miles and the pericynthion t o 62.5 miles. An
hour l a t e r , a plane change maneuver was perforned t o provide the proper
o r b i t a l plane f o r rendezvous with t h e lunar w d u l e .

The lunar module ascended from the lunar surface at 185 hours 2 1 min-
utes 37 seconds after having been on the lunar surface f o r almost 75 hours.
Approximately 7 1 / 2 minutes l a t e r , t h e ascent stage was i n s e r t e d i n t o lu-
n a r o r b i t . The achieved o r b i t required a vernier adjustment maneuver of
1 0 f t / s e c t o r e t u r n t h e o r b i t t o the planned conditions f o r rendezvous.
The rendezvous w a s then completed normally, and t h e two vehicles were
docked at 187 hours 37 minutes 1 5 seconds.
 -. .... _ - - . . . . _ ,.. .. ,' ..

3-9

3.3.4 Lunar Module Deorbit Maneuver

The lunar module was j e t t i s o n e d four hours af'ter docking. The lunar
module deorbit maneuver began about an hour and a h a l f a f t e r j e t t i s o n i n g
and impact occurred at 19 degrees 57 minutes 58 seconds north l a t i t u d e ,
and 30 degrees 29 minutes 23 seconds east longitude, about 9.9 kilom-
e t e r s from t h e Apollo 17 landing s i t e , and about 1.75 kilometers from
t h e planned impact point ( f i g s . 3-1 and 4-1).

3.4 TRANSEARTH AND ENTRY TRAJECTORY

The command and service module reaained i n lunar o r b i t approximately

43 hours a f t e r t h e lunar module w a s jettisoned. The t r a n s e a r t h i n j e c t i o n
maneuver was i n i t i a t e d at 234 hours 2 minutes 9 seconds. The maneuver
w a s so accurate t h a t only one midcourse correction w a s required during
t r a n s e a r t h c o a s t , and t h a t was at three hours p r i o r t o entry with a d i f -
f e r e n t i a l v e l o c i t y of 2 . 1 f t / s e c .

The command and service modules were separated 1 5 minutes before

e n t r y i n t o t h e e a r t h ' s atmosphere. The command module entered the at-
mosphere 1200 miles from t h e landing point and the landing occurred
1.3 miles short of the; t a r g e t e d point. The e a r t h landing coordinates,
as determined from t h e spacecraft computer, were 17 degrees 52 minutes
48 seconds south l a t i t u d e and 166 degrees 6 minutes 36 seconds west
longitude.
_. c
 . . _i.. . . . . ,.
. .
. ... . . . . .. - . .. ._.. . -. . .. : . .. . . .. .. . ..
-.
.. .

4.0 LUNAR SURFACE SCIENCE

The Apollo l u n a r surface experiments package f o r t h i s mission con-

s i s t e d of t h e heat flow experiment, the lunar seismic p r o f i l i n g experi-
ment, t h e l u n a r atmospheric composition experiment, t h e lunar e j e c t a and
meteorites experiment, and t h e l u n a r surface gravimeter experiment. Other
l u n a r surface experiments included the t r a v e r s e gravimeter experiment, t h e
surface e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s experiment, t h e l u n a r neutron probe experi-
ment , t h e cosmic ray d e t e c t o r experiment, the l u n a r geological investiga-
t i o n , and t h e s o i l mechanics experiment.

Descriptions of t h e experiment equipment or references t o documents

i n which t h e descriptions may be found a r e contained i n Appendix A. A
comprehensive discussion of the preliminary s c i e n t i f i c r e s u l t s of the
mission a r e contained i n reference 1.

4.1 SUMMARY OF LUNAR SURFACE ACTIVITIES

The landing point w a s i n a cratered valley between two massifs.

Figure 4-1 i s a panoramic camera photograph of t h e Taurus-Littrow landing
s i t e . The v a r i e t y of itopographic features at t h e Taurus-Littrow landing
s i t e provided a valuablle a s s e t i n t h e exploration of t h e lunar surface.
The crew completed t h r e e periods of extravehicular a c t i v i t y during the
75 hours on t h e surface. The events of each of t h e t h r e e periods are
summarized i n t a b l e 4-1 and t h e routes traversed a r e shown i n figure 4-2.
The arrangement of t h e experiment equipment i s shown i n figure 4-3. More
d e t a i l e d descriptions of t h e l u n a r surface a c t i v i t i e s are provided i n
sections 4.12 and 10.8.

4.2 APOLLO LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMENTS PACKAGE CENTRAL STATION

The s i t e s e l e c t e d for deployment of the Apollo l u n a r surface exper-

iments package w a s l o c a t e d approximately 185 meters west northwest (bear-
i n g of 287O) of t h e l u n a r module ( f i g . 4-3). During preparations f o r t h e
t r a v e r s e , t h e L u n a r Module P i l o t had d i f f i c u l t y removing t h e dome from
t h e f u e l cask where t h e f u e l capsule i s stowed. I n s e r t i o n of the dome-
removal t o o l and dome r o t a t i o n t o t h e unlocked position went smoothly;
however, t h e t o o l e x t r a c t i o n p u l l r e s u l t e d i n a separation of the t o o l
from t h e dome. Using t h e c h i s e l end of the geological hammer, the dome
w a s p r i e d from t h e cask. (Section 15.4.4 contains a discussion of t h i s
anomaly. ) Removal of t h e f u e l capsule from the cask and i n s t a l l a t i o n i n
t h e generator w a s completed normally. During the t r a v e r s e t o the deploy-
ment s i t e , one of t h e two c e n t r a l s t a t i o n leveling blocks was knocked
o f f ; however, t h i s d i d not adversely a f f e c t the deployment.
 .. . .. .. .

4-2

TABLE 4-1.- LUNAR SURFACE EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY EVENTS&

Elapsed t i m e ,
Event
h r :min :sec

144 :15 :58 Departed f o r t h e lunar module with a short stop t o

deploy seismic p r o f i l i n g experiment explosive
charge 8 documented with photographs, and a stop
at t h e l u n a r surface experiments s i t e t o allow
t h e Lunar Module P i l o t t o r e l e v e l t h e lunar sur-
face gravimeter experiment.
144:32:24 Arrived a t t h e l u n a r module and s t a r t e d extravehic-
ular a c t i v i t y closeout.
145 :l9 :24 Traver s e gravimeter experiment re adin g obtained .
145:32 :02 Lunar module cabin repressurized.

Third Extravehicular Activity

160:52:48 Beginning of t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y .

161:02:40 Traverse ;gravimeter experiment reading obtained.
161 :16 :15 Lunar roving vehicle loaded f o r t r a v e r s e , and per-
formed panoramic and 500-mm photography.
161 :19 :45 Traverse gravimeter experiment reading obtained.
161:20 :17 Cosmic r a y experiment retrieved.
161 :36 :31 Departed f o r surface e l e c t r i c a l properties experi-
ment s i t e .
Arrived at surface e l e c t r i c a l properties experiment
s i t e . Activated t h e experiment, gathered samples ,
and performed documentary photography.
1 6 ~ 4 :236 Departed f o r s t a t i o n 6 with two short stops t o gather
enrout e samples .
162 :u.:24 Arrived at s t a t i o n 6. Traverse gravimeter reading
obtained, gathered samples including a single core
tube sample and a rake sample, and performed docu-
mentary, panoramic, and 500-mm photography.
163 :22:1O Departed f o r s t a t i o n 7.
163:29:05 Arrived at s t a t i o n 7. Gathered samples and performed
documentary and panoramic photography.
163 :51 :09 Departed f o r s t a t i o n 8 with one short stop t o gather
enrout e sample s .
164 :07 :40 , Arrived at s t a t i o n 8. Two traverse gravimeter ex-
periment readings obtained, gathered samples in-
cluding rake and trench samples, and performed
documentary and panoramic photography
164 :55 :33 Departed f o r s t a t i o n 9.
 .. . ,__. I
, . ~ . ., - . ... . ..
.. . . . ... ' .

. .

4-3

TABLE 4-1 .- LUNAR SURFACE EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY EVENTS -

Continued

Elapsed time, Event

hr:min:sec

165 :13 :10 Arrived at s t a t i o n 9. Seismic p r o f i l i n g experiment

explosive charge 5 deployed, two traverse gravim-
e t e r experiment readings obtained, gathered sam-
p l e s including a trench sample and a double core-
tube sample, and performed documentary, panoramic,
and 500-mm photography. Removed data storage elec-
t r o n i c s assembly from surface e l e c t r i c a l properties
receiver.
166:09:25 Departed f o r t h e lunar module with two short stops,
one t o gather enroute samples and the other t o
deploy seismic p r o f i l i n g experiment explosive
charge 2 and perform documentary and panoramic
photography.
166 :37 :51 Arrive? at lunar module md s t a r t e d extravehicular
a c t i v i t y closeout.
166 :55 :og Traverse gravimeter experiment reading obtained.
167 :11:11 Final t r a v e r s e gravimeter experiment reading obtained
167 :33 :58 Apollo lunar surface experiments package photography
completed .
167 :36 :43 Lunar neutron probe experiment retrieved.
167 :39 :57 Lunar roving vehicle positioned t o monitor lunar mod-
u l e ascent.
167 :44 :41 Seismic p r o f i l i n g experinent explosive charge 3
deployed.
168 :07 :56 Lunar module cabin repressurized.

. ..
-.!
4-4

TABLE 4-1.- LUNAR SURFACE EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY EVENTS -

Continued

Elapsed t i m e ,
Event
h r :min’:sec

Second Extravehicular Activity

~- ~ ~

137 :55 :06 Beginning of second extravehicular a c t i v i t y .

138 :04 :08 Traverse gravimeter experiment reading obtained.
138 :39 :00 Lunar roving vehicle loaded f o r traverse and a
t r a v e r s e gravimeter experiment reading obtained.
138 :44 :02 Departed f o r surface e l e c t r i c a l properties experi-
ment s i t e .
138: 47 :05 Arrived at surface e l e c t r i c e l properties experi-
ment s i t e . Activated experiment, gathered sam-
p l e s , and performed panormic photography.
138 :51 :43 Departed for s t a t i o n 2 with four short stops; one
t o deploy seismic p r o f i l i n g experiment explosive
charge 4, and t h r e e t o gzther enroute samples.
140 :0 1:30 Arrived at s t a t i o n 2. Traverse gravimeter experi-
ment r e k n g obtained, gathered samples including
a rake sample, and perforned documentary and pan-
oramic photography.
141:07 :25 Departed f o r s t a t i o n 3 with one stop t o obtain a
t r a v e r s e gravimeter experiment reading, gather
samples, and perform panoramic and 500-mm pho-
tography.
141:48 :38 Arrived at s t a t i o n 3. Traverse gravimeter experi-
ment reading obtained, gathered samples including
a double core-tube sample and a rake sample, and
performed panoramic and 500-mm photography.
142 :25 :56 Departed f o r s t a t i o n 4 with two short stops t o
gather enroute samples.
142 :42 :57 Arrived at s t a t i o n 4. Traverse gravimeter experi-
ment reading obtained, gathered samples including
a trench sample and a double core-tube sample, and
performed documentary and panoramic photography.
143 :19 :03 Departed f o r s t a t i o n 5 with one stop t o deploy s e i s -
mic p r o f i l i n g experiment explosive charge 1, gather
samples, and perform panoramic photography.
143:45 :15 Arrived at s t a t i o n 5. Traverse gravimeter experiment
reading obtained, gathered samples, and performed
documentary and panoramic photography.
 .. . , . .

4-5

Concluded

Elapsed time, Event

h r :min :sec

F i r s t E x t rave hiculzr Activity

114:21: 49 Beginning of first extravehicular a c t i v i t y .

114:51 : l o Lunar roving vehicle offloaded.
115 :13:50 Lunar roving vehicle deployed, t e s t drive performed
and documented with photography, gathered sanples
and performed 500-m and panoramic photography.
115 :40 :58 United S t a t e s f l a g deDloyed and documented with pho-
tographs and stereo photography.
115:50 :51 Traverse gravimeter experiment reading obtained.
115 :54 :40 Cosmic r a y experiment deployed.
115 :58 :30 Apollo l u n a r surface experiment package offloaded.
116 :06 :01 Traverse gravimeter experiment reading obtained .
116:11:54 Traverse gravimeter experiment reading obtained.
116 :46 :17 Traverse gravimeter experiment reading obtained.
118 :07 :43 Apollo l u n a r surface experiments package deployment
c4mpleted and documented with photographs and pan-
oramic photography.
1 1 8 3 :27 Deep core sample obtained and lunar neutron probe
experiment deployed.
U 8 : 4 3 :08 Traverse gravimeter eceriment reading obtained.
119 :11:02 Departed f o r s t a t i o n 1.
119 :24 :02 Arrived at s t a t i o n 1 uld deployed seismic p r o f i l i n g
experiment explosive charge 6 , obtained traverse
gravimeter experiment reading, and documented rake
samples and performed panoramic photography.
119 :56 :47 Departed f o r surface e l e c t r i c a l properties experi-
ment s i t e with a stop t o deploy.seismic p r o f i l i n g
experiment explosive charge 7, and perform pano-
ramic photography.
. .
- . _,.
,. .. . 120 :11:
02 Arrived at surface e l e c t r i c a l properties experiment
...... ..._ _-.
. _ l .
s i t e . Deployed antennas and the t r a n s m i t t e r ,
:: ,. ,
. -....
_ -.
- -...
::
gathered samples, and performed documentary and
. . ...
panoramic photography. Traverse gravimeter experi-
ment reading obtained.
120 :33 :39 Departed f o r t h e lunar module.
120 :36 :15 Arrived a t lunar module and s t a r t e d extravehicular
a c t i v i t i e s closeout.
1 2 1 :16 :37 Traverse gravimeter experiment reading obtained.
1 2 1:21 :ll Traverse gravimeter experiment reading obtained.
121:33:42 Lunar module cabin repressurized.
c

a
A l l times a r e completion times unless otherwise noted.
 4-6

ri-.
. .

..
 ...
. . . . ._. . , .. . . . . . .. . .

4-7

c
I
nl
I

i
 4- 8

Deep core and neutron probe

37.7 meters (from radioisotope
Heat flow experiment thermoelectric generator)

7 -5.7 meters

Probe 1

Lunar seismic profiling

experiment antenna 12.3 meters

Lunar surface gravimeter

7.8 mete
Lunar seismic profiling
experiment geophone module

Geophone 2
-d Geophone 1
i 47.2 meters
i
I
Lunar module
(approximately 185 meters)

i
N
26.6 meter

4.4 meters

Geophone 3 1
-
Geophone 4

Figure 4-3 .-
Apollo lunar surface experiments package
and neutron probe deployment.

. - ..._
-.
. .. . . .
 4-9

During t h e antenna alignment, centering of t h e east/west bubble l e v e l

w a s d i f f i c u l t , and near t h e end of t h e t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y , t h e
antenna l e v e l s e t t i n g s were rechecked. The east/west bubble w a s against
t h e east edge and t h e north/south bubble was centered, and no changes were
made. This amount of misalignment causes a somewhat g r e a t e r v a r i a t i o n i n
s i g n a l s t r e n g t h during t h e lunar l i b r a t i o n cycle, but it w i l l not impact
system commands or t h e transmission and reception of telemetry data.

I n i t i a l d a t a were received a t 0254 G.m.t. on December 12 and t h e re-

ceived s i g n a l s t r e n g t h , radioisotope t h e m o e l e c t r i c generator power, re-
serve power, and temperature s t a t u s were d l near the pre-mission predic-
t i o n s . The power output s t a b i l i z e d a t 75.8 watts during the f i r s t l u n a r
day and increased t o '7'7.2 w a t t s during the f i r s t l u n a r night. The auto-
matic power management c i r c u i t i s maintaining the average t h e r n a l p l a t e
temperature of t h e c e n t r a l s t a t i o n betveen 270.1' K and 324.8' K.

The telemetry s i g n a l power l e v e l , 2s received at various Spaceflight

Tracking and Data Network s i t e s , varied kl.5 dBm i n a sinusoidal manner
around t h e normal l e v e l and t h i s had no a f f e c t on t h e data. This varia-
t i o n w a s probably caused by a multipath phenomena produced by an antenna
side-lobe r e f l e c t i o n from the South Massif.

i
iI 4.3 HEAT FLOW EXEilIMENT

Two heat flow experiment (S-037) bore stems were d r i l l e d i n t o t h e

l u n a r surface t o t h e planned depth of 254 centimeters and the probes were
i n s e r t e d during t h e f i r s t extravehiculzr z c t i v i t y ( f i g . 4-4).

The t o t a l power-on time required t o & r i l l bore stem 1 i n t o the s o i l

w a s 3 minutes 46 seconds. The penetration rate was variable with a par-
t i c u l a r l y low penetration r a t e (40 centineters per minute) occurring a t
a depth of about 80 t o 100 centimeters. Between 120 and 200 centimeters
depth, t h e penetration r a t e w a s 84 centimeters per minute, and i n t h e
f i n a l 50 centimeters, t h e r a t e slowed t o about 60 centimeters per minute.
Based on crew comments and t e l e v i s e d v i s i b l e sudden torques on the d r i l l
handles, some rock fragments were probably encountered during the d r i l l i n g
operations. The f i r s t meter of probe hole 2 was d r i l l e d more rapidly than
t h a t of probe 1 and below 200 centimeters, a r e s i s t a n t l a y e r was encoun-
t e r e d which slowed progress t o about 60 centimeters per minute. Rock
fragments were frequently encountered during t h e d r i l l i n g of probe hole 2
which required a t o t a l power-on time of approximately 3 minutes.

The heat flow experiment w a s turned on at 0302 G.m.t. on December 1 2

and v a l i d temperature d a t a were received from all sensors. The operation
 4-10

thermorne
Reference
sci ter
; ; tce:+- box

- I- - * Thermocouple

. ._.....
$........-

I:: 1

245 crn-
-1- Solid faced b i t

Figure 4-4.- Relative locations of heat flow probes.

of t h e experiment has been s a t i s f a c t o r y . Probe 2 w a s operating before be-

ing i n s e r t e d i n t o t h e bore stem and a bore sten-and-probe temperature of
about 300' K was indicated immediately a f t e r insertion. From December 1 2
t o January 3 , t h e experiment w a s operated i n t h e normal gradient mode,
which samples each sensor every 7.2 minutes. Between January 3 and Jan-
uary 24, e i g h t low-conductivity experiments were conducted with a heater
power of 0.002 w a t t . One high-conductivity experiment w a s performed on
January 26.
 -
... .. .
, . . . . . ... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .

4-11

The r e f e r e n c e thermometer a t t a c h e d t o t h e experiment e l e c t r o n i c s

package r a d i a t o r p l a t e i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e package reaches a m a x i m u m tem-
p e r a t u r e o f 328' K at l u n a r noon, and rezmins at 290' K throughout t h e
lunar night.

4.4 LUNAR SEISMIC PROFILISG EXPERIMENT

The l u n a r s e i s m i c p r o f i l i n g experiment (S-203) geophone a r r a y w a s de-

ployed at t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e experiments s i t e ( f i g . 4-3). The experiment
w a s commanded on t o verify instrument o p e r a t i o n at 0358 G.m.t. on
December 1 2 .

The e x p l o s i v e packages were deployed as shown i n f i g u r e 4-2 d u r i n g

t h e t h r e e e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y p e r i o d s . A l l o f t h e e x p l o s i v e charges
were d e t o n a t e d by command and each of t h e geophones responded t o t h e det-
o n a t i o n s . The d e t o n a t i o n o f e x p l o s i v e peckage 7 w a s observed through t h e
t e l e v i s i o n camera.

The c e n t r a l s t a t i o n w a s commanded t o t h e high-bit-rate mode a t

2229 G . m . t . on December 1 4 t o r e c o r d t h e impulse produced by t h e l u n a r
module a s c e n t . A s t r o n g s e i s m i c s i g n a l response from t h e geophone array
was recorded. I
I

The l u n a r s e i s m i c p r o f i l i n g e x p e r i r e n t w a s again commanded t o t h e

h i g h - b i t - r a t e mode at 0636 G . m . t . on Decez?jer 1 5 t o r e c o r d t h e l m e r mod-
. d e a s c e n t s t a g e imoact. The i n p a c t occl;rred a t 19 degrees 59 ~ c u t e s
24 seconds n o r t h arrd 30 degrees 30 minut5s 36 seconds e a s t a t 0650 G . n . t .
on December 1 5 . The i n p a c t p o i n t was ori t h e south s l o p e of Soauh N8ssif,
about 8.4 k i l o n e t e r s southwest of t h e A ~ a L l o17 l a n d i n g s i t e .

Tne r e c o r d i n g of t h e seisrnic s i g n a l s produced by t h e d e t o n a t i c i of

t h e e i g h t e x p l o s i v e packeges, t o g e t h e r k f c h t h e s i g n a l from t h e l w a r mod-
ule a s c e n t s t a g e i m p a c t , have enhanced t 3 e knowledge o f t h e Pmar s t r u c -
t u r e . A t t h e Taurus-Littrow s i t e , t h e 1zm.r near-surface m a t e r i a l has a?
average s e i s m i c v e l o c i t y o f 250 meters rer second t o a depth of 248 me-
t e r s . There i s an i n d i c a t i o n of i n c r e a s e d apparent v e l o c i t i e s w i t h i n t h e
l u n a r near-suri'ace material , s u g g e s t i n g -,he presence o f p o s s i b l e i n t e r -
s t r a t i f i e d material, perhaps t h i n lava flow. Beneath t h e 250 ineters p e r
second m a t e r i a l , t h e s e i s m i c v e l o c i t y i n c r e a s e s t o 1200 meters p e r second,
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f a competent lava flow. The t h i c k n e s s of t h e 1200 meters
p e r second material i s about 925 meters. Underlying t h e 1200 meters per
second l a y e r i s material o f an undetermined t h i c k n e s s which p o s s e s s e s a
seismic v e l o c i t y o f about 4000 meters p e r second.

. -
 4-12

When t h e Apollo 17 data are combined with d a t a from t h e e a r l i e r mis-

s i o n s , it should be p o s s i b l e t o determine t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e lunar c r u s t
t o a depth of approximately 1 0 kilometers.

4.5 LUNAR ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION EXPERIMENT

The l u n a r atmospheric composition experiment (S-205) deployment i s

shown i n f i g u r e 4-3. All a c t i v i t i e s associated with t h e deployment were
completed as planned. The dust cover w a s opened on December 18 at approx-
imately 0420 G . m . t . a f t e r t h e l a s t lunar s e i s a i c p r o f i l i n g experiment ex-
plosive package w a s detonated. After allowing t h e r a d i a t o r temperature
t o decrease from a peak of 340.8O K (before cover removal), t o 327.5' K ,
nine hours of ion source outgassing w a s a c c o q l i s h e d t h e following day
with a temperature of 523O K having been reached.

The f i r s t a c t i v a t i o n of t h e experiment occurred on December 27 at

approximately 1800 G . m . t . The instrument resgonded w e l l t o commands and
w a s operating normally except f o r a background count ramp i n the low- and
mid-mass channels. The presence of t h i s i n t e r f e r e n c e w i l l not cause t h e
l o s s of d a t a , but it w i l 1 : i n c r e a s e t h e d i f f i c u l t y i n reducing t h e data
from t h i s p o r t i o n of t h e spectrum. This anozzly i s discussed i n section
15.4.5. !

Operation throughout t h e f i r s t lunation w a s characterized by good

performance of t h e instrument except f o r two occasions during lunar sun-
rise when t h e instrument switched i n t o t h e high-voltage-lock mode, which
stopped t h e stepping of t h e sweep voltage. "wo l o g i c system noise b u r s t s ,
which occurred j u s t after s u n r i s e , m a y have caused t h e sweep high voltage
t o be commanded i n t o lock. On both occasions, t h e s i t u a t i o n w a s properly
r e c t i f i e d by commanding t h e sweep high volt2g2 back on.

Many r e s i d u a l peaks were observed i n the spectrum, but only t h e he-

l i u m peak i s c l e a r l y n a t i v e t o t h e moon. The remainder are at l e a s t par-
C i a l l y due t o outgassing of t h e instrument, the l u n a r module, and t h e
Apollo l u n a r surface experiments package, as evidenced by t h e peaks de-
creasing i n amplitude throughout t h e l u n a r night.

Sunrise brought a l a r g e increase i n all peaks i n t h e spectrum except

helium which decreased as would be expected if it were a native nonconden-
s i b l e gas. Operation was c u r t a i l e d 24 hours a f t e r s u n r i s e because of t h e
very high gas d e n s i t i e s i n t h e ion source chanber (approximately l o 9 m o l -
ecules p e r cubic centimeter) from material outgassing. A 15-minute period
of operation w a s performed at lunar noon. Full-time operation was begun
again a few hours before sunset on January 23. There was a marked de-
crease i n gas d e n s i t i e s about t h e t i m e of s m s e t .

.....'r-...=..
.,
.-
i
: :"
. .
. ...
 4-1 3

Daytime o p e r a t i o n w i l l be l i m i t e d t o those times when t h e outgassing

l e v e l s a r e t o l e r a b l e . A s i n d i c a t e d by t h e d a t a from previous missions ,
t h e i n s t r u m e n t , s i t e , and o t h e r a r t i f a c t s will e v e n t u a l l y be s u f f i c i e n t l y
f r e e of o u t g a s s i n g contaminants t o enable t h e lunar atmospheric composi-
t i o n experiment t o produce high q u a l i t y data.

4.6 LUNAR EJECTA AND METEORITES EXPERIMENT

The l u n a r e j e c t a and m e t e o r i t e s eGeriment (S-202) deployment i s shown

i n f i g u r e 4-3. The r a d i a t o r mirror w a s uncovered at 0957 G . m . t . on Decem-
b e r 21, a f t e r detonation of t h e l a s t explosive package and when t h e i n -
t e r n a l s t r u c t u r a l temperature had decreesed t o 344' K. The experiment was
o p e r a t e d f o r about 1 5 hours on December 22 but w a s turned o f f because of
r i s i n g temperatures. The experiment WES turned on again on December 23
t o r e c o r d t h e background n o i s e r a t e f o r t h e instrument. The sensor covers
were not removed u n t i l December 28, a f t e r conpletion of continuous opera-
t i o n which encompassed about 60 hours of l u n a r day and about 50 hours of
l u n a r n i g h t . The instrument data i n d i c z t e t h a t t h e background noise r a t e
was e s s e n t i a l l y zero.

The instrument is: i n t h e full o p e r e t i n g mode from sun angles of 20'

b e f o r e s u n s e t through 20' a f t e r s u n r i s e because of a thermal c o n t r o l prob-
lem d u r i n g t h e lunar day. Section 1 5 . 4 . 3 contains a discussion of t h i s
anomaly. F o r t u n a t e l y , t h e instrument neasurenents of e j e c t a a r e b e s t per-
formed during t h e l u n a r n i g h t when t h e y i m a r y p a r t i c l e impact r a t e s a r e
n e a r zero. The instrument w i l l remain o f f during most of t h e l u n a r day
u n t i l t h e s c i e n c e o b j e c t i v e s which can be achieved during l u n a r n i g h t a r e
f u l f i l l e d or u n t i l s a t i s f a c t o r y thermal c o n t r o l can be a t t a i n e d .

The measurements i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e detected number of l u n a r e j e c t a

p a r t i c l e s compare w i t h i n an o r d e r of magnitude t o t h e number of primary
p a r t i c l e s . The measurements a r e v e r i o i n g t h a t t h e bulk of cosmic dust
m a t e r i a l comes from t h e g e n e r a l d i r e c t i c n of t h e sun which agrees w i t h
. t h e r e s u l t s obtained from similar i n s t r m e n t s c a r r i e d on Pioneer 8 and 9.

4.7 LUNAR SURFACE GRAVIXETER EXPERIMEmT

The l u n a r s u r f a c e gravimeter experiment (S-207) ( f i g . 4-3) was a c t i v -

a t e d a t 0523 G.m.t. on December 1 2 , and following a c t i v a t i o n , t h e d a t a
( s c i e n c e and e n g i n e e r i n g ) i n d i c a t e d n o m a l operations. However, t h e ad-
d i t i o n of a l l masses a p p a r e n t l y set t h e sensor beam a g a i n s t t h e lower s t o p
and removal of one mass a p p a r e n t l y moved t h e beam against t h e upper s t o p .
Operation o f t h e adjustment screws f a i l e d t o n u l l t h e beam and t h e second
adding o f all masses f a i l e d t o move t h e beam t o t h e lower s t o p . "his anom-
a l y i s discussed i n s e c t i o n 15.4.1.
. .. '. .. . ' . ~ . ..-. ..__
..I.- *

4-14

On January 3, 1973, t h e experiment was re-configured, and t h e s e n s o r

beam w a s c e n t e r e d by a d j u s t i n g t h e mass change mechanism t o o b t a i n long-
term s e i s m i c and free-mode s c i e n c e d a t a . I n t h i s r e v i s e d c o n f i g u r a t i o n ,
t i d a l d a t a are n o t b e i n g o b t a i n e d , but t h e experiment i s c o l l e c t i n g long-
t e r m s e i s m i c and f r e e mode i n f o r m a t i o n .

The l u n a r s u r f a c e g r a v i m e t e r experiment s e n s o r ' s i n i t i a l on-scale

t e m p e r a t w e of 321.5' K o c c u r r e d at about 2054 G . r n . t . , December 1 4 , some
63 hours after i n i t i a l turn-on. The experiments senso-: temperature now
remains s t a b i l i z e d at 322.323' K . The i n s t r m e n 5 s subsystem compor-ents
c o n t i n u e t o o p e r a t e normally p r o v i d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g st ztrs d&a.

4.8 TRAVERSE GFUIVIMETER EPZRIMENT

The traverse g r a v i m e t e r experiment (S-1% ) ?lade an earth-moon gav! ;,

t i e and o b t a i n e d t h e v a l u e o f g r a v i t y at varicis s t o p s along t h e travers-s,
r e l a t i v e t o t h e v a l u e of g r a v i t y at t h e l a r d i n g s i t e . Using a b s o l u t e grav-
i t y neasurements on t h e E a r t h , a preliminari- v d u e o f 162 694 (ts) m i l l i -
g a l s w a s o b t a i n e d at t h e Taurus-Littrow l z n d i n g s i t e . The nuqber cf sta-
t i o n s ( 1 2 ) a t which d i s c r e t e g r a v i t y measu_rere.its %-ere made ( f i g . 4-2 and --- "
..
t a b l e 4-1) w a s about as pl$nned w i t h an e x t r a ?ezsurernent beinq m d e n-t .. .*
.- . L i
-. .
s t z t i o n 2 A and no measuremhts t a k e n a t s t a z i c n I_ 'Decstuse of t a e coa-
straints. l

The h a r d v a r e p e r f o r x e d s a t i s f a c t o r i i y .:=:zs; - f o r d i f f e r e n c e s betwees

measurements made OLI t h e l u n a r roving vehLcL.1- 5r-l r?Esurerr.ec%s mile w i t h
t h e experiment r e s t i n g on t h e s u r f a c e a t tht ~ - 1 -s;tes. t The v a l u e s EX?ZS--
u r e d OI? t h e s u r f a c e were dws.ys lower. Yc? L ? ' - r e n c e ir, t h e g r a v i t y mas-
u r e a e n t a t t h e l a n d i n g p o i n t w a s 4.6 m i l l i g r l s . IS s t z t i o n 8 it was 6.?
m i l l i g a l s , md a t s z a t i o n 9 it w a s 6.2 r C i : g ? - - s . The reason f o r t k i s
discrepancy i s n o t k n o m . I n i n i t i a l postf;ig3t c a l c u l a t i o n s , &TI e z g i r i -
c a l c o r r e c t i o n of -6 m i l l i g d w a s e s t a b l i s h ? 3:-a l l v a l u e s neasxred vhen
t h e experiment w a s mounted on t h e l u n a r r o v i r g v e h i c l e .

A p r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s of' t h e data has &$r, mzde by p r o j e c t i n g it t o

a northwest-southeast p r o f i l e and by making t-$9 S m e n s i o n a l a p p r o x i n a t i o n s
f o r all t h e r e d u c t i o n s and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . F r e e - a i r and Bouguer c m r e c -
t i o n s were a p p l i e d t o t h e d a t a . The r e s u l t a t Bouguer c o r r e c t i o n s shows
v a l u e s at s t a t i o n s 2 A and 8, n e a r t h e South North Massifs, r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
which a r e more t h a n 20 m i l l i g a l s lower t h m t h e v a l u e a t t h e l a n d i n g s i t e .
The v a r i a t i o n of Bouguer v a l u e s i n t h e c e n t r z l p a r t of t h e v a l l e y are r e l -
a t i v e l y small, a l t h o u g h t h e value at s t a t i o n 4 i s a few m i l l i g a l s h i g h e r
and t h e value q t s t a t i o n 5 i s a f e w m i l l i g a l s lower t h a n t h e value a t t h e
l a n d i n g s i t e . A p r e l i m i n a r y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e gross features of t h e
g r a v i t y p r o f i l e i s a model w i t h basalt flows having a p o s i t i v e d e n s i t y
c o n t r a s t of 0.8 gram per c u b i c c e n t i m e t e r and a t h i c k n e s s o f 1 k i l o m e t e r
buried under t h e v a l l e y f l o o r .
 . . j .
.. . . . . . . .

4-15

The surface e l e c t r i c a l properties experiment (S-204) w a s deployed as

shown i n f i g u r e 4-2, and w a s u t i l i z e d during portions of both t h e second
and t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y periods. During t h e t r a n s m i t t e r deploy-
ment, a problem w a s encountered i n keeping the s o l a r panel open because
of memory i n t h e s o l a r panel wiring harness. The crew resolved the prob-
lem by t a p i n g t h e panel f u l l y open. Also, during t h e deployment of t h e
t r a n s m i t t e r antennas, t h e two s e t s of dipoles were reversed from the
planned o r i e n t a t i o n . The e f f e c t of t h e reversal w a s corrected i n the
data reduction process with no l o s s of data.

A thermal c o n t r o l problem with the surface e l e c t r i c a l properties re-

ceiver caused the premature termination of the experiment. This problem
i s discussed i n d e t a i l i n section 15.4.2.

Despite t h e s e problems, when the surface e l e c t r i c a l properties ex-

periment recorder w a s returned t o e a r t h , 1 hour and 42 minutes of data
.- :
. . ._ had been obtained.
._.........
.
: ..,
_.._
. . ; ".
k.10 ' LUNAR NEUTRON PROBE EXPERIMENT
I
I
The lunar neutron probe experiment (S-229) w a s deployed as shown i n
f i g u r e 4-3 and emplaced i n t h e deep d r i l l core hole during t h e f i r s t ex-
t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y period. The 2-meter probe was r e t r i e v e d and deac-
t i v a t e d a t t h e end of t h e t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y period, accruing
49 hours of exposure. The s i t e was approximately 38 meters north of t h e
Apollo l u n a r surface experiments package radioisotope thermoelectric gen-
e r a t o r ( f i g . 4-3). Corrections required because of t h e proximity of t h e
generator, which i s a s t r o n g source of neutrons, should be s m a l l ; although
experimentation i s necessary t o determine the s i z e of t h e correction.
-.
The probe w a s returned, disassembled, and the t a r g e t s and detectors
, -
. . were i n e x c e l l e n t condition.

The background due t o t h e d i r e c t i n t e r a c t i o n of t h e fast neutrons

from t h e radioisotope thermoelectric generator with t h e p l a s t i c w a s meas-
ured, and appears t o be n e g l i g i b l e .

Only t h e mica d e t e c t o r s have been completely examined. Analysis of

t h e remaining d e t e c t o r s and d a t a i s continuing and w i l l be completed after
p o s t f l i g h t c a l i b r a t i o n of t h e probe. Although t h e c a l i b r a t i o n data have
not been completely processed, t h e t r a c k d e n s i t i e s are i n t h e expected
range. The neutron capture r a t e s appear t o be within a f a c t o r of two of
those estimated from t h e t h e o r e t i c a l calculations.
.- . . . . .- . I. . ~ . . _. . . . ... . . .... . .

4-16

4.11 COSMIC RAY DETECTOR EXPERIMENT

The cosmic ray d e t e c t o r experiment (S-152) w a s deployed by p u l l i n g

t h e s l i d e cover open and hanging t h e cover i n t h e shade while t h e box w a s
i n t h e sun on t h e lunar module. I n both cases, t h e nuclear p a r t i c l e de-
t e c t o r s faced outward from t h e l u n a r module. The detectors were exposed
t o t h e lunar environment f o r approximately 45.5 hours. No degradation of
any of t h e d e t e c t o r surfaces w a s found. Microscopic examination of t h e
detector surfaces showed very l i t t l e dust. The maximum temperature o f
approximately 400' K (as shown by temperature l a b e l s ) was well below t h e
critical l i m i t .

The t r a c k s of heavy s o l a r wind ions a r e c l e a r l y v i s i b l e , as a r e t h e

t r a c k s of intermediate-energy heavy p a r t i c l e s . The flux of t h e l a t t e r i s
s u r p r i s i n g l y high (approximately 6 x lo3 tracks per square centimeter)
and i n d i c a t e t h a t the sun emits an appreciable flux of p a r t i c l e s i n t h e
range of 1 0 keV p e r nucleon t o 1 0 meV per nucleon, even at times of quiet
sun. These p a r t i c l e s were found i n both t h e shade and sun detectors and
thus a r e not d i r e c t l y associated with t h e s o l a r wind. The t r a c k s have
been seen i n t h e mica, g l a s s , and p l a s t i c detectors. The energy spectrum
i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t of s o l a r f l a r e s . This intermediate energy component
i s possibly associated with a v i s u a l l y a c t i v e sun spot area t h a t was
present during t h e e n t i r e jApollo 17 mission. This experiment i s the
f i r s t flown t h a t could have detected the presence of t h e intermediate-
energy p a r t i c l e s . The presence of t h e intermediate-energy p a r t i c l e s w i l l
l i m i t t h e degree t o which t h e radon atmosphere can be established at the
Apollo 17 s i t e , but t h i s c o n s t i t u t e s no degradation of the basic experi-
ment.
.. . ...,. . _
.. .. . >.,.. .. . . .. .. . . . . , . . . ..

4-17

4.12 LUNAR GEOLOGY

4.12.1 Sample Collection

Areas sampled f o r t h e l u n a r geology investigation (S-059) during the

extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s included all of the mapped units at t h e s i t e
( f i g . 4-2). The v a r i a t i o n and Iocation of t h e 110.405 kilograms of rocks
and s o i l s c o l l e c t e d a r e presented i n the following t a b l e .

a
Type of material Locations where found
~ ~~

Dark mantle Stations U , 5 , 8 , 9 , landing s i t e , and

lunar roving vehicle stops 1, 3, 7 , 8, 9 ,
and ll.

Sub f l o o r Stations l A , 5 , 9 , landing s i t e , and lunar

roving vehicle stops 3 and 9.

Bright mantle S t a t i o n s 2 , 3, lunar roving vehicle stops

2 , 4 , 5, 6, and possible s t a t i o n 4.
!

South Massif i S t a t i o n 2.
I

North Massif Stations 6 , 7 , and possibly at lunar rov-

ing vehicle stop 1 0 .

Young c r a t e r e j e c t a Stations 4 and 9 .

a
Figure 4-2 shows t h e l o c a t i o n s of a l l s t a t i o n s and sampling stops.

Most of t h e rocks c o l l e c t e d were described as c r y s t a l l i n e , with b a s a l t s

and blue-gray breccias being the dominant rock types. The breccias ex-
h i b i t a very complex multi-cycle h i s t o r y , and breccias apparently occur
as inclusions i n t h e a n o r t h o s i t i c gabbro. A v a r i e t y of compositions was
obvious among t h e s m a l l c l a s t s i n the breccias.

Only s t a t i o n 1 0 w a s deleted from the preplanned s t a t i o n s . The crew

drove p a s t t h e s t a t i o n 1 0 a r e a and verbally reported t h e rock types. The
s t a t i o n 4 sampling t a s k s on t h e b r i g h t mantle were deleted because of t h e
s h o r t t i m e at t h e s t a t i o n i n preference t o sampling t h e f i r s t p r i o r i t y
t a r g e t - Shorty Crater. Sampling at all other s t a t i o n s was as planned.
A 3.2-meter core was obtained at t h e Apollo lunar surface experiments
package s i t e . Single cores w e r e collected a t t h e l u n a r module and a t sta-
t i o n 6. Double cores were collected at s t a t i o n s 3, 4 , and 9 ( t h e lower
i stem from s t a t i o n 3 w a s placed i n the core sample vacuum container). The
. ...
4-18

s p e c i a l environmental sample container w a s used f o r t h e f u e l products con-

tamination sample a t t h e lunar module. Rake samples were collected a t
s t a t i o n s lA, 2, 3, 6, and 8. Sampling of permanently shadowed areas were
attempted at s t a t i o n 2 and 6, but were probably successful only at sta-
t i o n 6. Samples from t h e t o p &nd bottom of a boulder and the s o i l under
it were c o l l e c t e d at s t a t i o n 8. Documented rock and s o i l samples were
. . collected at a l l s t a t i o n s and most l u n a r roving vehicle sampling stops.
. ;; Panoramic photographs taken from t h e v i c i n i t i e s of s t a t i o n s 4 , 5 , and 6
are shown i n f i g u r e s 4-5 through 4-7.

4.12.2 Summary of Geology

To provide a context f o r t h e individual sample location descriptions,

a b r i e f description of t h e geologic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of each sampling sta-
-> t i o n i s included. The s t a t i o n s and lunar roving vehicle sample stops a r e
- _ described i n the sequence i n which they occurred on t h e t r a v e r s e s . The
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s i n t h e s e summaries a r e t e n t a t i v e and some w i l l almost cer-
t a i n l y be modified a f t e r more information on the samples i s available.

4.12.2.1 S t a t i o n at landing s i t e area.- The landing s i t e s t a t i o n i s

located i n t h r e e general areas ranging f r o n 200 meters e a s t t o 200 meters
west of t h e lunar module y d covering approximately 0.5 square kilometer.
The s t a t i o n i s l o c a t e d near t h e center of Taurus-Littrow valley i n an a r e a
where fine- t o coarse-grained subfloor b a s z l t s are overlain by a r e g o l i t h
t h a t may contain or be overlain by dark mantling material.

The v a l l e y f l o o r at the s t a t i o n i s smooth, l o c a l l y f l a t , and only

gently r o l l i n g . The abundance of surface rocks i s higher than the re-
gional average f o r t h e v a l l e y f l o o r and rvlges from 2 t o 7 percent a t t h e
l u n a r module and experiments package s i t e s t o l e s s than 1 t o 2 percent a t
t h e surface e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s transmitter/antenna s i t e . Blocks range
up t o a m a x i m u m of 4 meters i n t h e experiments package area, and rock bur-
ial and f i l l e t i n g i n t h e s t a t i o n a r e a i s pronounced on some meter-sized
blocks.

Rock types a t t h e s t a t i o n a r e extremely l i m i t e d and consist predom-

i n a n t l y of coarse-grained subfloor basalt with l o c a l fine-grained vari-
a t i o n s . Clods of s o i l b r e c c i a associated with impact events a r e a l s o
present. Rock sample types c o l l e c t e d at the three areas of t h e s t a t i o n
include : L u n a r module s i t e (1 glass-coated breccia; 2 coarse-grained
b a s a l t s ; 1 fine-grained b a s a l t ) ; Experiments package s i t e (1s o i l b r e c c i a ;
1 coarse-grained b a s a l t ; 1 fine-grained b a s a l t ) ; Surface e l e c t r i c a l prop-
. . e r t i e s antenna s i t e (possibly 3 fine-grained b a s a l t s ) . There i s evidence
t h a t t h e fine-gyained basalts a r e more common a t t h e surface e l e c t r i c a l
properties antenna area e a s t of t h e l u n a r module s i t e . Other samples in-
clude a deep core sample (3.2 meters) and a single core tube.
 c
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4-23

S o i l s a r e comonly medium dark gray and more cohesive with depth t o

a depth of 25 t o 35 centimeters. The s o i l consists of l a y e r s of d i f f e r e n t
d r i l l i n g r e s i s t a n c e judging from t h e a l t e r n a t i n g zones of easy t o d i f f i -
c u l t d r i l l i n g t h a t were encountered i n all holes, with t h e most r e s i s t a n t
zone being at about 2 meters. There are no consptcuous surface lineaments
i n t h e s t a t i o n are.. "Raindrop" texture i s common over t h e a r e a but most
pronounced at t h e surface e l e c t r i c a l properties antenna s i t e . Exotic
feldspar-rich components from t h e North and South Massif u n i t s do not ap-
pear t o be abundant i n t h e r e g o l i t h a t the s t a t i o n .

The surface i n t h e s t a t i o n area contains many s u b t l e 20-centimeter

t o 2-meter c r a t e r s , t h e l a t t e r probably representing t h e current steady-
s t a t e l i m i t of c r z t e r s i z e . The nearest large c r a t e r s t o t h e s t a t i o n a r e
Rudolph (80-meter diameter), 70 meters t o the north of t h e experiments
package , and highly subdued Poppy (100-neter diameter) , 70 meters south
of t h e lunar module s i t e . Most of the observable surface blocks a r e as-
sociated with l a r g e r c r a t e r e j e c t a such as Camelot (600-meter diameter
and t o t h e west a distance of about 1-crater diameter).

The samples collected at the s t a t i o n represent v a r i e t i e s of coarse

t o fine-grained b a s a l t s t h a t make up the sub-regolith v a l l e y floor. A
d i s t i n c t l a y e r o f dark mantle material overlying r e g o l i t h was recognized
n e i t h e r on photographs from the mission nor by t h e crew during the mis-
s i o n , suggesting t h a t lthe upper part of the dark mantle, i f it e x i s t s as
a separate e n t i t y , ha2 been gardened i n t o a normal r e g o l i t h overlying t h e
subfloor b a s a l t s . The deep core sample taken a t t h e experiments package
s i t e should provide t h e best s t r a t i g r a p h i c data on t h e postulated dark
mantle material. However, gardening of dark mantle and normal r e g o l i t h
m a y have destroyed o r i g i n a l dark mantle depositional c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

4.12.2.2 S t a t i o n 1A.- Station 1A i s located about 1 kilometer south-

southeast of t h e surface e l e c t r i c a l properties antenna s i t e and about
150 meters from t h e northwest r i m of Steno Crater. Steno i s not v i s i b l e
i n any of t h e s t a t i o n photographs, but i t s north r i m i s apparently the
blocky a r e a t h a t r i s e s t o t h e south i n the photographs. The s t a t i o n i s
on t h e subdued e j e c t a blanket of Steno Crater t h a t has been covered by
dark mantle.

The s t a t i o n a r e a i s gently r o l l i n g , a r e f l e c t i o n of t h e influence of

t h e e j e c t a blanket o f Steno Crater, a 70-meter very subdued c r a t e r t o t h e
e a s t , and other hunmocks t h a t are remnants of older c r a t e r forms. The
s t a t i o n i s characterized by a s c a t t e r i n g of rQcks t h a t range up t o 1/2 t o
1 meter. Some d i s t a n t boulders on t h e rim of Steno range up t o several
meters. Boulders a r e concentrated around smaller c r a t e r s only near t h e
10-meter s t a t i o n c r a t e r . Other concentrations do not seem t o be r e l a t e d
t o c r a t e r r i m s . Fillets are not w e l l developed; b u r i a l of blocks ranges
from perched t o almost t o t a l l y buried.
 . . - .i...l .

..:. .. .

4-24

The major sampling areas are a 10-meter blocky r i m c r a t e r and a rake

sample from a r e l a t i v e l y f l a t area f r e e of blocks 15 meters east of t h e
blocky c r a t e r . The sample areas represent the extremes of rock concen-
t r a t i o n s . Sampling of t h e 10-meter blocky c r a t e r yielded only subfloor
b a s a l t fragments from t h e two l a r g e boulders t h a t were sampled. Sampling
of t h e i n t e r c r a t e r area yielded some subfloor b a s a l t samples plus some
fragments t h a t no doubt represent exotic material.

The fine-grained s o i l seems t o be the sane gray tone everywhere i n

t h e s t a t i o n area. There are no obvious lighter-toned zones, and no con-
centration of raindrop impressions or lineanents.

Craters i n t h e s t a t i o n a r e a range from several centimeters up t o

t e n s of meters. Most are moderately subdued t o very subdued. Ejecta i s
r e a d i l y apparent only around t h e 10-meter blocky c r a t e r t h a t i s the prime
sampling area.

The fragment samples are important because they a r e examples of sub-

f l o o r b a s a l t , derived from t h e c r a t e r f l o o r or possibly re-excavated Steno
e j e c t a . The s o i l samples a r e s i g n i f i c a n t as examples of material t h a t
probably represents dark mantle.

4.12.2.3 F i r s t lunar roving vehicle svnDle stop.- The f i r s t lunar ._..

.. .
....
.-.
..._.
.
roving vehicle sample stop i s l o c a t e d d o n g the route from t h e lunar mod- .. ...
.%.
.. .-. . .
i '
u l e area t o s t a t i o n 2 , bet!ween Horatio and Bronte Craters. Like t h e l u n a r I

module a r e a and s t a t i o n 1, t h e sample stop area i s i n the dark mantle u n i t

shown on premission photogeologic maps; the surface appearance, however,
i s quite different.

Both t h e l u n a r module area and s t a t i o n 1 are within a c l u s t e r of

l a r g e (0.5- t o 0.7-kilometer diameter) c r a t e r s , and t h e landscape i s char-
a c t e r i z e d by boulders and smaller blocks probably e j e c t e d from those cra-
t e r s . The v i s i b l e younger c r a t e r s more than a few meters i n diameter a r e
. . a l s o blocky, probably because of re-excavated blocks from the e j e c t a blan-
. . k e t s of t h e l a r g e c r a t e r s . The block-studded dark mantle of t h e lunar
.. .
module a r e a extends t o t h e v i c i n i t y of Horatio Crater.
..... . .
. -.. .
West of Horatio, t h e dark mantle surface appears s t r i k i n g l y smooth;
~

l e s s than one percent of t h e area i s covered by rock fragments, and t h e s e

a r e noticeably smaller than those t y p i c a l of the lunar module area. Cra-
t e r s more than one meter across are widely separated, and some c r a t e r s as
l a r g e as 20 or 30 meters i n diameter are block f r e e . Craters with e j e c t e d
fragments of s o i l b r e c c i a are a l s o present.

This difference i n t h e nature of t h e c r a t e r e j e c t a and t h e general

block population i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e dark mantle west of Horatio, where
t h i s sample w a s obtained, i s l i k e l y t o be less mixed with material de-
r i v e d from t h e subfloor u n i t .
 I .
. .. .. .. - . I . .. . 1 . ..

4-25

The f i r s t l u n a r roving vehicle sample stop a r e a was selected by t h e

crew on a ray from one of the r a r e , blocky rimmed c r a t e r s i n t h i s gener-
a l l y block-free area. The c r a t e r i s 1 0 t o 1 5 meters i n diameter, and
t h e sample was taken from about three-fourths of a c r a t e r diameter out
from t h e r i m . The rocks are i r r e g u l a r and jagged, but some have rounded
tops as if e a s i l y eroded. A l l t h e blocks from t h e c r a t e r are l e s s than
1 meter i n diameter with t h e l a r g e s t r e s t i n g on the c r a t e r r i m . B u r i a l
seems i n s i g n i f i c a n t , f i l l e t s a r e not present, and dust i s not seen upon
t h e rocks. The s o i l of t h e a r e a appears t y p i c a l of t h e dark mantle re-
gion. Other c r a t e r s i n t h e a r e a are e i t h e r block-free o r have ejected
what seem t o be clods of s o i l breccia. The rock fragment sampled from
t h e c r a t e r e j e c t a i s a piece of hard rock, probably subfloor basalt.

4.12.2.4 Second lunar roving vehicle sample stop.- The second l u n a r

roving vehicle sample stop w a s made on the tongue of l i g h t mantle about
3.6 kilometers west of t h e lunar module. The sample w a s scooped from t h e
b r i g h t r i m of a c r a t e r . The location of the sampled a r e a i n the photo-
graphs taken along t h e t r a v e r s e route i s very t e n t a t i v e .

Rock fragments up t o s e v e r a l centimeters across a r e sparse, but t h e

driving photographs, which were taken downsun, are not adequate t o deter-
mine t h e population of rock fragments i n d e t a i l . The crew reported t h a t
t h e population of fra+nts l a r g e r than 1 centimeter across i s l e s s than
c .
i . 1 percent. They a l s o reported a few l a r g e r blocks t h a t look l i k e sub-
f l o o r material but noted t h a t it w a s d i f f i c u l t t o be sure. They reported
t h a t t h e r i m s of t h e c r a t e r s i n t h e l i g h t mantle are somewhat brighter
than those i n t h e dark mantle, and t h a t the albedo of t h e surface ap-
peared somewhat b r i g h t e r looking downsun. Otherwise, t h e surf ace appears
similar t o t h a t of t h e dark mantle.
. .
. -
.. Craters up t o 5 meters i n diameter a r e f a i r l y common i n the sample
.. ..--
. /., I'
area. Most a r e subdued or have only s l i g h t l y r a i s e d r i m s . Small cloddy
c r a t e r s a r e s c a t t e r e d along the traverse route.

The material sampled probably represents l i g h t mantle material t h a t

. w a s e j e c t e d from t h e c r a t e r .

4.12.2.5 T h i r d lunar rovinp vehicle sample stop.- The t h i r d lunar

roving vehicle sample s t o p w a s made at a s i t e i n t h e dark mantle between
t h e main body of l i g h t mantle and a finger of l i g h t mantle t h a t l i e s t o
t h e southeast. The area resembles t h e dark mantle surface at the first
l u n a r roving vehicle sample stop r a t h e r than t h e dark mantle surface a t
t h e l u n a r module and s t a t i o n 1. It appears i n t h e surface photography as
an exceptionally smooth-surfaced f l a t a r e a with a pock-marked appearance
caused by widely spaced craters t h a t are nearly f r e e of blocks on t h e i r
r i m s ; t h e s o i l between c r a t e r s has a "raindrope1 appearance. The block
population covers less than 1 percent of t h e area, and a l l blocks are
less than 1 meter across. Clods of s o i l breccia a r e present on the r i m s
of a few c r a t e r s less than 3 meters across.
 .-. . . . - . - .. . .:. I . , .- . , . . ..

. . .. 4-26
-.
._
. .. _--.
. ..
Samples include a rock fragment and a "couple o f teaspoons" of s o i l .
The rock i s from a c l u s t e r of rocks on t h e surface t h a t are not c l e a r l y
r e l a t e d t o any c r a t e r . The rocks i n t h e a r e a a l l appear similar and re-
semble subfloor b a s a l t . The s o i l sample i s a scoop o f s o i l f r o m t h e same
area, and can be considered t y p i c a l of t h e surface material i n a dark man-
t l e a r e a free of l a r g e blocks. There i s no evidence of t h e presence of
l i g h t mantle d e b r i s i n t h e a r e a of t h e t h i r d l u n a r roving v e h i c l e sample
stop.

4.12.2.6 S t a t i o n 2.- S t a t i o n 2 i s located at t h e foot of South

. . Massif where it i n t e r s e c t s t h e southeast margin of Nansen C r a t e r , and near
. '. -.i t h e contact between t h e l i g h t mantle and materials of t h e South Massif.
. ..
Rock chips were c o l l e c t e d from t h r e e boulders, and s o i l was c o l l e c t e d from
.. .
near and under t h e boulders, i n a s m a l l a r e 2 low o n . t h e slopes of t h e South
-.: - Massif. A rake sample was c o l l e c t e d from t h e same a r e a and another from
an a r e a about 40 meters n o r t h e a s t of t h e base of t h e massif, i n t h e l i g h t
mantle.

Rocks v i s i b l e i n t h e photographs i n and around t h e sampled a r e a vary

i n s i z e from less than 1 centimeter across up t o boulders more than 2 me-
t e r s a c r o s s . Rocks are more abundant near the base of t h e slope than at
intermediate e l e v a t i o n s or out on t h e l i g h t mantle. Most of t h e rocks
l a r g e r than 25 centimeter4 a r e rounded, and smaller rocks range from ang- , I

ular t o rounded. I
I _*

Rocks of all s i z e s vary from almost t o t a l l y buried t o v i r t u a l l y no

b u r i a l . F i l l e t s a r e poorly developed except on t h e u p h i l l s i d e s of rocks
t h a t a r e on slopes g r e a t e r than 1 0 degrees. The downhill s i d e s of such
rocks commonly have no f i l l e t s .

. . Except f o r rocks i n t h e rake sample, the rock samples t h a t were col-

... -
.-
l e c t e d from t h e lower slopes of South Massif were chipped from t h r e e boul-
. .
d e r s , two o f which are about 2 meters across and t h e t h i r d about 2/3 meter
a c r o s s . The boulders a r e complex c r y s t a l l i n e b r e c c i a s which probably
e i t h e r r o l l e d or were e j e c t e d from c r a t e r s higher on South Massif. S o i l
w a s c o l l e c t e d from beneath overhangs on the two l a r g e r boulders, and t h e
s o i l beneath t h e smaller boulder w a s c o l l e c t e d a f t e r r o l l i n g t h e boulder.
S o i l was c o l l e c t e d from t h e f i l l e t of t h e southernmost boulder, and a rake
sample w a s taken from an a r e a about 5 meters e a s t of t h i s boulder. Another
rake sample w a s c o l l e c t e d from t h e l i g h t m a n t l e about 50 meters north of
t h e break i n slope a t t h e base of t h e South Massif, i n an a r e a of sparse
rock fragments.

.. .i.
S o i l i n t h e sample area i s l i g h t t o medium gray. The surface i s sat-
u r a t e d by c r a t e r l e t s up t o about 5 centimeters i n diameter. The s o i l ap-
.. pears from b o o t p r i n t s t o have a r a t h e r low cohesiveness.
 4-27

Craters 3 t o 5 meters i n diameter are common, but most a r e e i t h e r

subdued o r have only s l i g h t l y r a i s e d r i m s . No blocky c r a t e r s are v i s i b l e
i n t h e area of s t a t i o n 2, and there i s no evidence t h a t any of the f r e s h e r
c r a t e r s penetrate t o consolidated rock. A few s m a l l , cloddy c r a t e r s a r e
v i s i b l e , but none are i n t h e immediate sampling areas.

"he crew reported seeing lobes of unconsolidated material extending

from t h e slopes of South Massif onto t h e l i g h t mantle. The lobes a r e es-
p e c i a l l y prominent on t h e south w a l l of Nansen Crater and encroach onto
t h e north w a l l , suggesting downslope mass wasting. Visible lobes do not
extend as f a r as t h e rake sample area of t h e l i g h t mantle.

The boulders a r e probably representative of material from high on

t h e slope of South Massif; t h e f i n e s i n the v i c i n i t y of t h e boulders a r e
probably derived l a r g e l y from South Massif, but with some contamination
from c r a t e r e j e c t a o f f t h e l i g h t and dzrk mantles. The rake sample on
t h e l i g h t mantle probably contains l i g h t mantle and some material. .ejected
o f f South Massif and from t h e dark mantle.

4.12.2.7 S t a t i o n 2A ( f o u r t h lunar roving vehicle sample stop).-

S t a t i o n 2A i s l o c a t e d about 500 meters northeast of Hansen Crater on t h e
l i g h t mantle. It w a s o r i g i n a l l y planned as a lunar rover sample s t o p , but
during t h e mission, it w a s decided t o take a traverse gravimeter reading
at t h i s stop. While iff t h e rover, t h e crew collected four samples.
I
Rock fragments up t o s e v e r a l centineters i n diameter cover l e s s than
one percent of t h e surface. Many appear t o be only s l i g h t l y buried, and
f i l l e t s a r e poorly developed.

The crew described t h e surface material as blue-gray s o i l t o a depth

of about 5 t o 1 0 centimeters, and a lighter-colored s o i l below. The sur-
face i s s a t u r a t e d with c r a t e r s up t o 5 centimenters i n diameters.

Larger c r a t e r s up t o about 5 meters i n diameter a r e sparse t o f a i r l y

common. Most of t h e c r a t e r s are subdued o r have only s l i g h t l y r a i s e d r i m s .
None of t h e c r a t e r s have blocky e j e c t a , but a few appear t o be cloddy.

Samples c o l l e c t e d include a fragment, probably breccia; a clod which

d i s i n t e g r a t e d t o s o i l by t h e time it reached t h e Lunar Receiving Labora-
t o r y ; and a sample of t h e upper blue-gray material, which may have some
contamination by e j e c t a from t h e dark mantle. A sample of l i g h t material
from t h e bottom of a 15-centimeter trench was a l s o collected, and it i s
l i k e l y t h a t t h i s i s t h e most representative sample of l i g h t mantle f i n e s
t h a t was returned by t h e mission.
-...:. . .. . . , . . ._ . .. . .., . , . . . : .. . . .

4-28 )
4.i2.2.8 S t a t i o n 3.- S t a t i o n 3 i s located on t h e l i g h t mantle near
t h e base of t h e scarp, approximately 50 meters e a s t of t h e r i m of Lara
Crater. A l l of t h e samples except t h e drive tube were collected f r o m t h e
r a i s e d r i m of a c r a t e r 1 0 meters i n diameter. Time at t h e s t a t i o n was l i m -
i t e d and w a s not s u f f i c i e n t f o r d e t a i l e d , systematic documentation of t h e
samples. Some of t h e individual rock fragments sampled cannot be recog-
nized on pre-sampling photographs, but the locations of all t h e samples
are knowri with reasonable c e r t a i n t y . The drive tube w a s taken about 20
meters south-southeast of t h e r i m of t h e 10-meter-diameter c r a t e r .

Rock fragments 1 t o 25 centimeters across are f a i r l y common but cover

l e s s t h a n 1 percent of t h e surface, and several boulders up t o l m e t e r
across are v i s i b l e i n t h e panorama. Most of the rocks a r e rounded, except
f o r t h e l a r g e s t boulders, which a r e generally angular t o subrounded. The
l a r g e s t rocks a r e generally near c r a t e r s several meters i n diameter. Rock
fragments were collected from t h e r i m of a c r z t e r 1 0 meters i n diameter
and include s e v e r a l samples of b r e c c i a similar t o samples collected at
s t a t i o n 2. F i l l e t s are poorly developed, but a f e w of t h e rocks are ap-
parently mre than one-half buried.

The s o i l at t h e surface w a s described as medium-gray, but light-gray

material w a s kicked up from j u s t below t h e surface material at t h e c r a t e r
r i m . A trench 20-centimetbrs deep showed t h a t medium-gray surface material !
about one-half centimeter t h i c k o v e r l i e s a light-gray l a y e r 3 centimeters
I
t h i c k , which, i n t u r n , o v e r l i e s marbled o r mottled l i g h t and medium-gray
material. The s o i l appears t o be loosely compacted and saturated with
c r a t e r l e t s up t o about 5 centimeters i n diameter.

Craters l a r g e r than 4 centimeters and up t o about 2 meters i n dim-

e t e r a r e f a i r l y common. Several of these have f r e s h cloddy e j e c t a , but
all of t h e s m a l l c r a t e r s i n t h e immediate v i c i n i t y of t h e sampled area
appear t o be subdued shallow pans. Craters ranging from 2 meters up t o
about 15 meters i n diameter are a l s o f a i r l y conmon, and several have
r a i s e d and somewhat blocky r i m s . One such c r a t e r i s t h e 10-meter diam-
e t e r c r a t e r at t h e sampling s i t e . These c r a t e r s appear t o have pene-
t r a t e d only unconsolidated and somewhat rocky material of t h e l i g h t man-
t l e . Lara Crater, 500 meters i n diameter, and t h e l a r g e s t c r a t e r i n t h e
a r e a i s probably covered by l i g h t m a n t l e material, as suggested by pre-
mission mapping. It i s probable t h a t t h e samples collected are r e l a t e d
only t o t h e l i g h t mantle and not t o materials t h a t were e j e c t e d from
depth from Lara Crater.

4.12.2.9 F i r t h lunar roving vehicle sample stop.- The f i f t h lunar

roving vehicle sample stop i s located about 800 meters northeast of sta-
t i o n 3 i n t h e blocky e j e c t a of a c r a t e r i n t h e l i g h t mantle. Rock frag-
ments range from 1 centimeter t o 50 centimeters i n diameter, and cover
1 5 t o 20 percent of t h e e j e c t a blanket surface. The fragments a r e domi-
nantly angular and p a r t i a l l y buried. No f i l l e t s are v i s i b l e i n t h e pho- . \
.?
tographs.
.. . . . . . . .~..'. ~. . ..... .. , . , . ,. . , .. -.- .. . . . . . i .. ._

4-29

The crew commented t h a t t h e e j e c t a i s much d i f f e r e n t than they had

previously seen around other c r a t e r s . They also suggested t h a t t h e cra-
t e r may p e n e t r a t e through t h e l i g h t mantle i n t o bedrock. The sample i s
a fragment of e j e c t a from t h i s c r a t e r and may not be representative of
l i g h t mantle material.

4.12.2.10 S i x t h lunar roving vehicle sample stop.- The s i x t h lunar

roving vehicle sample stop i s located about 1.3 kilometers northeast of
s t a t i o n 3 , on t h e l i g h t mantle. The sequence of driving photographs sug-
g e s t s t h a t t h e sample was taken somewhere i n the v i c i n i t y of two s m a l l
cloddy c r a t e r s .

Rock fragments 1 t o 5 centimeters across are sparse and cover less

than 1 percent of t h e surface. A few boulders 1 t o 2 meters across a r e
s c a t t e r e d over t h e surface. Many of t h e rocks are e i t h e r s i t t i n g on t h e
surface o r only s l i g h t l y buried. F i l l e t s appear t o be poorly developed.

The surface i s s a t u r a t e d w i t h c r a t e r s up t o 5 centimeters across.

Craters 5 centimeters t o 2 meters across a r e common and most are shallow
subdued pans. Craters 2 t o 1 0 meters across are sparse and are mostly
subdued o r have s l i g h t l y r a i s e d r i m s .

-. , _ The sample c o l l e c t e d i s s o i l from the surface of t h e l i g h t mzitle;

.- - ,
it i s probably r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of l i g h t mantle f i n e s except f o r contamina-
t i o n by e j e c t a from d d k mantle materials.

4.12.2.11 S t a t i o n 4.- S t a t i o n 4 i s located on t h e south r i m c r e s t

of Shorty, a ll0-meter c r a t e r near the north edge of t h e l i g h t mantle
( f i g . 4-5). Shorty resembles Van Serg Crater and i s similar t o other
c r a t e r s t h a t have been i n t e r p r e t e d as young impact c r a t e r s . The f l o o r
i s hummocky, with a low c e n t r a l mound and with warginal hummocks t h a t re-
semble slumps forming discontinuous benches along the lower p a r t s of the
c r a t e r w a l l . The r i m i s d i s t i n c t l y raised and i s sharp i n o r b i t a l views.
The dark e j e c t a blanket i s e a s i l y distinguished from t h e r e f l e c t i v e sur-
face of t h e surrounding l i g h t mantle, which it overlies. However, t h e
low albedo of t h e e j e c t a i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t of t h e dark mantle elsewhere
on t h e p l a i n s surface.

The c e n t r a l mound i s blocky and extremely jagged, and t h e hummocks

o r benches t h a t e n c i r c l e t h e f l o o r a r e a l s o blocky. Although some por-
t i o n s of t h e walls are blocky, t h e w a l l s , the r i m , and the outer flank
of Shorty Crater consist l a r g e l y of dark material t h a t i s much f i n e r
grained than t h e floor. On the crater r i m , fragments ranging up t o about
1 5 centimeters i n diameter t y p i c a l l y cover l e s s than 3 percent of t h e sur-
face. S c a t t e r e d coarser fragments, ranging up t o at least 5 meters i n
diameter , a r e present.
 . -.
-._
,:
.. ..
4- 30

Sampling w a s c a r r i e d out i n a low place on t h e r i m c r e s t of Shorty

j u s t south of a 5-meter boulder of fractured b a s a l t . Debris t h a t may
have been shed from t h e boulder l i e s on t h e nearby s u r f a c e , and blocks
a r e abundant on t h i s p a r t of t h e i n n e r c r a t e r w a l l . All of t h e rocks ex-
amined a r e basalt. They a r e commonly intensely fractured and some show
i r r e g u l a r knobby surfaces t h a t resemble t h e surfaces of t e r r e s t r i a l flow
b r e c c i a s . Rocks range from angular t o subrounded; some a r e p a r t i a l l y
..-..
~- . _. buried; some are f i l l e t e d , including t h e upslope s i d e s of a f e w of the
. ...., l a r g e r boulders on t h e inner c r a t e r w a l l .
.. .
. , .'
..
-i

- ,.-. The c r a t e r r i m and flanks are p i t t e d by s c a t t e r e d , s m a l l (up t o sev-

-.
..i' ..
4
e r a l maters) c r a t e r s whose r i m s range from sharp t o subdued. Typically
.. .. . t h e i r e j e c t a a r e no b l o c k i e r , except f o r clods, than t h e adjacent sur-
- .. faces.
. -
. .
. .-
., A trench dug i n t h e r i m c r e s t exposed compact reddish s o i l buried
beneath a 1/2-centimeter-thick gray s o i l l a y e r t y p i c a l of t h e general
s o i l surface at t h e s t a t i o n . The reddish s o i l occurs i n a meter-wide
zone t h a t trends p a r a l l e l t o t h e c r a t e r r i m c r e s t f o r about 2 meters.
Color zoning w i t h i n t h e colored s o i l occurs as 10-centimeters-wide yel-
.. .
lowish bands t h a t form t h e southwest and northeast margins of the deposit.
. ..
They a r e i n s t e e p sharp contact w i t h gray s o i l zdjacent t o the colored
s o i l , and grade inward t o :the more reddish s o i l t h a t makes up t h e major
p a r t of t h e zone. A drive! tube placed i n the a x i a l portion of the colored
I
zone bottomed i n black fine-grained material t h a t reminded the crew of
magnetite. Similar reddish m a t e r i a l has been excavated by a s m a l l , f r e s h
c r a t e r high on t h e northwest i n t e r i o r w a l l of Shorty and perhaps a l s o on
t h e r i m c r e s t a short distance southeast of the lunar rover.

Although a volcanic o r i g i n has been considered f o r Shorty Crater,

no compelling d a t a t o support t h e volcanic hypothesis have been recog.-
nized. Most probably Shorty i s an impact c r a t e r . I t s blocky floor nay
represent t h e t o p of t h e subfloor b a s a l t , which i s buried by 1 0 t o 1 5
meters of poorly consolidated r e g o l i t h , dark mantle, and l i g h t mantle.
The predominantly fine-grained w a l l , r i m , and flank materials would then
be e j e c t a derived l a r g e l y from materials zbove t h e subfloor, and t h e ba-
s a l t blocks would be e j e c t a derived from t h e subfloor. Regardless of
i t s o r i g i n , t h e c r a t e r i s c l e a r l y younger than the l i g h t mantle.

The o r i g i n of t h e r e d s o i l i s currently enigmatic. It and t h e un-

derlying black s o i l may represent a s i n g l e clod of e j e c t a excavated by
t h e Shorty impact from similar materials previously deposited i n t h e tar-
g e t area by impact or volcanism. However, t h e symmetrical color zonation
o f t h e r e d ' s o i l and p a r a l l e l i s m of t h e zone's steep sharp boundaries w i t h
-..:
both t h e i n t e r n a l color banding and t h e axis of the r i m c r e s t are improb-
- .
able f e a t u r e s * f o r a clod of e j e c t a . Perhaps volcanic o r i g i n along a fis-
. .
sure at t h e c r a t e r r i m c r e s t should be considered.
 . .
. . . . .> . .- . - I ..r

.. . .
. .
:..- :. -. :
. ..
.... . -...
.
~ . -. .
. _ . - ..

4- 31

The 1/2-centimeter-thick gray s o i l t h a t mantles t h e r e d s o i l unit

should be present at the t o p of the drive tube sample. It could have been
formed by e i t h e r volcanism, impact processes, o r r e g o l i t h formation and
deserves s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n i n analysis. However , Shorty Crater i s younger
than any widespread dark mantle deposit near s t a t i o n 4.

4.12.2.12 Seventh l u n a r roving vehicle sample stop.- The seventh

lunar roving v e h i c l e sample' s t o p i s located at t h e apex of t h e "v"-shaped
Victory C r a t e r , very near t h e contact of dark mantle with t h e finger of
l i g h t mantle. . The a r e a w a s mapped as dark mantle near t h e l i g h t mantle
c o n t a c t , but t h e presence of l i g h t mar-tle material w a s not detected by
t h e crew at t h e sample s i t e . Victory xas judged by t h e crew t o be a se-
r i e s of c r a t e r s with a d e f i n i t e r i m , a d probably i s an impact feature
with normal e j e c t a . The e j e c t a blanket and the r i m appeared t o be blan-
keted by dark mantle, and t h e surface on the r i m looked l i k e it had a
"normal block population", although the inner w a l l s of t h e c r a t e r were
l o c a l l y very blocky.

The blocks on t h e r i m near t h e s a G l e s i t e a r e a l l less than one me-

t e r i n diameter and cover two t o t h r e e percent of t h e area. B u r i a l of
t h e rocks seems t o be moderate t o s l i g h t and f i l l e t s a r e only r a r e l y pres-
e n t . The rocks a r e subangular t o rounded, and some have planar s i d e s .
The s o i l appears norm@, and lunar rovsr t r a c k s i n t h e s o i l a r e very
sharply defined. Scattered subdued crEters 1 t o 5 meters i n diameter
are present near t h e kample s i t e , but Lone seem t o have a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n
t o t h e sample.

The sample i s s o i l t h a t should be representative of the surface ma-

t e r i a l i n t h e area. This s o i l sample i s probably mostly dark mantle, but
could contain a considerable amount of s o i l fragments derived from sub-
f l o o r basalt.

4.12.2.13 Eighth l u n a r roving vehicle sample stop.- The eighth l u -

nar roving vehicle sample s t o p i s loczted i n an a r e a mapped as dark man-
t l e s l i g h t l y more than one c r a t e r diameter from Camelot and Horatio Cra-
t e r s . The a r e a can be considered as- dz-rk mantle away from the e j e c t a of
t h e c l u s t e r of l a r g e c r a t e r s . The surface appearance i s similar t o t h a t
at t h e f i r s t , t h i r d , and seventh lunar roving vehicle sampling stop a r e a s ,
with a fragment coverage of less than 1 percent of t h e area. The photo-
graphs taken from t h e rover show t h a t t h i s very low abundance of fragments
continues from Victory t o t h e r i m of Canelot. The narrow tongue of l i g h t
mantle crossed by t h e t r a v e r s e i s not obvious i n the surface photographs
and was not noticed by t h e crew.

The sample c o l l e c t e d i s a scoop of s o i l from an i n t e r - c r a t e r area.

The sample s i t e i s within a f e w meters of a c r a t e r one meter i n diameter
which has abundant r i m fragments t h a t Eypear t o be clods of s o i l breccia.
 4- 32

All fragments near t h e sample s i t e a r e l e s s than 10 centimeters across,

and t h e s o i l i n t h e area appears t y p i c a l of s o i l s i n dark m a n t l e areas.
Nearby c r a t e r s from 1 t o 5 meters i n diameter may be members of two s m a l l ,
overlapping c l u s t e r s . Several subdued, nearly rimless c r a t e r s a r e present,
as w e l l as at l e a s t 3 c r a t e r s with d i s t i n c t e j e c t a blankets covered with
clods. The sample i s probably t y p i c a l of surface material i n areas of
dark mantle at some distance from contributions from other formations ,
and thus- should be comparable t o s o i l from the t h i r d l u n a r roving vehicle
sample stop. These two samples a r e good subjects f o r study of v a r i a t i o n
i n t h e dark m a n t l e map u n i t .

4.12.2.14 S t a t i o n 5.- S t a t i o n 5 i s located within a block f i e l d on

t h e southwest r i m of t h e l a r g e (600-meter) c r a t e r Camelot ( f i g . 4-4). The
blocks , which a r e p a r t l y buried by dark mantle material, are exposed near
and along t h e low, rounded r i m c r e s t of t h e c r a t e r and extend downward
i n t o t h e c r a t e r w a l l s where, as i n other c r a t e r s , outcrops a r e most abun-
dant. Blocks are absent on t h e c r a t e r f l o o r . Outward from t h e r i m c r e s t ,
t h e block population decreases rapidly within a few meters and t h e t e r r a i n
becomes smooth and undulating, but p i t t e d by s m a l l c r a t e r s up t o several
meters across.

Within t h e block f i e l d , individual rocks, varying from cobble t o

boulder-size , a r e subrounded t o subangular, moderately t o deeply buried,
and cover about 30 percen'r; of t h e surface. Except f o r one l o c a l i t y where
s o i l occurs on t h e surfacd of a l a r g e f l a t rock, the tops of boulders im-
pressed t h e crew as having been cleaned by the zap-pitting process. F i l -
l e t i n g i n t h i s area appears t o be minimal.

All of t h e rocks described by t h e crew c o n s t i t u t e subfloor material

having a very uniform appearance. Planar t o subplanar concentrations of
v e s i c l e s , l i n e a r arrangements of c r y s t a l s , and possible gray zones of
f i n e r material cause some v a r i a t i o n s i n rock t e x t u r e s and s t r u c t u r e s .
Descriptions by t h e crew i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e rocks are subophitic pyroxene-
bearing basalts with shiny ilmenite p l a t e l e t s i n t h e vugs and v e s i c l e s .

The s o i l - l i k e mantle seems t o consist of cohesive p a r t i c l e s of mi-

form s m a l l s i z e . A "raindrop" p a t t e r n i s ubiquitous on t h e mantle. A t
Camelot, t h e mantle appears t h i n n e r than at t h e c r a t e r Horatio.

Shallow depressions and subdued c r a t e r s up t o several meters i n diam-

e t e r a r e superposed on t h e r i m and f l o o r of Camelot. These c r a t e r s are
younger than Camelot; however, within the observed block f i e l d only one
younger c r a t e r of'moderate s i z e ( 4 t o 5 meters) was noted by t h e crew.

The composition, textures, and uniform lithology of t h e e j e c t a blocks

around t h e c r a t e r Camelot i n d i c a t e t h a t subfloor b a s a l t s covered t h i s p a r t
of t h e v a l l e y f l o o r t o a depth of at least 100 meters p r i o r t o t h e forma-
t i o n of t h e c r a t e r . Subsequent t o t h e formation of Camelot, deposits o f
 ~ .. . I . . . .. . . ,

4-33

dark mantle material p a r t l y buried rocks around t h e r i m and i n the f l o o r

of Camelot and p a r t l y f i l l e d and subdued m y younger c r a t e r s i n the area.
The samples of b a s a l t from blocks at s t a t i o n 5 should provide a sample of
t h e subfloor u n i t t o a depth of 30 meters.

4.12.2.15 Ninth lunar roving vehicle sample stop.- The ninth l u n a r

roving vehicle sample stop i s about halfway between t h e lunar module and
s t a t i o n 6 i n an a r e a mapped as dark mantle about 2/3 of a c r a t e r diameter
south of Henry Crater. Between t h e lunar module/surface e l e c t r i c a l prop-
e r t i e s area and a point about 200 meters south of t h e ninth lunar roving
vehicle sampling s t o p , t h e surface i s characterized by 3- t o 5-percent
coverage of rock fragments and some large boulders. A t t h i s ninth lunar
roving vehicle s t o p , the fragment coverage i s l e s s than 1 percent. To
t h e north of t h i s s t o p , the fragment coverage increases as the r i m of
Henry i s approached, but never reaches more than a few percent except
near young c r a t e r s . The sample stop i s i n the p a r t of t h e traverse from
t h e l u n a r module t o s t a t i o n 6 with the fewest rock fragments. The frag-
ments i n t h e a r e a include some t h a t seem t o be blocks excavated by a 10-
meter c r a t e r and some t h a t appear t o be blocks and clods excavated by
s e v e r a l 1- t o 2-meter c r a t e r s . The sparseness of blocks ejected by cra-
t e r s suggests t h a t t h e blocks were derived from t h e r e g o l i t h r a t h e r than
d i r e c t l y from t h e subfloor u n i t . The blocks are angular t o subrounded,
less than 30 centimeters across, and s l i g b t l y t o mostly buried. Only a
few of t h e rocks have f + l l e t s .

The sample i s a s o i l sample from a s m a l l c r a t e r with abundant clods

of s o i l b r e c c i a on i t s r i m . It should be reasonably representative of
surface m a t e r i a l i n t h e nearby area of dark mantle. Some mixture o f ma-
t e r i a l from t h e re-excavated e j e c t a from Henry Crater i s t o be expected.
However, t h e sample should be of considerable value i n determining geo-
graphic v a r i a t i o n i n dark mantle material.

4.12.2.16 Tenth l u n a r roving vehicle sample stoe.- The t e n t h l u n a r

roving vehicle sample s t o p i s adjacent t o Turning Point rock, 2.8 kilom-
e t e r s north of t h e surface e l e c t r i c a l properties t r a n s m i t t e r . The area
was mapped as dark mantle near t h e gradational contact with North Massif
material. The sample s i t e i s on a gentle slope above a moderately dis-
t i n c t break i n slope with t h e valley f l o o r and below an equally d i s t i n c t
break i n slope with t h e North Massif. The material underlying t h e area
between t h e breaks i n slope may be debris from the North Massif.

Turning Point rock r e s t s within a halo of smaller boulders and rock

fragments t h a t are probably derived from it. The rocks a r e rounded,
p a r t l y buried, and f i l l e t e d on t h e upslope side. Turning Point rock prob-
ably reached i t s present p o s i t i o n as one large boulder t h a t has since been
fragmented.
 4- 34

The sample was taken about 4 meters north of Turning Point rock, and
it c o n s i s t s of a t l e a s t t h r e e rock fragments and some s o i l . Most l i k e l y ,
t h e fragments i n t h e sample are derived from Turning Point rock, but they
could be debris derived s e p a r a t e l y from North Massif. Although t h e s o i l
may contain f i n e debris from t h e rock, it most l i k e l y i s a sample of t h e
s o i l from North Massif t h a t has moved downslope and banked against the
rock.

4.12.2.17 S t a t i o n 6.- S t a t i o n 6 i s on the south slope of t h e North

Massif, approximately 250 meters north of the break i n slope between t h e
v a l l e y f l o o r and the massif. The a r e a slopes approximately 11 degrees t o
t h e south and i s covered by many l a r g e blocks and smaller fragments which
have come from higher on t h e North Massif ( f i g . 4-6). Twenty meters from
t h e rover are f i v e l a r g e boulders aligned do-mslope from t h e end of a
s i n g l e boulder t r a c k as if a s i n g l e boulder broke i n t o f i v e p a r t s . Four
..
were sampled.

The boulder t r a c k made by t h e s t a t i o n 6 boulders can be traced one

t h i r d of t h e way up t h e North Massif. This i s the lowest l e v e l on the
mountain where high concentrations of boulders appear. The sharpness of
t h e boulder t r a c k of the s t a t i o n 6 boulders indicates t h a t t h e boulder
may have been i n i t s present p o s i t i o n only a short length of time. The
~,
shadowed s o i l w i l l probab:y r e f l e c t t h i s . One of t h e boulders has a prom-
inent north overhang, beneath which a shadowed s o i l was collected along - ;.-:.-
i-

$,.
(--I

with two s o i l samples c o l j e c t e d outside the shadow. A s o i l sample was

c o l l e c t e d from t h e surface of one of t h e boulders. A rake sample and a
s i n g l e drive tube were taken within a few n e t e r s of t h e boulders. Two
undocumented grab samples were c o l l e c t e d probably near t h e rover, and
m o t h e r sample w a s c o l l e c t e d downslope fron the s t a t i o n area.

Less than 1 percent of t h e surface i n the s t a t i o n 6 a r e a i s covered

by fragments. Tnere appears t o be a bimodal d i s t r i b u t i o n of fragments
i n t h e a r e a , though not as s t r i k i n g as t h e s t a t i o n 7 area. A s a t s t a -
t i o n 7, t h e r e appear t o be r e l a t i v e l y few f r a e e n t s i n t h e s i z e range of
3 t o 1 5 centimeters. Fragments l e s s than 1 / 2 meter are s c a t t e r e d randomly
over t h e s u r f a c e , l a r g e r ones are generally i n c l u s t e r s . Most blocks a r e
subrounded t o rounded. A few angular blocks are s c a t t e r e d over t h e sur-
face. F i l l e t s a r e well developed on t h e upslope s i d e of some of t h e l a r g e
boulders. F i l l e t s on blocks less than 20 t o 30 centimeters a r e poorly de-
veloped or absent.

The medium-gray s o i l i n t h e s t a t i o n 6 area i s moderately firm away

from c r a t e r r i m s . The rover wheels made shallow impressions and threw
very l i t t l e spray, 1 0 t o 15 meters away from c r a t e r s . Close t o a 10-me-
t e r c r a t e r i n t h e area, b o o t p r i n t s and rover wheel penetration were deeper,
and spray generated by them was considerably more. The drive tube col-
l e c t e d near t h e rover was pushed by hand t o a depth of 1 0 centimeters.

. .
 4-35

Craters , randomly s c a t t e r e d over the surface, range i n s i z e from t h e

l i m i t of resolution t o 10 meters. Craters l a r g e r than 1 meter are sparse.
The r i m s a r e smooth and unblocky, and usually more r a i s e d on the downslope
s i d e . A few s m a l l f r e s h c r a t e r s have blocky r i m s , with the e j e c t a de-
posited p r e f e r e n t i a l l y downslope.

The c l u s t e r of f i v e boulders was probably at one time a single boul-

der. * There are a t l e a s t two major rock types represented: a highly vesic-
ular light-gray b r e c c i a , and a darker blue-gray breccia. The lower t h r e e
boulders a r e highly v e s i c u l a r , l i g h t gray breccias. The contact between
t h e two breccias i s i n t h e second boulder from the top. Near the contact
a r e inclusions of blue-gray breccia i n the vesicular breccia. The blue-
gray b r e c c i a i s p a r t i a l l y r e c r y s t a l l i z e d , and has inclusions of f r i a b l e
breccia. The contact between the inclusions and blue-gray brecciz i s
sharp. If all f i v e boulders were a t one time p a r t of t h e same rock, t h e r e
are at l e a s t four stages of brecciation. The s i m i l a r i t y of the station-6
boulders t o t h e station-7 boulder suggests strongly t h a t the North Massif
i s composed primarily of multi-cycle breccias. Other samples of the North
Massif are t h e rake sample, drive tube, and three grab samples, d l of
which are probably composed primarily of eroded material from the massif
with possible minor contribution of subfloor material.

4.12.2.18 S t a t i o n 7.- Station 7 i s located at t h e base of the North

Massif, j u s t above thejbreak i n slope between t h e valley f l o o r and t h e
massif. The slope toward t h e valley i s zbout 9 degrees. The s t a t i o n i s
l o c a t e d on North Massif material and the s i t e contains boulders from slopes
high on t h e massif. Several rock chips were collected at the s t a t i o n from
such a 3-meter boulder of complex, multi-stage breccias. The 3-meter brec-
c i a boulder i s t h e l a r g e s t one i n the s t a t i o n area, but other large boul-
ders can be seen i n t h e panorama. The l m g e rock appears similar i n color
and weathering c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o the other boulders i n the area. Several
a d d i t i o n a l fragments were s e l e c t e d from t h e r e g o l i t h surface.

Less than one percent of t h e surface i s covered by blocks. There ap-

pears t o be a bimodal d i s t r i b u t i o n : Frzgments from the l i m i t of resolu-
.. -.. t i o n t o 2 or 3 centimeters are abundant, and blocks 30 centimeters and
.
.
.
. l a r g e r are common, but t h e r e i s a s c a r c i t y of blocks i n the s i z e range o f
3 t o 30 centimeters. Blocks smaller than 30 centimeters are s c a t t e r e d
randomly over t h e surface; those l a r g e r than 30 centimeters are i n
c l u s t e r s . Most blocks, i n all s i z e ranges, a r e rounded, but a s m a l l per-
centage are angular. One 2- t o 3-meter boulder downslope from the sam-
p l i n g area i s s t r i k i n g l y more angular than most other rocks. The rocks
range from being deeply buried t o perched. The sampled boulder overhangs
t h e surface on t h e e a s t , west, and, presumably, south sides. A few h a l f -
meter boulders i n t h e same a r e a are almost t o t a l l y buried, and most frag-
ments less than 1 meter are at least p a r t i a l l y buried. F i l l e t i n g i s w e l l
developed on blocks l a r g e r than 1 / 2 meter, and poorly developed o r absent
 4- 36

on smaller blocks. F i l l e t s are r e s t r i c t e d t o the u p h i l l s i d e of the blocks.

One meter-sized boulder has a f i l l e t extending three-fourths of t h e dis-
tance up t h e upslope face. The boulder i s a vesicular hornfelsic b r e c c i a
(described by t h e crew as v e s i c u l a r anorthosite) i n contact with a dense
blue-gray breccia. I n t h e dense blue breccia i s a 11/2-meter crushed
light-colored inclusion , which i s intruded by d i k e l e t s of breccia. One
sample i s a piece of blue-gray b r e c c i a i n f a i r l y sharp contact with a t a n
b r e c c i a which intrudes it. A l a r g e separate sample appears t o be similar
t o t h e blue-gray b r e c c i a i n t h e boulder. Several small chips collected
on t h e surface a r e probably s i m i l a r t o the boulder, and a l s o representa-
t i v e of North Massif m a t e r i a l , although there may be a minor contribution
from subfloor b a s a l t s .

.. .- :
The medium-gray s o i l i n t h e s t a t i o n 7 zrea i s r e l a t i v e l y firmly com-
.. .
pacted. Bootprints and rover t r a c k s penetrzte between 1 and 2 centimeters.
:
..
i.
. Very l i t t l e spray w a s generated from bootscuffs or t h e lunar rover wheels.
i
. i. . The s o i l i s q u i t e cohesive (as shown by v e r t i c a l w a l l s of bootprints and
. .
t h e i n t a c t state of t r e a d i m p r i n t s ) .

Craters i n t h e s t a t i o n 7 area range from the l i m i t of resolution t o

3 or 4 meters i n diameter. Craters 1 / 2 meter or l e s s a r e common. Most
c r a t e r s have somewhat subdued non-blocky r i m s , and e j e c t a i s not v i s i b l e .
A few s m a l l ( l e s s than 1/2-meter) c r a t e r s have r a i s e d blocky r i m s . The ._
ejects around these c r a t e r s i s deposited p r e f e r e n t i a l l y downslope. On a ,-

meter-diameter c r a t e r downslope from the rover, t h e e j e c t a i s p i l e d against

.._-. -
z

a rock downslope and forms only a s l i g h t raised r i m on the u p h i l l side.

The l a r g e boulder at s t a t i o n 7 probably originated at l e a s t one-third

... . of t h e way up t h e North Massif because t h i s i s t h e lowest l e v e l on the
.. . ...:
_.. massif where c l u s t e r s of boulders appear. The rock types seen i n t h i s
I .

- ...
. ...
z ? .
- boulder a r e similar t o those i n l a r g e boulders a t s t a t i o n 6, making t h e
-..
. ...
...._ . p o s s i b i l i t y of i t s being an exotic improbable, and suggesting t h a t samples
'..- .. .: of t h e boulders are representative of the massif. These samples i n d i c a t e
....
. .-
_. t h a t t h e North Massif i s composed of multi-cycle breccias.
, ..:
_I ..
4.12.2.19 Eleventh lunar roving vehicle sample stop .- The eleventh
l u n a r roving vehicle sample s t o p i s located between s t a t i o n s 7 and 8 on
the southeast r i m of SWP Crater. Before the mission, t h e area was mapped
as dark m a n t l e blanketing SWP Crater. The szmple s i t e was chosen by t h e
crew i n t h e e j e c t a blanket of a f r e s h c r a t e r estimated t o be 30 t o 40 me-
t e r s i n diameter. The rocks i n t h e sample area are p a r t of t h e e j e c t a
blanket and were i d e n t i f i e d by t h e crew as clods of s o i l breccia t h a t
break e a s i l y and are "chewed up" by the rover wheels. A t the r i m , and
j u s t within t h e r i m , t h e clods cover as much as 70 percent of t h e surface
- . _ and at t h e sample s i t e cover as much as 50 percent of t h e surface. The
clods are very angular with some rounding of the tops. A l l are f o o t b a l l
s i z e o r smaller. The s o i l between t h e clods i s t h e same color and prob-
ably t h e same composition as t h e clods. Within the e j e c t a blanket of t h e
30- t o 40-meter c r a t e r , t h e r e are no v i s i b l e younger c r a t e r s .
.._
.

4-37

The area surrounding t h e 30- t o 40-meter c r a t e r appears t y p i c a l of

dark mantle surfaces t h a t have a rock fragment population of l e s s than
one percent. The 30- t o 40-meter c r a t e r should have penetrated some 6
t o 8 meters of t h e s o i l (possibly dark mantle), which i s a considerable
g r e a t e r thickness than t h e s o i l at s t a t i o n 1 A . Possibly t h e c r a t e r at
t h e eleventh l u n a r roving vehicle sample stop penetrated the same type
of material as d i d Van Serg Crater ( s t a t i o n 9 ) and i f s o , t h a t material
i s a ' d i s t i n c t u n i t t h a t i s not present a t s t a t i o n lA. However, with our
present knowledge, t h e dark mantle at the eleventh lunar roving vehicle
sample s t o p , s t a t i o n 9 , and s t a t i o n 1 i s considered t o be the sane mate-
r i a l but with a l a r g e range i n thickness.

The sample taken a t t h e eleventh lunar roving vehicle sample stop

w i l l be s i g n i f i c a n t i n determining the near surface stratigraphy. It i s
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e e j e c t a blanket of the 30- t o 40-meter c r a t e r , and
i t s p o s i t i o n on t h e e j e c t a blanket suggests t h a t it came fYom a depth of
2 t o 4 meters below the surface.

4.12.2.20 S t a t i o n 8.- S t a t i o n 8 l i e s near the base of t h e Sculptured

H i l l s south of Wessex Cleft and about 4 kilometers northeast of t h e l u n a r
module. The t e r r a i n i s undulating and forms a moderately inclined t r a n s i -
t i o n zone between t h e h i l l s and the valley floor t o t h e southwest; slopes
. ,_ _ increase noticeably towards t h e h i l l s within the sample area. Eleven sam-
\. .
.
2.;
-
p l e s were c o l l e c t e d , representing t w o , possible t h r e e , major rock types ,
and including s o i l s , alrake sample, and a s u i t e of four samples from a
trench.

Small cohesive clods and pebble-size coherent rock fragments a r e

common throughout t h e s t a t i o n a r e a , but l a r g e r rocks and boulders a r e
rare. Most of t h e rocks are subrounded t o subangular, are well exposed
t o p a r t l y buried, have poorly developed f i l l e t s , and a r e only t h i n l y cov-
ered by dust. The population of block and fragments does not increase
g r e a t l y around t h e r i m s of any c r a t e r s i n the area photographed.

With t h e exception of one coarse-grained gabbroic boulder, a l l of

.
t h e rocks l a r g e r than 20 centimeters which were examined had the appear-
ance of subfloor b a s a l t s . The gabbroic rock w a s estimated by t h e crew
t o be made up of about equal amounts of blue-gray plagioclase (possibly
maskelynite) and a l i g h t yellow-tan mineral , probably orthopyroxene ; i t s
average g r a i n s i z e appeared t o be about 3 t o 5 millimeters. The surface
of t h i s boulder w a s coated by glass. Both t h e top and bottom of t h e bou-
l d e r were sampled. A white f r i a b l e rock sampled by the crew i n a s m a l l
p i t c r a t e r within t h e w a l l of a l a r g e r c r a t e r has probably been highly
shocked by at l e a s t two episodes of f a i r l y recent cratering.
 ,.. . -. -: .. : .~ . .. . . . . . - .- .....<.- ...... ~ - ... . __ ...__,.

4-38

The s o i l i n t h i s area, at l e a s t t o the 20 t o 25 centimeter depth of

t h e trench samples, c o n s i s t s of fine-grained, cohesive p a r t i c l e s . It has
t h e dark appearance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e nmtle throughout t h e valley
f l o o r . S u r f i c i a l d i r e c t i o n a l p a t t e r n s r e l a t e d t o s t r u c t u r e were not ob-
served, but many t r a c k s made by t h e downhill movement of clods of a l l
s i z e s were noted on t h e s t e e p e r slopes.

N o l a r g e c r a t e r s a r e present i n t h e i m e d i a t e area; those up t o sev-

e r a l meters i n diameter a r e common, however, and have a continuum of mor-
phologies from fresh-appearing , topographicdly sharp features t o highly
subdued depressions. None of t h e c r a t e r s h u e e i t h e r prominently raised
or blocky r i m s .

A t t h i s stage of our knowledge, probably t h e most important r e s u l t s

obtained from t h e f i e l d observations of t h e materials at s t a t i o n 8 i s t h e
apparent complete d i s s i m i l a r i t y i n lithology of t h e rocks on the surface
at s t a t i o n 8 compared with those a t the base of t h e massifs. If the gab-
b r o i c rock or t h e basalts are representative of materials forming t h e
Sculptured H i l l s , t h e implications favored as t o t h e composition and or-
i g i n of t h e h i l l s will be q u i t e d i f f e r e n t fro= the premission i n t e r p r e t a -
.. .~
t i o n t h a t t h e h i l l s a r e S e r e n i t a t i s basin e j e c t a . However, only a small
numker of rocks were avaifable f o r examination, and these may not be rep-
r e s e n t a t i v e . The absence iof boulder tracks , together with the glass coat-
ing on t h e gabbroic bouldqr, suggests t h a t the rocks may be exotic blocks
e j e c t e d from d i s t a n t impact c r a t e r s . It i s 2ossible t h a t t h e rake sample
and t h e sample from t h e c r a t e r wall may provide b e t t e r clues t o the com-
p o s i t i o n and o r i g i n of t h e Sculptured H i l l s . Dark mantle material i n t h i s
a r e a i s believed t o be r e l a t i v e l y t h i n , thus rake and s o i l samples may
contain a mixture of dark mantle, subfloor e j e c t a , and debris mass wasted
from t h e Sculptured H i l l s .

4.12.2.21 S t a t i o n 9.- S t a t i o n 9 i s located on t h e southeast r i m and

nearby o u t e r flank of Van Serg Crater. The c r a t e r , 90 meters i n diameter,
has a blocky c e n t r a l mound about 30 meters across, discontinuous benches
on t h e i n n e r walls, and a r a i s e d blocky r i m with a d i s t i n c t c r e s t out from
which slopes t h e blocky e j e c t a blanket. I n both o r b i t a l and lunar surface
photographs, V a n Serg resembles o t h e r c r a t e r s t h a t have been i n t e r p r e t e d
as t y p i c a l young impact c r a t e r s . I t s e j e c t a blanket i s d i s t i n c t i n l u n a r
surface v i e w s because of i t s blockiness, which i s greater than t h a t of
t h e adjacent p l a i n s . The e j e c t a blanket cen be recognized, at l e a s t i n
. - p a r t , i n premission o r b i t a l photographs as s d i s t i n c t topographic f e a t u r e ,
- .i but it i s inseparable from t h e adjacent plains on t h e b a s i s of albedo.

Exploration at s t a t i o n 9 w a s concentrated i n two areas: (1)t h e

southeast r i m c r e s t of t h e c r a t e r , and ( 2 ) the surface of t h e e j e c t a blan-
k e t about 70 p e t e r s out from t h e c r a t e r r i m t o the southeast, where t h e
l u n a r rover was parked. I n both sample areas t h e predominant fragment
 .. . . . . . .. . . .

4- 39

s i z e ranges up t o about 30 centimeters, with a few boulders as l a r g e as

1 t o 2 meters i n diameter. A t t h e r i m c r e s t fragments l a r g e r than 2 cen-
t i m e t e r s cover about 10 percent of the surface, but they cover no more
than 3.percent of t h e surface i n t h e s a q l i n g area near t h e rover.

The predominant rock type at s t a t i o n 9 i s s o f t or f r i a b l e dark-matrix

b r e c c i a . White c l a s t s up t o about 2 centimeters i n diameter a r e v i s i b l e
i n some rocks on t h e c r a t e r r i m , and lig3t-colored c l a s t s possibly as
l a r g e as 1 / 2 meter i n diameter were seen i n rocks of the c e n t r a l mound.
Some rocks are s t r i k i n g l y slabby. Closely spaced p l a t y f r a c t u r e s occur
i n some, and a few show d i s t i n c t a l t e r m t i n g dark and l i g h t bands. Some
frothy g l a s s a g g l u t i n a t e w a s a l s o sampled. I n s p i t e of t h e i r apparent
s o f t n e s s , t h e rocks a r e t y p i c a l l y anguler. Many a r e p a r t i a l l y buried,
but t h e r e i s l i t t l e or no development or” fillets even on t h e steep inner
w a l l s of Van Serg Crater.

S o i l at t h e surface i s uniformly fine and gray with no v i s i b l e l i n e a r

p a t t e r n s . The uppermost one or two centimeters i s loose and soft, but
compacts e a s i l y t o preserve bootprints. The trench near t h e lunar rover
exposed about 1 0 centimeters of a white or l i g h t gray s o i l u n i t below a
7-centimeter upper dark u n i t .

Craters younger than Van Serg a r e extremely r a r e i n t h e s t a t i o n area.

A few s m a l l (about 1-meter) f r e s h c r a t e r s are present. A l a r g e subdued
depression southwest ok t h e rover may be an old c r a t e r now mantled by
Van Serg e j e c t a . Frequency and angularity of blocks , paucity of c r a t e r s ,
general absence of f i l l e t s , and uneroded nature of c r a t e r r i m and c e n t r a l
mound a t t e s t t o t h e extreme youth of V a 2 Serg Crater. Such c r a t e r forms
elsewhere have been a t t r i b u t e d t o impact, and no d i r e c t evidence of vol-
canic o r i g i n has been recognized. A n ir;tDact o r i g i n seems l i k e l y .

The e j e c t a , unexpectedly, i s domineted by s o f t dark matrix breccia

i n s t e a d of subfloor b a s a l t . The rocks m y be s o i l b r e c c i a s , indurated
and e j e c t e d i n t h e V a n Serg impact. If s o , a fragmental u n i t t h a t may
be as much as 15 t o 20 meters t h i c k must o v e r l i e t h e subfloor b a s d t i n
t h e Van Serg area. Development of a r e g o l i t h t h i s t h i c k in s i t u i s d i f -
f i c u l t t o reconcile with t h e apparent youth of t h e valley floor. Hence,
t h e V a n Serg rocks may represent a young mantle of transported fragmental
m a t e r i d or a mature r e g o l i t h t h a t w a s developed on the surface of t h e
subfloor b a s a l t and w a s buried by the dark mantle p r i o r t o the Van Serg
impact.

S o i l samples probably c o n s i s t of fine-grained Van Serg e j e c t a . The

upper 7 centimeters of t h e t r e n c h m a y have been darkened by soilmodif’ying
processes, which would a l s o have affected other s o i l samples and t h e upper
p a r t of t h e d r i v e tube. A l t e r n a t i v e l y , the upper 7 centimeter zone o f t h e
trench may represent a young dark mantling u n i t deposited a f t e r t h e Van
 4- 40

Serg event. Deposition of such a young t h i n u n i t would account f o r t h e

similar albedos of t h e Van Serg e j e c t a blanket and t h e general plains
surface.

4.12.2.22 Twelfth l u n a r roving vehicle sample stop.- The twelfth

l u n a r roving vehicle sample s t o p i s located north of Sherlock at about
1/3 of a c r a t e r diameter out from t h e r i m i n an area mapped as dark mantle.

The samples c o n s i s t of a fragment of basalt and a separate s o i l sam-

p l e . They were c o l l e c t e d within a meter of a 1-meter boulder and a 1-meter
c r a t e r t h a t has clods of s o i l breccia.

The rock sample i s probably a subfloor b a s a l t derived from a depth

of 50 t o 90 meters. The s o i l sample probably i s representative of t h e
surface material i n t h e a r e a , which i s mapped as dark mantle, although it
may contain a s m a l l f r a c t i o n of material derived from t h e nearby boulder.

Surface photographs show an abundance (5 percent) of rock fragments,

including s e v e r a l boulders (1meter a c r o s s ) , only t h e tops of which are
v i s i b l e . The rocks a r e very l i k e l y e j e c t a of subfloor material from
Sherlock Crater. Their s i z e suggests t h a t not more than a f e w meters of
dark mantle have been deposited o r formed since t h e Sherlock Crater im-
pact. The s l i g h t l y protruding boulders are smooth and rounded; most of
t h e smaller fragments areirounded, but a few are subangular and have
planar s i d e s . I -
-,

._
.- Younger c r a t e r s have c l e a r l y re-excavated a few of t h e smaller blocks.
__I

_.a Very s m a l l c r a t e r s (1-meter diameter) with many fragments on t h e i r r i m s

- L are a l s o present and t h e r i m fragments seem t o be clods of s o i l breccia.
1 - s

The s o i l i n t h e a r e a appears normal i n color and compaction.

4.13 SOIL MECHANICS EXPERIMENT

The s o i l mechanics experiment (S-200) i s being c a r r i e d out using d a t a

-
--~
:
from o t h e r l u n a r surface a c t i v i t i e s . A t the time of t h i s r e p o r t , only the
following f e w observations have been made :
~ *.
a. The lunar d r i l l deep core hole remained open, as predicted f o r
i n s e r t i o n of t h e l u n a r neutron f l u x probe.

b. Resistances t o d r i l l i n g and core tube driving were within estab-

l i s h e d ranges and i n d i c a t e d no unusual mechanical properties.
 4-41

c. Considerable l o c a l v a r i a t i o n i n s o i l mechanical properties i s in-

dicated, as has been observed at previous landing sites.

d. Surface t e x t u r e , dust generation, cohesiveness, and average foot-

p r i n t depth i n d i c a t e s s o i l properties at the surface comparable t o those
at o t h e r Apollo landing sites.

4.14 PHOTOGRAPHY

A t o t a l of 2218 photographs were taken on the lunar surface t o pro-

vide documentation of t h e landing s i t e , through 360O panoramas at various
s t o p s , Apollo lunar surface experiments package placement d a t a , and sam-
p l e documentation as l i s t e d i n t a b l e 4-1. The crew a l s o obtained s e v e r a l
photographs o f s c i e n t i f i c i n t e r e s t t o document real-time observations.
 . .<..._:
._.. -.. .

.
 _. - .... . . . . ... . . .
: - ..
__i .. . ,.

5.0 INYLIGHT SCIENCE P J D PHOTOGRAPHY

The i n f l i g h t science experiments, performed during lunar o r b i t and

t r a n s e a r t h f l i g h t , were t h e S-band transponder , l u n a r sounder , i n f r a r e d
scanning radiometer, u l t r a v i o l e t spectrometer, gamma ray spectrometer,
and t h e Apollo window meteoroid experinent. The photography equipment
c o n s i s t e d of a panoramic camera, a nagging camera, and a l a s e r z l t i m e t e r ,
a l l of which had been flown on t h e two previous J - s e r i e s missions. Other
cameras used. were t h e e l e c t r i c , 35-m, and data a c q u i s i t i o n .

5.1 S-BAND TIIANSPOBDZR EXPERIMENT

The S-band transponder experiment (S-164) systems performed satis-

f a c t o r i l y . There were no s i g n i f i c a n t n z l f m c t i o n s during t h e data col-
l e c t i o n period and all planned d a t a were obtained. The q u a l i t y of t h e
._ d a t a w a s good; however, as i n p a s t missions, spacecraft maneuvers and
. .
.. ventings degraded t h e d a t a f o r s h o r t periods of t i m e .
....:.
.
>I :.- ..

.. /..... The g r a v i t y v a r i a t i o n s recorded i n the Mare S e r e n i t a t i s region a r e

one of t h e l a r g e s t measured on t h e moon. Another l a r g e high-gravity var-
i a t i o n was recorded i n t h e Mare Crisim region. The landing s i t e indi-
c a t e s a low g r a v i t y measurement t h a t WZS consistent with t h e surface gra-
vimeter measurements. Additional low neasurements were recorded t h a t a r e
probably t h e e f f e c t of t h e l a r g e c r a t e r s Eratosthenes and Copernicus ,
( f i g . 3-1 near 1 5 O north l a t i t u d e and 15Q m s t longitude) which l i e ad-
j a c e n t t o t h e ground t r a c k .

There a r e d e f i n i t e g r a v i t y v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e Mare Procellarum region,

but c o r r e l a t i o n with topographic f e a t u r e s i s not very evident. There seems
t o be some c o r r e l a t i o n with t h e i n f r a r e d and u l t r a v i o l e t earth-based pho-
tography of t h i s a r e a t h a t i s i n t e r p r e t e d t o be areas of o l d and recent
lava flows. The more r e c e n t l a v a flows a r e the areas of g r a v i t y highs.

The continuing d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s of the S e r e n i t a t i s mascon will be

g r e a t l y enhanced with t h e new Apollo 17 p r o f i l e . Figure 5-1 shows the
Apollo 15 and 17 g r a v i t y p r o f i l e s f o r the S e r e n i t a t i s region. A n e r anal-
y s i s of t h e Apollo 15 d a t a , t h e b e s t estimate of t h e mascon was a near-
s u r f a c e symmetric d i s k t h a t matched the p r o f i l e i n figure 5-1 f a i r l y w e l l '
( i . e . b e t t e r than 95 percent of t h e variation removed). The dotted curve
i n f i g u r e 5-1 i s t h e p r e d i c t e d Apollo 17 p r o f i l e from t h e b e s t model, but
it was poor, because of being erroneously low by 37 percent. Based on
Apollo 17 d a t a , new models w i l l be formulated and many models now under
consideration may be deleted.

.
.-_
. ._
.
.,. .
...

.,'
;

. ..
5-2

240

200

160

-
VI

E
- 120
iz
80

40

n
" 6 El 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
East longitude, deg
I
.-I.: i
I T ....
..
. . .
Figure 5-l.L Serenitabis gravity p r o f i l e .

5.2 LUNAR SOUNDER

All planned operations of t h e lunar sounder experiment (S-209) were

accomplished. Eleven hours of f i l m data (active mode) were recorded, 7
hours of which were i n high frequency band, and 4 hours i n the very high
frequency band. I n addition, 30 hours of telemetry data were collected
i n the passive (receiver only) mode. Six of the 30 hours were collected
during l u n a r o r b i t and 24 hours were collected during the transearth
coast period.

The images produced by o p t i c a l processing indicated t h a t the energy

i n high frequency channel 2 w a s down approximately 10 t o 20 dB r e l a t i v e
t o high frequency channel 1. The predicted signal differences were 7 t o
1 0 dB. The g r e a t e r difference will l i m i t the analysis of the 15 mHz data.
The high frequency channel 1 and very high frequency images a r e of excel-
l e n t quality.

The very high frequency p r o f i l e i s s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r addressing l o c a l

selenomorphological problems. Tentative subsurface returns have been
i d e n t i f i e d i n both the high frequency 1 and very high frequency channels.
 . .. .

5-3

Evaluation i s continuing , however , t o substantiate t h a t these features

a r e not sidelobes of t h e main surface return or off-vertical surface
features.

I n t h e passive mode, t h e telemetry data e x h i b i t s a high t e r r e s t r i a l

noise component on t h e f r o n t s i d e of the moon. The lunar backside offered
the opportunity t o measure t h e t r u e g d z c t i c noise background. However,
t h e noise f r o m t h e guidance and navigation system w a s i n c o r r e c t l y pre-
d i c t e d and a reassessment of t h e guidance and navigation noise l e v e l i s
required before an accurate assessment of the g a l a c t i c noise can be made.
The 24 hours of d a t a collected during t r m s e a r t h coast will be used t o
analyze t e r r e s t r i a l noise sources and improve t h e c a l i b r a t i o n of the an-
tenna p a t t e r n .

Minor problems were encountered with operation of the equipment and

f i l m processing. The f i l m recorded occzsional s t a t i c discharge marks as
a r e s u l t of s t a t i c e l e c t r i c i t y generated when the f i l m edge rubbed against
t h e r o l l e r flange. Also, streaks and flow patterns were noted and appar-
e n t l y were acquired during the f i l m development process. The nature and
spacing of t h e discharge and development marks had l i t t l e e f f e c t on the
data.

Random dark bands'were observed on the film but coherent data existed
between t h e bands. Thk bands are believed t o have r e s u l t e d from arcing
i n t h e high voltage poher supply for the recorder cathode ray display tube.
T h i s problem w a s observed at turn-on dzring p r e f l i g h t vacuum t e s t i n g of the
Apollo 17 recorder. Two bands were noted during the f i r s t eight hours
of operation and t h e r e w a s negligible dzta l o s s . The r a t e of occurrence
increased t o f i v e o r s i x discharges per minute during t h e f i n a l three
hours of operation. Each band obscured from one fourth of a second t o
one second of data.

Two problems were encountered i n extending and r e t r a c t i n g t h e high

frequency antennas :

The HF antenna boom 1 r e t r a c t limit sensing switch f a i l e d t o operate,

r e s u l t i n g i n telemetry and command module display data t h a t indicated the
boom had not f u l l y r e t r a c t e d . Drive motor current was then used t o de-
termine t h e antenna r e t r a c t s t a t u s . Section 15.1.3 discusses t h i s prob-
lem.

Extension of t h e HF antenna boom 2 required more t i m e than expected.

Motor current data i n d i c a t e s f r i c t i o n WES higher than predicted. Section
15.1.4 discusses t h i s problem.
5-4

5.3 ULTRAVIOLLET SPECTROiMETER

The u l t r a v i o l e t spectrometer (s-169) ‘was operated as planned during

t h e mission. Data were obtained both while t h e command and service module
was i n l u n a r o r b i t and during t r a n s e a r t h coast with a t o t a l of 164 hours
and 45 d n u t e s of operating t i m e . Data were obtained i n t h e u l t r a v i o l e t
spectrum region (1180 t o 1680 angstroms). Observations were accomplished
of t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e , lunar atmosphere, zodiacal l i g h t , and g a l a c t i c and
e x t r a g a l a c t i c sources.

Instrument performance w a s normal except f o r a background count r a t e

t h a t w a s higher than expected. The higher count r a t e , which has been ten-
t a t i v e l y a t t r i b u t e d t o cosmic r a d i a t i o n , raises t h e lower l i m i t f o r detec-
t i o n of weak s i g n a l s , but does not a f f e c t the precision with which stronger
l i g h t s i g n a l s can be measured. The high count r a t e a l s o does not a f f e c t
t h e absolute s e n s i t i v i t y of t h e spectrometer.

On t h e l a s t day of operation of the u l t r a v i o l e t spectrometer, two

telemetered temperature measurements ceased t o operate. Section 15.5.4
contains a discussion of t h i s problem. This anomaly did not i n any man-
ner a f f e c t t h e a b i l i t y o f , t h e spectrometer t o complete i t s mission.

A portion of t h e s p e d t r a l data has been evaluated, and some scien-

t i f i c observations a r e presented i n t h e following paragraphs.

The t o t a l l u n a r atmosphere appears t o be much l e s s dense than t h e

maximum p a r t i c l e density of l o 7 per cubic centimeter reported by the
Apollo 1 4 cold cathode pressure gage. The Apollo 17 mission u l t r a v i o l e t
spectrometer w a s s e n s i t i v e t o all possible atmospheric constituents ex-
cept argon, helium, and neon. The upper l i m i t t o t h e t o t a l p a r t i c l e
density of all constituents observed on the Ayollo 17 mission i s l o 5 per
cubic centimeter.

Only atomic hydrogen w a s p o s i t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d i n the lunar atmos-

phere. The p a r t i c l e density-was less than 50 per cubic centimeter, which
i s about 1 percent of t h e density expected, i f solar-wind protons undergo
a charge exchange at t h e surface and t h e m a l l y escape.

Lunar albedo measurements confirm laboratory measurements performed

with lunar samples from previous missions. The f l i g h t data show t h e same
angular s c a t t e r i n g function observed i n the visible region. Albedo vari-
a t i o n s and t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e lunar geography are being analyzed.

New information about the s o l a r atmosphere (including zodiacal l i g h t )

and t h e e a r t h ’ s atmosphere was obtained during t h e mission. Additionally ,
very good d a t a were obtained during t r a n s e a r t h coast on s t e l l a r and ex-
t r a g a l a c t i c sources , and a general u l t r a v i o l e t slqr survey w a s conducted.
.. , .
, . .. . -...<.. . . . ' . . .. . .
- . - -. _. . .. . .:

5-5

5.4 INFRARED SCANNIliG RADIOMETER

The i n f r a r e d scanning radiometer (S-171) performed normally during

all l u n a r o r b i t phases of t h e mission and during t r a n s e a r t h coast. I n
more than 90 hours of operation, approximately 100 million l u n a r tempera-
t u r e measurements were made and a l l t e s t objectives were met. The tem-
p e r a i u r e s i n t h e i n f r a r e d scanning radiometer remained well within design
limits.

The i n f r a r e d scanning radiometer output w a s non-zero when t h e i n s t r u -

ment viewed space during t h e f i n a l portion of each scan. The non-zero
value v a r i e d over a range of approximately 7 t o l'j telemetry b i t s as a
f b c t i o n of o r b i t a l p o s i t i o n . Furthermore, during t r a n s e a r t h operations,
a non-zero value appeared near t h e mid-position of each scan and remained
t h e r e u n t i l t h e mirror entered t h e housing at t h e end of a scan. The
cause of t h e non-zero condition i s a t t r i b u t e d t o some object aboard t h e
s p a c e c r a f t and within t h e o u t s k i r t s of t h e i n f r a r e d scanning radiometer
field-of-view. The e f f e c t of t h i s object on t h e d a t a can possibly be re-
moved w i t h only a s m a l l degradation of the signal-to-noise r a t i o i n t h e
affected data.

The i n f r a r e d scathing radiometer low-gein channel s a t u r a t e d when t h e

instrument measured sybsolar point temperatures. The e f f e c t was not an-
t i c i p a t e d s i n c e t h e i n f r a r e d scanning radioaeter w a s c a l i b r a t e d t o tem-
p e r a t u r e s higher than t h e predicted subsolar point value, however, no t e s t
o b j e c t i v e w a s compromised by the s a t u r a t i o n .

Oceanus Procellarum has a considerzble v a r i a t i o n i n temperature , be-

cause i t s surface f e a t u r e s range from l a r g e c r a t e r s t o s m a l l features
which a r e below t h e i n f r a r e d scanning radiometer r e s o l u t i o n ( l e s s than
2 k i l o m e t e r s ) . The remainder of t h e ground t r a c k has f a r fewer thermal
v a r i a t i o n s , and t h e night-time scans on t h e backside show only a f e w
variations.

5.5 PANORAMIC cmRA

The panoramic camera operation was normal except f o r two problems.

On revolution 1 5 , t h e v e l o c i t y / a l t i t u d e sensor d a t a were e r r a t i c (see
sec. 15.5.11, and t h e camera w a s placed i n the v e l o c i t y / a l t i t u d e over-
r i d e p o s i t i o n f o r a l l subsequent photography.

On revolution 74, telemetry indicated a s t e r e o drive motor f a i l u r e

8 minutes p r i o r t o completion of t h e last section of coverage. The l o s s
of forward motion compensation degraded t h e resolution of t h e remaining
3
5-6

frames. This anomaly i s discussed i n section 15.5.3. However, post-

t r a n s e a r t h i n j e c t i o n photography w a s according t o the f l i g h t plan.

Telemetry d a t a i n revolution 49 indicated f i l m usage w a s s l i g h t l y

high, and t o compensate f o r t h i s , approximately 1 5 frames were deleted
from t h e end of revolution 62 at 90' east. A t acquisition of signal on
revolution 62 , t h e spacecraft was i n a pitch-up a t t i t u d e ; consequently,
photographs from t h i s pass are west-looking obliques r a t h e r than converg-
ent s t e r e o as planned.

Figure 5-2 shows t h e cumulative panorzrnic camera coverage through

revolution 74. The coverage f o r revolution 62 (133' east t o 93' e a s t ) i s
t h e normal ground coverage r a t h e r than the actuzl western oblique coverage.

Examination of a quick-look film positive indicated s a t i s f a c t o r y

q u a l i t y . However , because t h e camera was i n v e l o c i t y / a l t i t u d e override,
s t e r e o overlap i s not always 100-percent and models as low as 74 percent
may be expected.

The 5 oblique frames from revolution 36 cover t h e Apollonius High-

lands and Mare Fecunditatis north of Langrenus. This area includes the
Luna 1 6 landing s i t e . The oblique photogrqhy obtained on revolution 62
produced some unexpected besult s . The sequence s t a r t s over Tsiolkovsky
. I

and t h e p i t c h increases dtil t h e e n t i r e horizon i s included. This spec-

..-
>...;'
- ....
- -. *

t a c u l a r photograph i s t h e 'only one i n existence t h a t d i s t i n c t l y shows the

mountain range t h a t e n c i r c l e s Mare Smythii ( f i g . 5-3).

5.6 MAPPING CMEW

The mapping camera and i t s associated s t e l l a r camera performed s a t -

i s f a c t o r i l y throughout t h e mission. I n accordvlce with t h e f l i g h t plan,
t h e camera w a s operated i n both t h e extended and t h e r e t r a c t e d positions
during revolution-2-2. Camera deployment wzs cormal but t h e r e t r a c t i o n
was sluggish (sec. 1 5 . 5 . 5 ) . Deployment f o r the next camera operation on
revolution 13-14 required 3 minutes, 1 9 seconds as compared with the ex-
pected 1 minute and 20 seconds. To reduce the p o s s i b i l i t y of t o t a l f a i l -
ure of t h e deployment mechanism, t h e camera was l e f t extended u n t i l a f t e r
operation on revolution 38, when it w a s necessary t o r e t r a c t for t h e plane
change maneuver and rendezvous.

Operation on revolution 49 w a s i n t h e retracted position with a con-

sequent loss of s t e l l a r photogrsphy on t h a t revolution. The camera w a s
extended f o r operation on revolution 62. The a t t i t u d e of t h e spacecraft
on p a r t of revolution 62 r e s u l t e d i n t h e photographs being west-looking
obliques r a t h e r than t h e planned s t e r e o v e r t i c e l s .
45E 60E 75E 90E 105E l20E 135E . -_ IME 16% 180 165W I x)w
f
 !
Cr)
I
Ln
f
 5-10

On r e v o l u t i o n 65, t h e camera was not turned on u n t i l a f t e r acquisi-

t i o n of s i g n a l and approximately 15 minutes of planned n o r t h oblique pho-
tography was l o s t . The delayed turn-on w a s t h e r e s u l t of t h e camera be-
i n g t o o c o l d following a complete power-down f o r l u n a r sounder operations.

The remaining o p e r a t i o n , including p o s t - t r a n s e a r t h i n j e c t i o n photog-

raphy -was normal. Figure 5-4 shows cumulative mapping camera coverage
through r e v o l u t i o n 74.

Throughout t h e mission, t h e exposure pulses were missing a t t h e lower

l i g h t l e v e l s , t h u s i n d i c a t i n g a p o s s i b l e overexposure condition (see
s e c . 1 5 . 5 . 2 ) ; however, a check during f i b processing i n d i c a t e d no ad-
verse a f f e c t s .

When t h e camera w a s o p e r a t e d i n t h e r e t r a c t e d p o s i t i o n , t h e camera

covers appear i n t h e f i e l d of view. Photography on revolution 14-15 was
planned t o be v e r t i c a l , however, t h e s p z c e c r a f t w a s i n a n o r t h oblique
a t t i t u d e at t h e beginning of t h e pass. 'ilnis r e s u l t e d i n t h e bonus ac-
q u i s i t i o n o f t h e only reasonably good Apollo photographs of t h e c r a t e r
Icarus .

A l l o f t h e o b j e c t i , v e s of mapping crmera photography were s u c c e s s f u l l y

accomplished and i n gen,eral, t h e q u a l i t y of t h e photographs i s e x c e l l e n t .
The p o r t i o n which w a s Faken under high sun conditions a r e somewhat over-
exposed and as might be expected t h i s r e s u l t s i n some l o s s of d e f i n i t i o n .
Newton's r i n g s a r e p r e s e n t on t h e imagery, more so than on previos pho-
tography. F i l m d u p l i c a t e s e x h i b i t e l e c t r o s t a t i c discharges on some o f
t h e frames; however, none of t h e s e e f f e c t s should degrade t h e c a p a b i l i t y
t o reduce t h e photographic d a t a .

5.7 LASER ALTIMXTER

The l a s e r a l t i m e t e r performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y throughout t h e mission

. w i t h a t o t a l of 3769 measurements. Approximately 4 minutes of d a t a were
l o s t on r e v o l u t i o n 24 when t h e power was i n a d v e r t e n t l y turned o f f . About
38 minutes of dark-side a l t i m e t r y was d e l e t e d from revolution 62 t o permit
a maneuver away from t h e s c i e n t i f i c instrument module bay a t t i t u d e f o r op-
e r a t i o n of t h e u l t r a v i o l e t spectrometer.

The altimeter w a s o p e r a t e d continuously f o r an a d d i t i o n a l 1 0 hours

during t h e p r e - t r a n s e a r t h i n j e c t i o n s l e e p period.
 5-11

Figure 5-4.- Mapping camera coverage during

Apollo 17 mission.

-
...~ ....... . . . ~ .. . . . -. . . . . - .- .

5-12

5.8 OPERATIONAL AND COMMAND MODULE SCIENCE PHOTOGRAPHY

Crew camera and photographic o p e r a t i o n s , from a d a t a and equipment

s t a n d p o i n t , were good. The photographic data requirements were f u l f i l l e d
with only minor exceptions which r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e rescheduling of f l i g h t
p l a n a c t i v i t i e s t o make up t h e time l o s t due t o a l a t e e a r t h l i f t - o f f .
The primary photographic d a t a not obtained were t h e l u n a r surface polar-
i m e t r i c photography sequence , and one s o l a r corona photographic sequence
from t h e command module.

Valuable unscheduled photographs were obtained on t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e ,

i n l u n a r o r b i t , and during t h e t r a n s l u n a r and t r a n s e a r t h coast p e r i o d s ,
a l l of which were accompanied by v i v i d d e s c r i p t i o n s . The orange s o i l doc-
umentation and t h e e a r t h s h i n e photographs were of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t . An
i n t e r e s t i n g observation w a s t h a t t h e crew could s e e more d e t a i l s i n t h e
e a r t h s h i n e photographs on high-speed f i l m , than they could d e t e c t v i s u a l l y
from o r b i t .

5.8.1 Operation and Documentary

all a s p e c t s of ...
Documentary and o p d r a t i o n a l photography was accomplished covering
miss*. Table 5-1 l i s t s t h e equipment and f i l m t y p e s
used, along w i t h t h e photographic o b j e c t i v e s f o r each system. The crew
2~

.....
’ *.>

-.

photographic complement d i f f e r e d from A-00110 1 6 i n t h a t t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e

16-m~sequence system w a s d e l e t e d from t h e Apollo 17 mission.

5.8.2 Lunar O r b i t a l Science

All t h e planned photography was t d e n . Near-terminator photography

o f mare regions produced valuable photography with t h e 70-mm camera sys-
tem; however, t h e camera system w a s not f a s t enough f o r b e s t d a t a of f a r -
s i d e t e r m i n a t o r t a r g e t s u s i n g high-speed black-and-white film.

The 35-mm camera provided b e t t e r e a r t h s h i n e photography than on pre-

vious missions because of t h e h i g h e r speed l e n s . Five planned t a r g e t s :
Eratosthenes , Copernicus , Reiner , Gamma R i c c i o l i , and Orientale were pho-
tographed along with crew o p t i o n photograFhs o f Tsiolkovsky, Mare Inbrium,
and t h e l a n d i n g s i t e using t h e b l u e , r e d , and p o l a r i z i n g f i l t e r s . These
d a t a are a valuable a d d i t i o n t o t h e c a t a l o g of surface f e a t u r e s which a r e
being s t u d i e d .
 . . . . ,.:. . -* . r ., .. .. ~ . .

5-13

TABLE 5-1 .- PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT AND TARGETS

~~~

Lens f o c a l Film
Equipment Task / t a r g e t
length .type

Command module 70-m 80 so368 Undockirg, lw,ar module e j e c t i o n , l u n a r module

e l e c t r i c d a t a camera 250 2485 i n s p e c t i c = , rendezvous, and docking.
Earth a:e noon o r b i t a l science.
Solar coxma.
O r b i t a l science, s t e r e o s t r i p .
Contamirs:ion.
Neer t e d n a t o r .

Lunar s u r f a c e 70-nn 60 so368 Geology ssxgle documentation, surface panor.-z,

e l e c t r i c d a t a canera 500 3401 Apollo P z a r s-wface experiments pacX.,-e 6e;loy-
ment, g5dogy documentation, s o i l n e c h a i c s , lunar
module i-spection, d i s t a n t f e a t u r e s .

Command module 35-m 55 so168 Apollo l i g h t f l a s h moving emulsion device p s i t i o n

canera 2485 data.
Zodiecal l i g h t , g a l a c t i c l i b r a t i o n point.
Lunar sir-?ace i n earth-shine , dim l i g h t phexzena,
and far s i d e t e n i n a t o r .

Conmand module 16-m 75 so368 TrmsposLzion, docking, undocking, rendezvoils.

data acquisition 18 s0168 Lunar noi-iie i n s p e c t i o n , s c i e n t i f i c inscrucezt
camera 2485 module i x r j e z t i s o n , t r a n s e a r t h e x t r w e h i r 2 z r
activity.
i Entry e a b parechutes.
i Heat f1c-G demonstration.
Comet.
I
Contairszion.
IntravelCcular a c t i v i t y operations.
Lunar s r r i g s e s u l t photography.

Lunar module 16-DI~ 10 Descent, s u f e c e a c t i v i t y , a s c e n t , rendezvoE.

data acquisition
caaera

5.8.3 Astronomic Photography

The one s o l a r corona photographic sequence obtained consisted of 7

photographs w i t h exposure times 1 0 , 4 , 1, 1 / 2 , 1/8, 1/30, and 1/60-second
s t a r t i n g 75 seconds before sunrise and ending 1 0 seconds p r i o r t o sunrise.
The sequence w a s made using t h e Hasselblzd e l e c t r i c camera with the 80-m
lens set a t f / 2 . 8 , and high-speed, black-and-white f i l m .

The sunrise coronal sequence provides data on t h e e a s t limb of the

sun. J u p i t e r appears i n all seven of the photographs, thereby perinit-
t i n g s i m p l i f i e d indexing and t r a c i n g of the data. Two coronal streamers
are evident i n t h e photograph taken 6.4 seconds p r i o r t o sunrise; and
while these streamers seem t o appear i n the photograph taken 30 seconds
p r i o r t o s'mrise , photographic techniques and microdensitometry will be
required t o determine t h e i r f u l l extent. One streamer l i e s nearly along
t h e e c l i p t i c , and t h e excellent sketches made by t h e crew during the mis-
s i o n as w e l l as t h e i r descriptions during t h e debriefings show and include
 .. . .- .. . . . . :,.. .. . _

5-14

streamers extending along t h e e c l i p t i c out t o J u p i t e r , some 24.4 degrees

from t h e center of t h e sun. Microdensitometry traces w i l l be made from
t h e l u n a r limb out along t h e e c l i p t i c on all photographs t o determine the
brightness of t h e corona a s a function of distance from t h e center of t h e
Sun.

Zodiacal l i g h t photography data were obtained with greater success

on t h i s inission than on any previous attempt, due primarily t o refined
procedures and equipment. The zodiacal l i g h t extending eastward from t h e
lunar-occulted sun was recorded i n t h r e e separate s e r i e s of photographs.
Each of t h e s e pre-sunrise s e r i e s included overlapping frames covering
elongation angles from 80 degrees t o 0.5 degree eastward along the eclip-
t i c plane. The 35-mm camera system w a s used with t h e 55-mm l e n s a t f/1.2,
and front-end ( c o l o r o r p o l a r i z i n g ) f i l t e r s using high-speed, black-and-
white f i l m . The camera w a s bracket-mounted behind t h e right-hand rendez-
vous window and w a s pointed almost p a r a l l e l t o the vehicle plus X axis
when color f i l t e r s were i n use, and 30 degrees from t h e plus X a x i s to-
wards t h e minus Z a x i s when t h e l a r g e r polarizing f i l t e r was i n use. For
t h e zodiacal l i g h t t a s k s , t h e camera's o p t i c a l axis w a s i n i t i a l l y pointed
i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e vehicle instantaneous velocity vector by properly
o r i e n t i n g t h e spacecraft. T h i s allowed t h e camera a x i s t o be aimed close
t o t h e e c l i p t i c plane with one corner of the frame viewing a portion of
t h e l u n a r limb c u t t i n g across t h e e c l i p t i c . S t e l l a r images on the data
frames provide good postf;ight references f o r pointing accuracies.

The f i r s t s e r i e s of ll d a t a frames was taken i n red f i l t e r e d l i g h t

on revolution 23. An exposure time of 90 seconds was used i n i t i a l l y f o r
positions f a r t h e s t away from t h e sun, and the exposure t i m e w a s decreased
as t h e zodiacal l i g h t ' s brightness increased, so t h a t t h e f i n a l exposure
w a s 1/30 second within 0.5 degree of the sun.

A second s e r i e s of photographs was made i n blue f i l t e r e d l i g h t on

revolution 28. Since it used t h e same Siming and duration of exposures
as t h e previous s e r i e s , a d i r e c t frame-for-frame comparison w i l l show
s p e c t r a l content differences. Both s e r i e s w i l l a l s o be compared d i r e c t l y
t o matching duration exposures of a calibrated stepwedge, illuminated by
a s o l a r equivalent l i g h t source. Calibration exposures were c a r r i e d on
t h e f l i g h t s o t h a t they experienced t h e same l e v e l of r a d i a t i o n fogging
as t h e data frames, and t h e i r combined analysis w i l l remove emulsion rec-
i p r o c i t y f a i l u r e e f f e c t s from t h e f i n a l photometric results.

The polarized series was composed of eleven sets of photographs over

corresponding regions of t h e sky. Each s e t was made up of two photographs
with t h e f i l t e r r o t a t e d 90 degrees. Equivalent polarized c a l i b r a t i o n s of
t h e s e exposures were a l s o c a r r i e d on t h e f l i g h t .
. ... . .
: ~ . .- I . .. ., . r . .: .- ~ . _. .. . - . . . . _ I

5-15

The most s t r i k i n g i n i t i a l r e s u l t s come f r o m t h e comparison of corre-

sponding red and blue images. The inner zodiacal l i g h t within about 15
degrees of t h e sun shows a stronger red component i n and close t o the
e c l i p t i c plane, while the inner zodiacal l i g h t well out of t h e e c l i p t i c
plane as w e l l as almost a l l - o f t h e outer zodiacal l i g h t produced a
stronger blue component. While a s i m i l a r visual comparison of equiva-
l e n t polarized
- frames does not show any obvious v a r i a t i o n i n f e a t u r e s ,
very good isophote maps can be made f o r more s e n s i t i v e comparisons.

5.9 VISUAL OBSERVATIONS FROM ORBIT

Fourteen l u n a r surface t a r g e t s were visually studied from o r b i t t o

complement photography and other remotely-sensed data. Crew members were
aided i n performing t h e t a s k by onboard graphics, 10 power binoculars, and
a color wheel. A l l t h e supporting material was found adequate except f o r
t h e color wheel which apparently d i d not include a color range comparable
t o t h e a c t u a l l u n a r colors.

Some s a l i e n t r e s u l t s of t h e observations are:

... .- a. Descriptions of both t h e regional and l o c a l geological s e t t i n g s

of t h e landing s i t e w i 4 1 a i d i n t h e study of the returned sanples and
t h e i r environments.

b. Color determination of t h e overflown lunar maria w i l l help i n

extrapolation of r e s u l t s of sample analyses.

c. Orange-colored u n i t s detected on eastern and western Mare Seren-

i t a t i s are probably s i m i l a r t o t h a t sampled at Shorty Crater.

d. Domical s t r u c t u r e s within t h e c r a t e r Aitken on t h e lunar f a r s i d e

were characterized as resembling t h e many dacite domes i n northern C a l i f -
o r n i a and Oregon.

5.10 GAMMA RAY SPECTROMETER EXPERIMENT

The gamma ray spectrometer experiment (s-160) w a s passive during the

mission and consisted of only t h e sodium iodide c r y s t a l of t h e hardware
flown on Apollo 1 5 and 16. This was flown on Apollo 17 t o obtain a meas-
ure of induced c r y s t a l a c t i v a t i o n from primary protons and secondary neu-
t r o n s while i n t h e spacecraft. The induced a c t i v i t y w a s believed t o be a
major source of i n t e r f e r e n c e i n t h e g a l a c t i c flux data taken on Apollo 15
and 16.
 ,......:.'-,.--..._
:
..-.
.
:
..
~

5-16 .. ..
.,-;:.

The a c t i v e p a r t of t h e experiment s t a r t e d a f t e r landing and recovery

of t h e c r y s t a l from t h e spacecraft. The c r y s t a l , activated during f l i g h t ,
was counted i n a low-background s h i e l d aboard the recovery ship. An iden-
t i c a l c r y s t a l not flown aboard Apollo 17 was used as a control throughout
t h e measurement program.

A t t h e t i m e of p u b l i c a t i o n , q u a l i t a t i v e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s have been made

of t h e following nuclear i s o t o p e s ; Sodium 24, Iodine 123, Iodine 124, 10-
d i n e 125, Iodine 126, and possible Antimony 1 2 4 and Sodium 22. Results
i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e induced a c t i v i t y can be a t t r i b u t e d mainly t o species with
half l i v e s of about half a day and longer. Significant i n t e n s i t i e s of de-
cay products with s h o r t e r h a l f l i v e s have not been seen, although i f such
products were present they should have been observed.

The f i n a l r e s u l t s of t h i s experiment w i l l be reported i n a supplement

t o t h i s report.

5.11 APOLLO WINDOW METEOROID EXPERIMENT

This Apollo window meteoroid experiment (s-176) u t i l i z e s t h e comand

module s i d e and hatch windows f o r detecting meteoroids having a mass of
grams or l e s s . The gindows were scanned at a magnification of 20X
(200X magnification f o r areas of i n t e r e s t ) t o map a l l v i s i b l e defects.
Possible meteoroid c r a t e r s have been i d e n t i f i e d and a possible correla-
t i o n has been made between t h e meteoroid c r a t e r i n g f l u x on the glass sur-
faces and t h e lunar rock c r a t e r i n g studies.

The Apollo 17 windows were o p t i c a l l y examined with more than the

usual a n t i c i p a t i o n because t h e crew noted an impact of about 1-mm diam-
e t e r . No meteoroid c r a t e r s l a r g e r than 0.1-mm diameter have been detec-
t e d , but two l a r g e bubbles had formed j u s t below the window surface. The
bubble i n window 3 had a 0.42-mm diameter, and the bubble i n window 1 had
a 0.75-~nm diameter. A t a b u l a t i o n of meteoroid impacts and r e l a t e d data
.from t h e previous missions i s contained i n t a b l e 5-11.
.. . -
, .'_

.
.< .
5
 TABLE 5-11.- METEOROID CRATERS AND RELATED INFORMATION

Window 95 percent Minimum

Mission ex osure, Number of Meteoroid flux,
confidence l i m i t s , meteoroid m a s s ,
-sec impacts number/m2 -sec number/m2 -sec
9 g

Apollo 7 2.21 x 105 5 5.29 x 1015 1 . 3 X 10-l'

(Earth o r b i t a l without l u n a r module) 7.23 X 10
Apollo 8 1.80 x 105 5.96 x 7.9 x 10-11
__1 .-
(Lunar o r b i t a l without lunar module) 1.07 x 10-6
Apollo 9 1.87 x 105 1 3.0 x 10-5 5.4 x 10-10
(Earth o r b i t a l w i t h l u n a r module) 5.36 x 10-7
Apollo 10 1.99 x 105 0 1.86 x 10-5 1.6 x 10-l~
(Lunar o r b i t a l w i t h l u n a r module) ---
Apollo 1 2 2.43 x 105 0 1.52 x 10-5 1.6 X
(Lunar landing) ---
Apollo 13 1.112 x 1.05 I 7.6 x 1 0 - 5 5.9 x 10-9
(Circumlunar abort w i t t i lunur mo dule ) 1.37 X
Apollo 14 2.35 x 105 2 5.9 x 10-5 1.6 x io-ll
( L u n a r landing) 1.64 X 10-6
Apollo 15 2.88 x 105 0 1.28 x 10-5 6.7 x 10-l~
(Lunar landing ) ---
Apollo 16 2.55 x 105 0 1.39 x 10-5 6.7 x 10-11
(Lunar landing) ---
Apollo 17 2.95 x 105 0 1.25 x 10-5 5.37 x 10'10
(Lunnr landing)
 6-1

6.0 MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS AND INFLIGHT DEMONSTRATIONS

6.1 BIOSTACK EXPERIMENT

. The b i o s t a c k experiment (M-211) was conducted t o determine t h e bio-

l o g i c a l e f f e c t s of heavy i o n s from cosmic sources and t h e space f l i g h t
environment on p l a n t and animal b i o l o g i c a l systems i n a dormant s t a t e .
The experiment was h e r m e t i c a l l y s e a l e d a d self-contained.

The b i o s t a c k c o n t a i n e r l i k e t h e one flown on Apollo 1 6 , was r e t u r n e d

t o t h e p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r i n Frankfurt/Main Germany and opened within
10 days a f t e r landing. The r e s u l t s w i l l be published i n a supplement t o
t h i s report.

6.2 BIOLOGICAL COSMIC RADIATION EXPERIMENT

The b i o l o g i c a l cosmic r a d i a t i o n e e e r i m e n t was a passive experiment

__-_ -... t o determine if damage could be detected i n t h e b r a i n and eyes of pocket
- -,. mice after exposure t o heavy cosmic p a r t i c l e s i n t h e s p a c e c r a f t cabin en-
vironment. A dosimeter recorded t h e l e v e l of r a d i a t i o n i n t h e v i c i n i t y
of t h e experiment and two temperature recorders i n d i c a t e d t h e maximum and
minimum temperatures w i t h i n t h e c a n i s t e r . The experiment package w a s re-
moved from t h e s p a c e c r a f t about 4 1 / 2 hours a f t e r landing. The i n t e r n a l
p r e s s u r e o f 1 0 . 1 p s i a w a s immediately r s i s e d t o 14.7 p s i a with a 1-to-1
mixture o f oxygen and helium. The c a n i s t e r w a s then flown t o t h e Lyndon
B. Johnson T r o p i c a l Medical Center i n American Samoa. The experiment w a s
opened approximately 7 1 / 2 hours a f t e r landing and 4 mice were observed
moving about i n t h e i r t u b u l a r compartments. The f i f t h mouse w a s dead
and i t s death w a s not caused by r a d i a t i o n . The p h y s i c a l condition of t h e
l i v i n g mice appeared t o be e x c e l l e n t . The recorders i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e
temperature w i t h i n t h e c a n i s t e r ranged from 71.0' F t o 85.7' F. The im-
. p l a n t e d s c a l p dosimeters i n d i c a t e d penetration by a s i g n i f i c a n t number o f
cosmic p a r t i c l e s . Performance of t h e potassium superoxide granules i n
p r o v i d i n g l i f e support oxygen w a s considered t o be normal.

The l i v i n g mice were e u t h a n a t i z e d end all f i v e mice were then pre-

pared f o r postmortem examination. Autopsies were performed during which
various r e q u i r e d t i s s u e samples were obtained f o r subsequent evaluation.
Analysis of t h e dosimeters w i l l provide i n f o r n a t i o n f o r s e c t i o n i n g t h e
b r a i n s and eyes t o maximize t h e p r o b a b i l i t y f o r l o c a t i n g l e s i o n s caused
by t h e r a d i a t i o n p a r t i c l e s . The r e s u l t s o f t h e a n a l y s i s w i l l be r e p o r t e d
i n a supplement t o t h i s r e p o r t .
 . . , .. . .. . . . . . e

6-2

6.3 VISUAL LIGHT FLASH PBNOMENON

The v i s u a l l i g h t f l a s h phenomenon functional objectives were com-

p l e t e d during t h e t r a n s e a r t h and translunar coast phases. During t h e
64-minute translunar coast t e s t period, the Command Module P i l o t wore t h e
Apollo l i g h t f l a s h moving emulsion d e t e c t o r , t h e Commander wore an eye-
s h i e l d , and t h e L u n a r Module P i l o t served as t h s recorder f o r t h e events
observed by t h e other crewmen. A t o t a l of 28 events, occurring at random
i n t e r v a l s , were reported by t h e two crewmen. This t o t a l i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y
lower than t h e 70 events reported i n a conperable observation period on
Apollo 16. The Apollo l i g h t f l a s h moving eraulsion detector control p l a t e s
(nuclear emulsion) have been processed and contained a low background of
proton p a r t i c l e t r a c e s i n the emulsions.

The t r a n s e a r t h coast observation period commenced a t 279 :55 and con-

tinued f o r 55 minutes. A l l t h r e e crewmen wore eyeshields f o r t h i s obser-
vation period. No l i g h t flashes were experienced during t h i s observation
period; however, both t h e Command Module P i l o t and Lunar Module P i l o t re-
ported l a t e r t h a t they experienced l i g h t flashes during t h e subsequent
s l e e p period. No explanation of the lack of l i g h t f l a s h e s during t h e ob-
servation period can be made at t h i s time. A supplemental report will be
published summarizing t h e ; r e s u l t s of t h i s experiment on a l l mission flown.
!

6.4 HEAT FLOW AND CONVECTION INFLIGHT DEMONSTRATION

A heat flow and convection demonstration was conducted by t h e Con-

mand Module P i l o t during t r a n s l u n a r coast. The demonstration w a s a nodi-
f i e d version of t h e Apollo 1 4 demonstration and contained t h r e e separate
experimental t e s t s . Data were obtained with the 1 6 - I U ~data acquisition
camera and from crew observations; both of which were of excellent q u a l i t y .
Film data i n d i c a t e s t h a t all demonstrations were performed successfully.
~. A b r i e f description as well as t h e preliminary results of t h e demonstra-
. .
.. ..
t i o n are contained i n t h e fol.lowing paragraghs, and t h e f i n a l r e s u l t s
~ .'..
.. . w i l l be presented i n a supplement t o t h i s report.
. ..-.
..

Flow P a t t e r n Experiment

The flow p a t t e r n experiment w a s t o i n v e s t i g a t e convection caused by

surface tension gradients. The gradients r e s u l t from heating a t h i n l a y e r
of l i q u i d which generates c e l l u l a r p a t t e r n s known as Benard Cells.

The apparatus consisted of an open alminum pan approximately 7 cen-

t i m e t e r s i n diameter with e l e c t r i c a l heaters attached t o t h e bottom. The $

l i q u i d w a s Krytox o i l with approximately 0.2-percent f i n e aluminum powder J

, .
 . . .. ,. , .. ..
.- .

added f o r v i s i b i l i t y , and t h e solution w a s released i n t o the pan by a

valve and pump arrangement. Baffles of KEL-F material around the inside
periphery of t h e pan maintained t h e l i q u i d l e v e l at 2 and 4 millimeters
i n depth. The b a f f l e s were redesigned e f t e r t h e Apollo 14 mission t o
assure an even l a y e r of o i l across t h e bottom of the pan. On t h e Apollo
14 demonstration, t h e f l u i d tended t o adhere t o t h e w a l l s of the pan. On
t h e Apollo 17 demenstration, t h e t e s t WES conducted twice, once with a
2-millimeter fluid-depth, and once with a 4-millimeter depth.

The f l u i d contained bubbles which vere not e a s i l y dissipated by s t i r -

r i n g . A t t h e 2-millimeter depth, onset of convection occurred within a
few seconds of heat a p p l i c a t i o n ; wherees, on e a r t h , t h e average onset time
w a s approximately f i v e minutes. The f l u i d w a s contained by t h e b a f f l e s
aro,und t h e periphery and assumed a convex shape, s i m i l a r t o a perfect
l e n s . The surface w a s observed t o be free of r i p p l e s and d i s t o r t i o n , and
t h e cFnter thickness w a s approximately twice the b a f f l e height of 2 m i l -
limeters.

The Benard c e l l s formed i n the 2-millimeter depth were l e s s orderly

arid symmetrical than the ground-based p&terns and they reached a steady
s t a t e i n about seven minutes ( f i g . 6-1). Cells formed i n 4-millimeter
t e s t were more regular and l a r g e r than those i n t h e 2-millimeter t e s t , but
t h e c e l l s did not reach a steady-state condition during t h e 10-minute
heating period. 1
I

Radial Heating Cell

The radial heating c e l l was t o investigate heat flow and convection

i n a confined gas at low g conditions.

The experiment consisted of a cylinder which contained argon, and

w a s approximately 6 centimeters i n dianeter and 2 centimeters i n length.
The i n i t i a l i n t e r n a l pressure w a s approximately one atmosphere. Heat was
applied by a post h e a t e r mounted i n the center of the c e l l . Temperature
changes and d i s t r i b u t i o n were monitored by l i q u i d c r y s t a l s t r i p s which
changed color as t h e temperature changed. Clear color changes indicate
proper operation; however, the results of the demonstration will not be
available u n t i l analysis of t h e data i s complete.

Lineal Heating Cell

The l i n e a l heating c e l l u n i t w a s t o investigate heat flow and con-

vection i n a confined l i q u i d at low g conditions. The demonstration con-
s i s t e d of a c y l i n d r i c a l g l a s s container approximately 3 centimeters i n
diameter and 9 centimeters long, containing Krytox o i l . A disc-shaped
h e a t e r was located at one end of the cylinder and t h e temperature changes
~ ..c . . - _...< .: ..,, . :. &;:
. , . . _i...:.. : r . .. . . .- .

6-4

... -.
.. -
.-;
- .. *
.. ..-
- ..

Figure 6-1. - Heat flow and convection demonstration.

were monitored by l i q u i d c r y s t a l s t r i p s . The c e l l a l s o contained a f e w

magnesium p & i c l e s t o a i d v i s i b i l i t y . Clear color changes indicated
proper operation, but f i n a l r e s u l t s are dependent upon f'urther analysis.
 6- 5

6.5 ORTHOSTATIC COUNTERIEASURE G

-
T

A c u s t o m - f i t t e d o r t h o s t a t i c counterzeasure garment was donned 2 hours

p r i o r t o e n t r y by t h e Command Module P i l o t , and t h e garment was p r e s s u r -
i z e d at l a n d i n g , and remained p r e s s u r i z e d until performance of t h e lower
body , n e g a t i v e p r e s s u r e t e s t 5 hours l a t e r . The garment, when p r e s s u r i z e d ,
a p p l i e d a p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t from 50 m Eg at t h e ankles t o 0 a t t h e w a i s t .
While wearing t h e garment i n a p r e s s u r i z e d c o n d i t i o n , t h e Cornand Module
I P i l o t ' s s t a n d i n g h e a r t r a t e w a s 99 b e a t s p e r minute and h i s p u l s e p r e s s u r e
w a s 46 mm Hg. Upon d e p r e s s u r i z a t i o n of t h e garment, t h e s t a n d i n g h e a r t
rate and p u l s e p r e s s u r e changed t o lob b e z t s p e r minute and 47 mm h'g, re-
s p e c t i v e l y . The Command Module P i l o t ' s p o s t f l i g h t r e s t i n g h e z r t r a t e
(recumbent) w a s l e s s t h a n t h e p r e f l i g h t value and t h e lower body n e g a t i v e
-. p r e s s u r e t e s t produced no s i g n i f i c a n t chznge i n h e a r t rate o r p u l s e p r e s -
s u r e . A d d i t i o n a l l y , o t h e r r e l a t e d p o s t f l i g h t f i n d i n g s such as a small
d e c l i n e i n h e a r t s t r o k e volu-e , e n l a r g e d c a r d i a c s i l h o u e t t e by X-ray ,
and t h e f a c t t h a t t h e d e c r e a s e i n h i s 1~55volume was g r e a t e s t o f t h e
t h r e e crewmen , s u g g e s t t h a t t h e Cornand Kodule P i l o t ' s CardiGvESCUlar
o r t h o s t a t i c f u n c t i o n s d i f f e r e d from t h e o t h e r two crewmen. The garment
p r o v i d e d no apparent b e n e f i t t o t h i s c r e - n a n .

..
. .. ... .

'. . -:
 7.0 COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULES

Performance of t h e command and service systems i s discussed i n t h i s

s e c t i o n . The s e q u e n t i a l , pyrotechnic, thermal p r o t e c t i o n , and emergency
detection systems operated as intended and a r e not discussed i n t h i s sec-
t i o n . Discrepancies and anomalies i n the command and s e r v i c e module sys-
tems are mentioned i n t h i s s e c t i o n and discussed i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l i n sec-
t i o n 15.1.

7.1 STRUCTURES AND MXHAVICAL SYSTEMS

Command module window Contamination , s i m i l a r t o t h a t reported on

previous f l i g h t s , w a s observed s h o r t l y a f t e r e a r t h o r b i t i n s e r t i o n and
remained throughout t h e mission. A fine mist condensed on t h e i n n e r sur-
face of t h e heat s h i e l d panes of t h e two s i d e windows and t h e hatch win-
dow. The o u t e r surface of t h e heat s h i e l d pane on t h e l e f t s i d e window
w a s a l s o contaminated by t h e residue from t h e waste water d u p .

During t h e t r a n s p o s i t i o n and docking sequence, t h e no. 9 docking

. .
l a t c h switch d i d not open as evidenced by a barberpole i n d i c a t i o n and
... . .. .
... . .._.:
.
.i v i s u a l inspection of ?he l a t c h e s . E x d n a t i o n of t h e l a t c h v e r i f i e d t h a t
. .. ,....: .
:-
i
i 1

-:
:
r . < ..
. j..~
t h e l a t c h hook w a s prbperly engaged and subsequent manual actuation of
t h e l a t c h r e s u l t e d i d proper l a t c h i n g a d switch operation. Also, t h e
handles f o r l a t c h e s no. 7 and 1 0 d i d not lock automatically, thus requir-
i n g manual engagement. During preparation f o r t h e f i r s t l u n a r module i n -
gress , t h e Command Module P i l o t recocked no. 4 docking l a t c h and all
l a t c h e s operated normally f o r t h e lunar o r b i t docking.

Following command and s e r v i c e modules/lunar module undocking, an

e x t e n d / r e t r a c t t e s t was conducted f o r the lunar sounder HF’ antennas. The
antennas were p a r t i a l l y extended and then r e t r a c t e d ; however, a r e t r a c t
i n d i c a t i o n w a s not received f o r antenna 1 ( s e c t i o n 15.1.3). The antenna
w a s then f u l l y extended i n preparation f o r the lunar sounder experiments.
Subsequent antenna r e t r a c t i o n v e r i f i c a t i o n s were based on r e t r a c t power
and time. P r i o r t o t h e l u n a r o r b i t docking, t h e l u n a r module crew visu-
a l l y v e r i f i e d t h a t t h e antenna was r e t r a c t e d .

Photographic d a t a taken from t h e lunar module during rendezvous show

t h e mapping camera r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l system plume s h i e l d door i n t h e open
p o s i t i o n with t h e mapping camera apparently r e t r a c t e d . A discussion of
t h i s anomaly i s contained i n s e c t i o n 15.1.7.

The e a r t h landing system performance w a s normal. A l l t h r e e main par-

achutes and t h e forward heat s h i e l d were recovered. P o s t f l i g h t inspec-
t i o n s o f t h e main parachutes revealed no s i g n i f i c a n t operational damage ,
and i n s p e c t i o n of t h e forward heat s h i e l d revealed no unusual conditions.
7-2

7.2 ELEXTRICAL POWER AND FUEL CELLS

Performance of t h e e l e c t r i c a l power system and f u e l c e l l s w a s normal.

The e n t r y , postlanding, and pyrotechnic b a t t e r i e s f u l f i l l e d all power re-
quirements. Entry b a t t e r i e s A and B were each charged once before launch
and, w i t h t h e f u e l c e l l s , supplied the main buses through launch and dur-
ing a l l service propulsion system maneuvers. Battery A w a s charged four
times during t h e f l i g h t and b a t t e r y B f i v e t i a e s . The t o t a l ampere-hour
s t a t u s of entry b a t t e r i e s A , B y and C was mzintained above a minimum capa-
c i t y of 85 ampere-hours throughout t h e f l i g h t . This minimum, which w a s
approximately 1 0 t o 15 ampere-hours l e s s t h m usual, occurred about nine
hours i n t o t h e mission and was due t o t h e ddzyed e a r t h l i f t - o f f which
r e s u l t e d i n more b a t t e r y usage.

The f u e l c e l l s were a c t i v a t e d 58 hours p r i o r t o launch with f u e l

c e l l 2 on main bus A and f u e l c e l l s 1 and 3 open c i r c u i t e d . Three and
one-half hours before l i f t - o f f , f u e l c e l l 1 wzs placed on bus A and f u e l
c e l l s 2 and 3 were placed on bus B , a configuration which w a s not changed
throughout t h e f l i g h t . The f u e l c e l l s supplied 686 kilowatt hours of en-
ergy at an average bus voltage and current of 29.0 v o l t s and 76.5 amperes,
respectively.
i
!
7.3 CRYOGENICS STOFLAGE SYSTEN

The cryogenic storage system supplied reactants t o t h e f u e l c e l l s and

metabolic oxygen t o t h e environmental control system. The hydrogen tank 2
automatic pressure switch f a i l e d t o operate properly a f t e r approximately
70 hours. A f t e r t h i s time, pressure w a s manually controlled i n hydrogen
tanks 1 and 2. The oxygen and hydrogen systems performance was normal
and as predicted except f o r t h i s anomaly which i s discussed i n d e t a i l i n
section 15.1.8.

7.4 COMMUNICATIONS

Performance of t h e communications equipment w a s normal except f o r a

2-minute dropout of several pulse code modulation telemetry channels which
occurred at about 191 hours. D e t a i l s of t h i s anomaly may be found i n sec-
t i o n 15.1.9.
 . .. I . . . .. . ~:
. . .. .. . . .. . ". . " ... . . . . . .

7- 3

7.5 I N S T R W T A T I O N AND DISPLAYS

The instrumentation and displays performed normally during t h e mis-

s i o n . One measurement , t h e f u e l interface pressure, fluctuated about
17 p s i twice, each time f o r about 1 0 hours. Oscillations of the same
type were a l s o experienced on Apollo 15 with the service module reaction
control system quad A f u e l manifold pressure. These o s c i l l a t i o n s r e s u l t
from minor i n s t a b i l i t i e s i n t h e signal conditioning amplifier as a r e s u l t
of temperature or other physical e f f e c t s . These fluctuations did not
.
. .
. .......
.. prevent i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e data.
. . .:
. .
. . .
. . 1 On s e v e r a l occasions s h o r t l y a f t e r earth-orbit i n s e r t i o n , spurious
master alarms occurred, as discussed i r , section 15.1.1. The condition
.. . .... was only a nuisance f a c t o r t o t h e mission.
..
... . . ._.
. ..
:.. ._..
I n i t i a l checks after e a r t h o r b i t insertion disclosed t h a t the mission
. .
timer i n t h e lower equipment bay w a s 1 5 seconds slow. The timer was r e s e t
and it operated properly for t h e remainder of the mission. This anomaly
i s discussed i n section 15.1.2.

A t about 71 hours, t h e caution and warning tone booster was inopera-

t i v e . The tone booster i s a photo-sensitive device which activates when
a f i n i t e l i g h t i n t e n s i t y i s generated by the master alarm l i g h t . Discus-
sions w i t h t h e crew i n d i c a t e t h a t the i n i t i a l check of t h e tone booster
w a s made using t h e lamp t e s t mode. This mode a c t i v a t e s about half of t h e
warning l i g h t s including t h e master alarm l i g h t i n a p a r a l l e l e l e c t r i c a l
c i r c u i t , and t h i s r e s u l t s i n a lower i n t e n s i t y of t h e master alarm l i g h t .
. #
The subsequent t e s t of the tone booster activated only t h e master a l a r m
l i g h t ; t h e r e f o r e , t h e l i g h t i n t e n s i t y was higher and t h e tone booster op-
e r a t e d properly. The condition had been experienced during ground t e s t s .

7.6 GUIDANCE, NAVIGATION, AND CONTROL

Performance of t h e guidance, navigation, and t h e primary and backup

control systems was normal throughout t h e f l i g h t . The only anomaly w a s
a l a r g e b i a s v a r i a t i o n of t h e accelerometer i n t h e e n t r y monitor system
(see s e c t i o n 15.1.5). The anomaly occurred l a t e i n f l i g h t , therefore, it
had no e f f e c t on t h e mission and the system performed normally during
entry .
The primary guidance system provided good boost t r a j e c t o r y monitor-
i n g during laynch and during t h e translunar i n j e c t i o n maneuver. The crew
was unable t o see any i d e n t i f i a b l e star groups during t h e boost phase.
This would preclude using out-of-the-window alignment techniques, i f t h e
primary and backup a t t i t u d e reference systems were l o s t and it became
necessary t o abort.

. .
- - 7-4

A t earth-orbit i n s e r t i o n , the differences between t h e primary guid-

ance v e l o c i t y vector and t h e Saturn guidance velocity vector were minus
3.0, minus 13.6, and minus 6.3 f t / s e c i n the primary guidance X, Y, and
Z axes, respectively. The differences include an azimuth update of plus
0 . 9 degree i n t h e Y a x i s made at 100 seconds and represent 0.6 and 0.7
sigma X and Z platform e r r o r s , respectively. The azimuth correction
( Y a x i s ) at 100 seconds was well within specification.

A h i s t o r y of primary guidance system i r e r t i a l component e r r o r s i s

presented i n t a b l e 7-1. The p r e f l i g h t perfcrmance values were obtained
from system c a l i b r a t i o n s performed a f t e r the i n e r t i a l measurement unit
was i n s t a l l e d i n t h e command module. The f l i g h t performance values are
from platform alignment data and acce1erome;er b i a s measurements made
during t h e mission.

Table 7-11 i s a summary of i n e r t i a l mezsurenent u n i t realignments

performed during t h e mission. Table 7-111 s - m a r i z e s the s i g n i f i c a n t
control parameters during service propulsion system maneuvers and t h e
midcourse correction maneuvers.

The e n t r y sequence, which begins with commvld module/service module

separation, w a s normal through landing. The guidance system controlled
t h e spacecraft a t t i t u d e and lift vector during e n t r y and guided the ve-
h i c l e t o landing coordina$es of 17 degrees 52 minutes 48 seconds south
l a t i t u d e , 166 degrees 6 minutes 36 seconds Test longitude, as determined
from t h e spacecraft computer.

7.7 SERVICE PROPULSION SYSTEM

The service propulsion system performzcce w a s s a t i s f a c t o r y during

each of t h e s i x maneuvers with a t o t a l f i r i i g time of 584.7 seconds. The
a c t u a l i g n i t i o n times and f i r i n g durations &re contained i n t a b l e 7-111.
A l l system pressures were normal during the service propulsion f i r i n g s .

The helium pressurization system functioned normally throughout t h e

mission. A l l system temperatures were maintained within t h e i r redline
limits without h e a t e r operation a s i n d l previous Apollo f l i g h t s . The
.. - - nitrogen pressure system data showed normal usage f o r t h e six maneuvers.

The propellant m a s s unbalance at the end of t h e t r a n s e a r t h i n j e c t i o n

firing w a s approximately 30 lb decrease. The propellant u t i l i z a t i o n valve
w a s i n t h e decrease p o s i t i o n for approximately 39 percent of t h e t o t a l
s e r v i c e propulsion system f i r i n g t i m e and t h i s r e s u l t e d i n an o v e r a l l pro-
p e l l a n t mixture r a t i o f o r t h e mission of 1.592. The predicted mixture
r a t i o for t h e mission w a s 1.597 with t h e proDellant u t i l i z a t i o n valve i n
 ,
'.. i. .. .',.. .
. I . .
, a '~,,./.'.' ,
/'. . . I ,
. .:...-.-. .. .
I
,, .

TABLE 7-1.- INERTIAL COMPONENT HISTORY

P r e f l i g h t performance I n f l i g h t performance
Number Sample Standard Countdown Flight Number
of Sample Standard
Parameter of mean deviation value load samples mean deviation
samples

Accelerometers

X - S c a l e f a c t o r e r r o r , ppm . . . . . . -704 20 -715 -750 - - -

2 -0.08 0.06 -0.06 -0.19 112 0.04 0.12
B i a s , cm/sec . . . . . . . . . . .
Y - S c a l e f a c t o r e r r o r , ppm . . . . . . -234 17 -233 -210 - - -
2 0.08 0.03 -0.04 -0.07 112 -0.02 0.03
B i a s , cm/sec . . . . . . . . . . .
Z - S c a l e f a c t o r e r r o r , ppm . . . . . . 824 . 22 -831 -810 - - -
2 0.71 0.03 0.69 ' 0.71 112 0.74 0.03
B i a s , cm/sec . . . . . . . . . . .
Gyroscopes

X - Null b i a s d r i f t , meru . . . . . . . 0.32 1.36 1.9 0.6

Acceleration d r i f t , s p i n r e f e r e n c e
axis, meru/g . . . . . . . . . . . -6.22 0.33 -6.7 -6.0
A c c e l e r a t i o n d r i f t , i n p u t axis
meru/g .............. 5.72 2-97 4.1 7.0
Y - Null b i a s d r i f t , meru . . . . . . . 0.82 0.76 0.6 -0.1
Acceleration d r i f t , spin reference
a x i s , meru/g ........... 5.10 0.62 4.7 6.0
A c c e l e r a t i o n d r i f t , i n p u t axis
meru/g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.98 3.05 10.3 13.0
Z - Null b i a s d r i f t , meru ....... 1.37 0.77 2.3 1.2
A c c e l e r a t i o n d r i f t , sp_in r e f e r e n c e
axis, meru/g ........... -3.50 0.54 -3.1 -4.0
A c c e l e r a t i o n d r i f t , i n p u t axis ,
meru/g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -6 95
- 4.69 1.2 -6.0
 . . .
8 .

', .
.

-I
TABLE 7-11.-PLATFORM ALIGNMENT SUMMARY I
o\

angle
Gyro torquing angle, deg itar Gyro d r i f t , meru
S t a r used - - Lifference, - Comments
X Y
- de& 2 X Y 2
-
00:35 3 24 Gienah, 30 Menkent 0.080 0.029 0.018 0.01 -9.011 -3.27 2.03 Launch o r i e n t at i on
01:52 3 22 RegulUS, 24 Gienah -0.037 -0.007 -0.021 0.00 2.01 0.38 -1.14
07:58 3 4 Achernar, 7 Menkar -0.134 -0.018 0.175 0.01 1.46 0.20 1.90
08 :08 1 - I - I -- --
- -- Passive thermal c o n t r o l o r i e n t a t i o r
08:11 3 4 Achernar, - -0.05 -0.57 0.00 0.01 -- -- --
16:55 3 32 Alphecca, 23 Denebola -0.165 -0.1311 0.153 0.00 1.28 1.04 1.18
23:lO 3 7 Menkar, 13 Capella -0.151 0.019 0.140 0.02 1.60 -0.20 1.46
35:04 3 32 Alphecca, 35 Rasalhague 0.089 -0.035 -0.023 0.00 -0.55 0.20 -0.13
45:17 3 1 Alpheratz, 1 0 Mirfak -0.022 0.017 -0.020 0.01 0.14 -0.11 -0.13
58:19 3 1 Alpheratz, 36 Vega 0.021 -0.108 -0.005- 0.01 -0.107 0.52 -0.27
68:15 3 26 Spica, 32 Alphecca 0.114 -0.067 -0.033 0.00 -0.61 0.35 -0.18
82:40 3 16 Procyon, 17 Regor 0.077 0.039 -0.002 0.00 -0.36 -0.18 0
82:5a 3 - -0.022 -0.016 -0.054 0.01 - -- -- Lunar o r b i t i n s e r t i o n o r i e n t a t i o n
84:50 3 13 Capella, 20 Dnoces 0.029 0.041 -0.041 0.01 -1.04 -1.48 1.48
87:29 3 11 Aldebaran, 16 Procyon -0.045 -0.039 -0.020 0.01 1.13 0.98 -0.50
87:32 1 15 S i r u s -- 0.742 0.736 -0.735 0.00 - - -- Landing s i t e o r i e n t a t i o n
89:30 3 15 S i r i u s , 22 Regulus 0.046 0.014 -0.069 0.00 -1.56 -0.48 -2.34
93:31 3 20 Dnoces, 27 Alkaid -0.036 0.052 0.030 0.00 0.60 -0.86 0.50
105:40 3 14 Canopus, 25 Acrus 0.065 -0.076 -0.102 0.01 -0.53 0.63 -0.83
108:34 3 30 Menkent, - 0.09 0.025 0.024 0.00 0 -0.11 0.11
110:40 3 21 Alphard, 26 Acrux 0.013 0.015 -0.056 0.01 -0.42 -0.110 -1.70
130:21 3 15 S i r i u s . 22 Regulus 0.1113 -0.038 -0.006 0.01 -0.118 0.13 -0.02
1hO:39 3 7 Menkar, 111 Cwiopiiu 0.0116 -0.015 -0.006 0.01. -0.31 0.10 -0.011
151i:%y 3 7 Mcnkirr , 111 CWIO~IIIIJ 0.306 -0.01 2 -O.(Y$I 0.01 -0.!>l 0.06 -0.16
166:41 3 6 Acwnur. 113 kIll2tJ 0.053 -0.011 -0.039 0.01 -0.32 0.06 -0.21
177:50 3 11 Aldebnrun, 20 Dnoceo 0.173 0.023 -0.0115 0.00 -1.03 -0.14 -0.
177:55 1 20 Dnoces, 11 Aldebartm -0.541 -0.147 -0.706 0.01 -- -- -- Plane change o r i e n t a t i o n
180:22 1 2 Diphda, 1 4 Canopus -0.493 -0.798 -0.092 0.01 - -- - L i f t - o f f o r i e n ta t i o n
183:55 3 22 Regulus, 24 Gienah .0.102 0.030 -0.040 0.00 -1.91 -0.56 -0.89
207 :43 3 12 Rigel, 21 Alphard 0.163 -0.073 -0.019 0.00 -0.46 0.20 -0.05
215:42 3 12 Rigel, 21 Alphard 0.046 -0.020 -0.009 0.01 -0.38 0.17 -0.07
227 :34 3 27 Alkaid, 31 Arcturus 0.092 0.043 -0.026 0.00 -0.52 -0.24 -0.15
231:34 3 12 R i g e l , 21 Alphard 0.065 -0.050 -0.039 0.01 -1.08 0.83 -0.65
231 :46 3 12 Rigel, 21 Alphard -0.011 -0.007 -0.002 0.01 - -- -- Transearth i n j e c t i o n o r i e n t a t i o n
235:30 3 23 Denebola, 30 Menkent 0.105 -0.009 0.030 0.01 -1.88 0.16 0.54
235 :43 3 23 Denebola, 30 Menkent -0.086 0.026 -0.045 0.00 -- - - Passive thermal c o n t r o l o r i e n t a t i o i
249:31 3 26 Spica, 27 Alkaid 0.102 -0,011 -0.089 0.00 -0.49 0.05 -0.113
262 :19 3 1 Alpheratz, 36 Vega 0.121 0.009 -0.047 0.01 -0.63 -0.04 -0.23
273:50 3 26 Spica, 27 Alkaid 0.086 -0.063 0.060 0.00 -0.511 0.40 0.38
285 :20 3 3 Navi. 36 VeEa 0.079 0.106 -0.068 0.01 -0.46 -0.61 -0.39
297:16 3 7 Mcrikar. 115 lbmnlhaut 0.064 -0.059 -0.032 0.00 -0.36 0.33 -0.18
297 :29 3 7 Menkar, 45 I~omalhnut -0.059 -0.003 -0.050 0.00 -- -- -- Entry o r i e n t a t i o n
300 :03 3 24 Gienah, 33 Antares 0.004 0.040 -0.036 0.01 -2.20 -1.00 -0.N
- I_

%e numbers used i n this column r e p r e s e n t t h e f0110ving: 1 - Preferred; 3 - REFSMMAT.

 . .
i

TABLE 7-111.- MANEUVER SUMMARY

~~~~

%escent Second
aFirst aLunar 'Lunar o r b i t Orbital 'Lunar o r b i t aTransearth
orbit midcourse
Parameter midcourse orbit ircularization trim plane change injection
insertion insertion correction
correct ion ~~

Time
I g n i t i o n , hr:min:sec
.. 35 :29 :59.91 86 :I4 :22.60 go :31 :37.43 109:17:28.92 178: 54: 05.45 179:53 :53.83 234: 02:09.18 298:38:01
Cutoff, hr:min:sec . .. 35 :30 :01.64 86 :20:55.76 90 :31: 59.70 103 :17:32.72 178:54 A2.95 179:54 :13.88 234 :04 :32.87 298: 38:lO
Duration, hr:min:sec . . 01.73 06 :33.16 22.27 03.80 31 :30 20.05 02 :23.69 00 :09
-
bVelocity gained. ftlsec
(actualfdesired) I
x-axis . .. ...... 9.119 18 ,2982.4/2987.1 -112.81-113.0 0.310.1 5.115.7 -266.81-267 .O -3043.31-3043.3 1.311.4
Y-axis . .. .. .... 3.213.4 -48.31-48.3 -i6i.3/-161.'.1 o.o/o.o 7.017.1 250.11250.1 97.3198.1 0 :o/o .1

z-axis ........ . -2.21-2.4 -39.11-39.1 -16.31-16.4 68.9170.5 0.410.2 -11.11-11.2 06.8187.0 1.611.6

cVelocity r e s i d u a l s , ftfsei
(beforelafter t r i d n g )
x-axis :
........ 0.710.1 -0.31No t r i m O.l/No t r i m 1.310.0 -0.510.0 O.l/No trim O.l/No t r i m O.l/No t r i n
Y-axis .,....... 0. 010 .l +O.l/No t r i m 0.21No t r i m 0.210.0 0.0/0.1 O.l/No t r i m O.O/No t r i m O.O/No t r i n
O.O/No t r l m -0.61-0.6 0.51-0.1 O.1INo trim 0.2INo t r i m -0.11No trin
z-axis. . . ... . * 0 o.o/o.o O.O/No t r i m

g e r v l c e propulsion nystem w e d f o r these mnneuvers.

b I n e r t i a l coordinates before t r i m i n g .
' ~ o 4 y coordinates a f t e r trimming.

-a
I
-a
 . . . . c . ..-. . .

7-8

t h e normal p o s i t i o n . Adjusting f o r t h e service propulsion system f i r i n g

time performed with the propellant u t i l i z a t i o n valve i n t h e decrease posi-
t i o n , t h e difference w a s within t h e predicted value.

7.8 REACTION CONTROL SYSTEM

The performance of t h e command and service module reaction c o n t r o l

systems were normal during all phases of the mission. During p o s t f l i g h t
purging of t h e oxidizer manifold, t h e plus p i t c h and plus yaw engines o f
t h e command module reaction control system 1 responded simultaneously t o
ground support equipment commands. The problem was located i n t h e ground
support equipment and t h a t hardware w i l l be modified for the Skylab
program.

7.9 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM

The environmental control system provided an acceptable environment

f o r t h e crew and spacecraft equipment. During t h e d a i l y water chlorina- --
t i o n operations, leakage was observed i n and around t h e casing assembly
of t h e i n j e c t o r mechanism! Despite t h e minor leakage, a l l chlorination --. - I-

procedures were accomplished as scheduled. This anomaly i s discussed

i n s e c t i o n 15.1.6.

During four e a r l y lunar o r b i t s , t h e water/glycol temperature control

valve (mixing valve) f a i l e d t o open properly as t h e r a d i a t o r o u t l e t tem-
perature decreased. The mixed coolant temperature momentarily f e l l as
much as 4' F below t h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n control band of 42' t o 48' F during
mixing s t a r t u p . No corrective action w a s taken and i n i t i a t i o n of mixing
w a s proper during all subsequent lunar o r b i t s and during t r a n s e a r t h coast
This anomaly i s discussed i n section 15.1.10.

The r a d i a t o r flow proportioning valve automatically switched over

t o t h e backup control system f o r t h e primary coolant loop. About 4 hours
l a t e r , t h e crew r e s e t t h e flow c o n t r o l t o the primary system and returned
control t o t h e automatic mode a f t e r which operation of t h e valve was sat-
i s f a c t o r y . Switching normally occurs f o r any one of t h e following con-
ditions.

a. The indicated temperature difference between t h e two r a d i a t o r

panels i s g r e a t e r than 15' F and the flow control valve i s not drawing
full current.
i. .. . .
- ,
. . . _ , .... , . .

7-9

b. The indicated temperature difference between t h e two r a d i a t o r

panels i s g r e a t e r than 15' F and the valve current i s of t h e wrong po-
.
l a r it y

c. A t r a n s i e n t on t h e ac o r dc bus.

7.10 EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITY EQUIPMENT

The extravehicular a c t i v i t y crew equipment performed successfully

throughout t h e t r a n s e a r t h extravehicular a c t i v i t y . Preparations f o r t h e
extravehicular a c t i v i t y were delayed s l i g h t l y when t h e Command Module
P i l o t ' s communication c a r r i e r did not receive a low pressure warning
tone during t h e oxygen purge system checkout. The Command Module P i l o t
exchanged communication c a r r i e r s with the Lunar Module P i l o t and received
t h e tone on a subsequent check, and the extravehicular a c t i v i t y proceeded
as planned. L a t e r , an inspection of the f a u l t y communications c a r r i e r
revealed two broken leads i n t h e e l e c t r i c a l p i g t a i l . See section 15.3.1
f o r a discussion of t h i s anomaly.
 ... . . .. . .. .. .-....I ' I . . _ . . . ,. . . . - . I . .. .. . ^I... . . , ..

7-10

7.11 COXSUMABLES
(Lq
The command and s e r v i c e module consumable usage during Apollo 17 w a s
w e l l within t h e r e d l i n e limits. .

7.10.1 Service Propulsion Propellant

Service propulsion propellant and helium loadings and consumption

values are l i s t e d i n t h e following t a b l e . The loadings were calculated
from gaging system readings and measured d e n s i t i e s p r i o r t o l i f t - o f f .

Proyellant, l b
Condition
Fue 1 Oxidizer Total

Loaded 1 5 669.0 40 742.0

Consme d 1 4 917.0 38 671.0

I

Remaining a f t e r t r a n s -
earth injection !
752.0 1319.0 2071.0

Usable a f t e r t r a n s -
earth injection 606.0 1024.0 1630.o

..

. . .. -..<
... . i Helim, l b
- ...
Condition
Storage b o t t l e s Propellant tanks
-

Loaded 87.6 5.4

Consued 65.5
Remaining after trans-
earth injection 22.1 70 -9

. . . .:
... - ..
..__-.
 7-11

7.11.2 Reaction Control System Propellant

Service Module.- The propellant u t i l i z a t i o n and loading data f o r t h e

s e r v i c e module r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l system were as shown i n the following
t a b l e . Consumption w a s calculated from telemetered helium tank pressure
h i s t o r i e s and was based on pressure, volume, and temperature r e l a t i o n s h i p s .

Propellant, l b
Condition
Fuel Oxidizer Total

Loaded
Quad A 110 337
Quad B 110 335
Quad C 110 336
Quad D 110 335
Total 440 1343
a
Usable loaded 1252

Consumed 654
i
Remaining a t commmd
module/service mod-
ule separation 598
a
Usable propellant i s t h e amount loaded minus t h e amount
trapped with corrections made f o r gaging system e r r o r s .

Command Module.- The loading of comand module reaction control

system propellant were as follows.
~ ~~

Propellant, l b
Condition
Fuel Oxidizer Total

Loaded
System 1 39 78
System 2 38 78
Toial 77 156
Usable loaded
..

Consme d

*Based on amount of propellant off loaded.

 . . . . . I . . . . ..

'

7-12

7.11.3 Cryogenics

The t o t a l cryogenic hydrogen and oxygen q u a n t i t i e s available a t

l i f t - o f f and consumed were as follows. Consumption values were based
on quantity d a t a transmitted by 'telemetry.

. Hydrogen, l b Oxygen, l b
Condition
Actual Planned Actual Planned

Available at l i f t - o f f

Tank 1 26.7 309.5

Tank 2 26.9 313.8
Tank 3 25 -5 325.8
Total 79.1 82.1 949.1 944.8
Consm e d
Tank 1 19.0 215.0
Tank 2 19.9 197 5
Tank 3 22.2 187.6
Total 61.1 60.5 600.1 576.9
Remaining at command
module / se r v i c e module
separation
Tank 1 7.7 94.5
Tank 2 7.0 116.3
Tank 3 3.3 138.2
Totdl 18.0 21.6 349.0 367.9

.
.
.. .
-
-.

, .... .
... ....
.
-.
, . . .. .
. .. -
:-. .
. . .....
 . . _ . ~ _..' . . . .> . . ... - . ... . -

8-1

8.0 LUNAR MODULE PERFORMANCE

The l u n a r module systems performance i s discussed i n t h i s section.

All spacecraft d i s p l a y s , plus t h e t h e m a protective, pyrotechnic, and
reaction control systems operated as intended and a r e not discussed i n
t h i s - s e c t i o n . The systems discrepancies and anomalies a r e mentioned i n
t h i s section and discussed i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l i n section 15.2.

8.1 STRUCTURE3 AND MEXKUICU SYSTEMS

All mechanical systems functioned properly. The loads at landing

were low based on t h e r a t e of descent at footpad contact of about 3 f t / s e c .
The vehicle a t t i t u d e on the lunar surface was approximately 5.3 degrees
p i t c h up with a l e f t roll of about 2.6 degrees.

8.2 ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION AND BATTERIES

1
The e l e c t r i c a l power system performed as expected. The descent bat-
t e r i e s delivered 1585 [ampere-hours out of a nominal t o t a l capacity of
.
2075 w e r e - h o u r s A t j e t t i s o n , t h e ascent b a t t e r i e s , had delivered about
300 ampere-hours out of a normal capacity of 592 w e r e - h o u r s , and at im-
p a c t , over 200 ampere-hours remained. The dc bus voltage was maintained
a t about 28.8 v o l t s , and the maximum observed current was 71 amperes dur-
i n g t h e powered descent.

8.3 COMMUNICATIONS

A l l functions of t h e communications system were acceptable during

each phase of t h e mission. The S-band steerable antenna l o s t lock sev-
e r a l times because of vehicle blockage o r reaching t h e gimbal limits. No
l o s s e s of automatic t r a c k , due t o divergent antenna o s c i l l a t i o n s , were
noted as experienced on several previous missions.

8.4 INSTRUMENTATION

The instrumentation system operated normally except f o r a b a t t e r y 4

measurement s h i f t which w a s noted at about 108 hours. This anomaly is
discussed i n section 15.2.1.

. ..
. . _.
.
. .
.- .......*
. .
.
8- 2

8.5 RADAR

Landing radar performance was normal during powered descent. Velocity

a c q u i s i t i o n was obtained at an estimated a l t i t u d e of 42 000 f e e t , p r i o r t o
changing t h e lunar module yaw a t t i t u d e from 70 t o 20 degrees. Range ac-
q u i s i t i o n was obtained during t h e yaw maneuver, at an a l t i t u d e of approx-
imately 39 000 f e e t . Antenna position and r a g e s c a l e change occurred at
t h e predicted t i m e and tracking w a s continuous t o lunar touchdown. There
was no lock-up on moving dust or debris n e a t h e lunar surface.

The rendezvous radar performance w a s normal f o r a l l mission phases

including s e l f - t e s t , rendezvous radar/transponder checkout , and rendez-
vous tracking.

8.6 DESCENT PROPULSION SYSTEM

The descent propulsion system performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . The t o t a l

time f o r t h e descent f i r i n g was approximately 727 seconds. The propellant
quantity gaging system indicated about 1225 l b of usable propellant remain-
ing a t engine shutdown. This i s equivalent t o 117 seconds of hover t i m e .
The descent propulsion syTtem pressures and temperatures were as expected
during all phases of the mission. The s u p e r c r i t i c a l helium system func-
tioned normally. Performance of both t h e s u p e r c r i t i c a l helium tank and
t h e ambient s t a r t b o t t l e i s shown i n t a b l e 8-1.

The gaging probe readings at engine shutdown are given i n t a b l e 8-11.

The low-level sensor w a s a c t i v a t e d at lunar landing and w a s probably a re-
s u l t of propellant s l o s h , since a l l probes indicated propellant q u a n t i t i e s
above t h e sensor a c t i v a t i o n l e v e l .

8.7 ASCENT PROPULSION SYSTEM

The ascent propulsion system performance was s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r t h e

l u n a r ascent and a terminal phase i n i t i a t i o n f i r i n g s . The engine f i r i n g
duration f o r t h e ascent maneuver was 441 seconds. The terminal phase i n i -
t i a t i o n maneuver f i r i n g t i m e w a s approximatelly 2.7 seconds, however, no
d a t a were received during t h e second f i r i n g . System pressures and temper-
a t u r e s were normal during all phases of the nission.

1
i
. . . . . ._ . , - d .... ...... rrr;rrcr.ii?-?-”. .-.!<.- .............. -.

8- 3

TABLE 8 -I.- DESCENT PROPULSION SYSTEM

SUPERCRITICAL HELIUM SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

~~

Par m e t e r Value

S u p e r c r i t i c a l helium b o t t l e

Pressure r i s e r a t e from l i f t - o f f t o
powered descent maneuver i g n i t i o n ........ 6.8 p s i / h r

Pressures during powered descent

...............
I g n i t i o n pressure 1304 p s i a
Peak pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415 p s i a
Pressure at l u n a r touchdown . . . . . . . . . . 482 p s i a

Ambient s t a r t b o t t l e

Pressure l e v e l from loading t o use ....... 1646 t o

I 1625 p s i a
I
Pressure a f t e r squib valve opening ....... 600 p s i a
Pressure at i g n i t i o n f o r powered descent .... 602 p s i a
Pressure at l u n a r landing ............ . 602 p s i a

TABLE 8-11.- PROPELLANT QUANTITY GAGING SYSTEM DATA

AT ENGINE SHUTDOWN

Tank 2 Total

Oxidi zer

Quantity, percent ...... 6.6 7.1 ---

Weight, l b ......... 379 407 796
Fuel

Quantity, percent ...... 6.4 6.2 ---

. . .
.- ... ...-..:
.i.:
Weight, lb ......... 230 223 453
b
 . .- . - ..-. . .
- .. . . . . - ~ .C. .. . .

8-4

8.8 GUIDANCE , NAVIGATION , AND CONTROL

The performance of t h e primary guidance, navigation, and control sys-

t e m as well as t h e abort guidance system was normal throughout the mis-
sion. Two i r r e g u l a r i t i e s were noted during system activation.

T h e ' f i r s t i r r e g u l a r i t y w a s noted when power was applied t o t h e com-

p u t e r . The crew did not observe t h e expected r e s t a r t l i g h t , and 400 was
displayed i n r e g i s t e r 2 of t h e display keybozrd. The r e g i s t e r should
have been blank. Data i n d i c a t e t h a t 3 r e s t a r t s had occurred instead o f
one and t h a t two computer addresses contained useless data. A l l of these
symptoms can be caused by very small voltage v a r i a t i o n s r e s u l t i n g from
changing current demands as t h e computer i s being activated. Subsequent
computer s e l f - t e s t s were normal and t h e computer performance was normal
f o r t h e remainder of t h e mission.

The second i r r e g u l a r i t y occurred when the engine p i t c h and r o l l gim-

b a l t r i m s e t t i n g s were displayed. The numbers were c o r r e c t , but the axes
were reversed from those i n t h e onboard checklist. Due t o an e r r o r i n t h e
documentation supplied t o Kennedy Space Center, t h e axes were reversed
when t h e d a t a were loaded i n t o t h e computer during prelaunch a c t i v i t i e s .
!

Aside from these i r r 4 g u l a r i t i e s , activation of both guidance systems

was normal. The lunar module computer timing w a s synchronized t o the com-
mand module timing and t h e l u n a r module platform w a s aligned t o the command
module platform. Table 8-111 i s a summary of primary guidance system p l a t -
form alignments and t a b l e 8-IV i s a h i s t o r y of t h e i n e r t i a l component sta-
b i l i t y . Table 8-v i s a h i s t o r y of t h e abort guidance system c a l i b r a t i o n s .

The powered descent maneuver was i n i t i a t e d on time. Table 8-VI i s a

summary of s i g n i f i c a n t events during descent.
. ..
Performance during ascent w a s normal. Velocity residuals at inser-
t i o n were minus 0.9, minus 1 . 2 , and plus 1.3 f t / s e c i n t h e X, Y , and Z
.axes, r e s p e c t i v e l y , and t h e o r b i t indicated by t h e guidance computer w a s
50 by 9.1 miles. I n s e r t i o n e r r o r s from various sources are shown i n
t a b l e 8-v11. A vernier adjustment maneuver of minus 3 . 6 , minus 9.0, and
plus 1 . 2 f't/sec was performed t o adjust the o r b i t a l conditions. Table
8-vr11 i s a summary of rendezvous solutions from several sources.
 I

TABLE 8-111.- LUNAR MODULE PLATFORM ALIGNMENT SUMMARY

Tine Type Aligment mcde Star angle Gyro torquing an8Ie. deg Gyro d r i f t r a t e s . mcru
d i f Cerence ,
hr:min slignmer'tOptiona Techniqueb DetentC Star Detente Star deg X Y 2 X Y 2

106:56 52 3 - 3 52-hbhe 1 11-Aldebarm 0.07 0.620 0.695 0.135 -- - --

108:46 52 3 - 2 16-~rocyon 2 11-Aldebaran 0.03 0.056 0.044 -0.028 -1.99 -1.57 -0.99
1ll:ll 57 3 3 3 52-hbhc - -I 0.Ob 0.051 -0.026 0.097 -1.41 0.72 2.68
36-vega -0.02 0.028 I
181:56 57 4 3 4 - -- 0.014 0.053 - --
1&:50 57 4 3 4 36-Vego - -- -0.01 0.011 -0.032 -0.014 -0.25 0.74 -0.32
-

9 - Referred; 2 - Nominal; 3 - REPSWT; 4 - landing s i t e .

bO - Stored a t t i t u d e ; 1 - REFSM44T + g; 2 - Two bodies; 3 - 1 body + g.

1
' - Left front; 2 - Center; 3 - Right front; 4 - Right r e a r ; 5 - r e a r ; 6 - Left r e a r .
 . .
. . '. ...

TABLE 8-1V.- I N E R T I A L COMPONENT HISTORY

a,
I

r
I n f l i g h t performance
Parameter Number Sample Standard
. of F::gahdt Power-up Surface Lift-off
deviation
samples mean to power-up t o through
surface lift-off rendezvous
Accelerometers

-867 60 -980 - - -
1.61 0.05 1.64 1.59 1.2oa 1.21

Scale f a c t o r e r r o r , ppm
....... -444 .- 62 -560 - - -
Bias, cm/sec2 ............ 1.74 0.03 1.73 1.69 2.06~ 2.01
I z - Axis
-343 49 -469 - - -
1.60 0 1.60 1.66 1.60 1.60

Gyroscopes
x - Axis
Null b i a s d r i f t , meru
........ 0.4 1.0 0.1 -1.89
Acceleration d r i f t about opin
rcfcrence oxis. mcrule ...... 3.1. 0.6 11.0 -
Acceleration d r i f t about inpuL
a x i s , merule . . . . . . . . . . . 12.0 1.0 12.0 -
Y - Axis
N u l l b i a s drift, meru
........ 0.8 1.2 0.4 -1.17
Acceleration drift about spin
reference a x i s , merulg
...... 5.9 1.0 6.0 -
Acceleration drift about input
axis, merulg . . . . . . . . . . . -2.2 0.8 -4.0 -
Z - Axis
N u l l bias d r i f t , meru ........ -0.4 0.88 -1.1 -2.10
Acceleration d r i f t about spin
reference a x i s , nerulg ...... -8.9 0.6 -8.0 -
Acceleration d r i f t about input
a x i s . merulg ........... 5.11 1.9 4.0 -
"A b i a s update was performed a t 182:20.
 , .
1' , .
0. ......
i .' :; ' , ,i
. . ..;.
...1 . '

TABLE 8-V.- ABORT GUIDANCE SYSTEM CALIBRATION HISTORY

P r e f l i g h t performance I n f l i g h t performance
Parameter
Standard
Mean of Flight System Post- Pre- Post- Post-
1 d e v i a t i o n of
calibrations calibrations load activation landing lift-off ascent docking

S t a t i c b i a s , pg -

X-axis 74 11.2 62 93 - - 35 37
Y-axis -212 9.0 -217 -217 - - -241 -242
z-exis 87 23.1 62 0 - - 38 37

Gyroscope d r i f t , deg/hr

x-axis 0.02 0.06 0 -0.32 -0.33 -0.29 - -

Y-axis 1.07 0.04 1.01 0.87 0.85 0.80 - -
z-axis 0.20 0.oh 0.23 0.63 0.07 -0.98 - -

'The mean value of t h e c a l i b r a t i o n s is based on 36 c a l i b r a t i o n s of t h e u n i t s d u r i n g t h e p r e f l i g h t p e r i o d .

 ..

8-8

TABU 8-Vr.- SEQUENCE OF EVENTS DURING POWERED DESCENT

Time from
Elapsed t i m e ,
ignition, Event
h r :min :sec
min :sec

110:09:45 -00.08 Ullage on

110 :09 :53 00 :oo Ignition
110:10:21 00:28 Throttle t o M l - t h r o t t l e position
110 :11:25 00 :32 Manual t a r g e t update ( ~ 6 9 )
110:13 :28 03 :35 Landing radz-r v e l o c i t y data good
110:14 :06 04 :13 Landing radar range d a t a good
110 :14:32 04 :39 Enable landing radar updates (V57)
110 :17:l9 07 :26 T h r o t t l e down
110 :1 9 :15 09 :22 Approach phase program s e l e c t e d (P64)
110 :19 :16 09 :23 Landing radar antenna t o p o s i t i o n 2
1-10:1g :26 09 :33 F i r s t landing point redesignation
110 :19 :54 1 0 :01 Landing radar t o low s c a l e
110:20 :51 1 0 :58 Landing phase program s e l e c t e d ( ~ 6 6 )
110:21:58 12 :05 Space c r a f t landing

TABLE 8-1711.- LUNAR ASCENT INSERTION SUMMARY

Downrange Crossrange Radi a1

Altitude
Source velocity velocity ( l e f t ) velocity:
fk
ft/sec ft/sec ft/sec

Primary guidance system 60 711 5542 -1 33

Abort guidance system 60 912 5541 -8 34

Powered f l i g h t processor 62 001 5541 -9 41
 . . .. .
. -
>,.
...
. .
.- . . . .. . I' . .

8-9

TABU ~-VIII.- RENDEZVOUS SOLUTIONS

Coquied v e l o c i t y change, f t / s e c
Local
Maneuver vertical Command
Lunar module A b o r t guidance
coordinates module
guidance computer system
computer

Terminal AVx 75.9 75.5

phase AVY 4.8 7.2
initiation AVz 17.6 19.7 17.4
Total 78.1 78.3 77.7
First AVx , o -1.2 -1.1
midcourse AVY 0.2 0.4 1.9
correction AVz -0.3 0.3 -0.6
Total 0.4 1.3 2.3

Second AVx 0.1 -0.4 -0.4

midcourse AVY -1.4 -0.7 1.9
correction AVz -5.4 -1.6 -1.7

I
- ..
. ,.. Total 5.6 1.8 2.6
- .n.-.
._.
. .
....

8.9 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM

Performance of t h e environmental control system w a s s a t i s f a c t o r y .

A l l system components functioned normally except demand regulator A , which
caused a r i s e i n pressure i n t h e suit loop while it was unmanned during
preparation f o r t h e t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y . Demand regulator A
w a s placed i n t h e closed position and the pressure r i s e stopped. Rather
than p e r t u r b a t e t h e extravehicular a c t i v i t y o r mission timeline, the reg-
u l a t o r w a s not rechecked, but w a s l e f t closed f o r t h e remainder of t h e
l u n a r module operations. Regulator A w a s leaking at a r a t e between 0.03
t o 0.05 l b / h r and w a s probably caused by conta@nation between the b a l l -
poppet and s e a t . Section 15.2.2 contains a discussion of t h i s anomaly.
 /.
. .
.--.2.
-. ...
. .

i."'
8-10

8.10 CONSUMABUS

All lunar module consumables remained well within r e d l i n e limits.

8.10.1 Descent Propulsion System

Propellant.- The descent propulsion system propellant load q u a n t i t i e s

shown i n t h e following t a b l e were calculated from known volumes and weights
of off-loaded p r o p e l l a n t s , temperatures, and d e n s i t i e s p r i o r t o l i f t - o f f .

II Condition
Quantity, l b
Oxidizer Total

Loaded 7521.7 12 042.5 19 564.2

Consumed 7041.3 207.6 18 248.9

Remaining at engine cytoff

Total i 480 835 1315
I
Usable 455 770 1225

S u p e r c r i t i c a l helium.- The q u a n t i t i e s of s u p e r c r i t i c a l helium were

determined by computations using pressure measurements and the known vol-
ume of t h e tank.

Quantity, lb
Condition
Actual Predi ct e d
. .

Loaded 51.2 51.2

Consumed 41.6 43.0

Remaining a t landing 9.6 8.2

 I . ._-.
__...,.. . . .. . . ' . .,i . ., , .. .

8-11

8.10.2 Ascent Propulsion System

P r o p e l l a n t . - The a s c e n t propulsion system t o t a l propellant usage w a s

approximately as p r e d i c t e d . The loadings shown i n t h e following t a b l e
were determined from measured d e n s i t i e s p r i o r t o launch and from weights
of off-loaded p r o p e l l a n t s .

Propellant mass, lb
a
Predi c t e d
Condition quantity,
Fuel Oxidizer Total lb

Loaded 2026. g 3234.8 5261.7 5257.5

Consumed 1918.0 3059.2 4977.2 4946.8
Remaining at a s c e n t 108.9 175.6 284.5 310.7
s t a g e j e t ti s on

a
P r o p e l l a n t r e q u i r e d f o r ascent was reduced by 60 l b t o account
f o r r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l system consumstion.
I

Helium.- The q u a n i i t i e s of ascent propulsion system helium were de-

termined by p r e s s u r e measurements and t h e known volume of t h e tank.

Condition
I Actual q u a n t i t y ,
lb I
Loaded 13.2

' Consumed 8.7

Remaining a t lunar module 4.5
impact

. .
...
. : ....i
. :
. .
 .. . . .~ .. . , .. . , . .

8-12

8.10.3 Reaction Control System Propellant

The r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l system propellant consumption was calculated

from telemetered helium tank pressure h i s t o r i e s using t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s
between p r e s s u r e , volume, and temperature.

Actual quantity, lb Predicted

Condi t i on quantity ,
Fuel Oxidize] Total lb
Loaded
System A 107.4 208.2 35.6
System B 107.4 208.2 35.6
Total 631.2 631.2

Consumed t o :
L u n a r landing 131 157.8
Docking 282 273.0

Remaining at ascent 449 473.4

s t age j e t t i son

Remaining at ascent 182.2 157.8

s t a g e impact
 8-13

8.10.4 Oxygen

The a c t u a l q u a n t i t i e s of oxygen loaded and consumed a r e shown i n

t h e following t a b l e .

Actual Predicted
Condit i on
quantity, lb quantity, l b

Loaded ( a t l i f t - o f f )
Descent stage
Tank 1 47 7 1
Tank 2 47.39
Ascent s t a g e
Tank 1 2.36
Tank 2 2.36

Tot a1 99.82

Consmed
Descent stage
i
Tank 1 I 23.41 22.5
Tank 2 22.94 21.4
As cent s t a g e
Tank 1 0.05 0
Tank 2 0.06 0

Total 46.46 43.9

Remaining i n descent s t a g e
at l u n a r l i f t - o f f
Tank 1 24.00 24.91
Tank 2 24.45 25 90

Total 48.45 50.81

Remaini n g at docking
(ascent s t a g e )
Tank 1 2.31 2.36
Tank 2 2.30 2.36

Total 4.61 4,72

 8-14

8.10.5 Water

The a c t u a l water q u a n t i t i e s loaded and consumed, shown i n t h e follow-

ing t a b l e are based on telemetered data.

Actual Predicted
Condition quantity, lb quantity, l b
~

Loaded ( a t l i f t - o f f )

Descent stage
Tank 1 202.6
Tank 2 204.6
As cent stage
Tank 1 k1.3
Tank 2 42.6

Total 491.1

Consumed i

Descent s t a g e (1Gar
I
lift-
off)
Tank 1 -
185 7
189.1
177 5
181.5
Tank 2
Ascent stage (docking)
Tank 1 7.5 6.5
Tank 2 8.1 7.5

Total 390.4 373.0

Remaining i n Cescent stage
at lunar l i f t - o f f
Tank 1 16.9 25.1
Tank 2 15.5 23.1

Total 32.4 48.1

Remaining in ascent s t a g e
at docking
.:

Tank 1 33.8 34.8

Tank 2 34.5 35.1

Total 68.3 69.9

 . . ..~. . ~
. .. . , .. , . . . . . .

9-1

9.0 LUNAR SURFACE OPERATIONAL EQUIPMENT

9.1 LUNAR ROVING VEHICLE

The l u n a r roving vehicle s a t i s f a c t o r i l y supported t h e lunar explora-

t i o n objectives. Table 9-1 shows the performance parameters from t h e l u -
nar roving vehicle. C o n t r o l l a b i l i t y was good, and no problems were ex-
perienced with s t e e r i n g , braking, or obstacle negotiation. The navigation
system gyro d r i f t and closure e r r o r at the lunar module were negligible.
A l l i n t e r f a c e s between t h e crew and the lunar roving vehicle and between
t h e lunar roving vehicle and the stowed payload were s a t i s f a c t o r y . A de-
t a i l e d discussion of t h e l u n a r roving vehicle performance i s contained i n
reference 2.

Deployment of t h e l u n a r roving vehicle from the l u n a r module was

smooth and no s i g n i f i c a n t problems were encountered. The chassis lock
pins d i d not s e a t f u l l y , but t h e crew used the deployment assist t o o l t o
s e a t the pins.

A t i n i t i a l power,-up, t h e lunar roving vehicle b a t t e r y temperatures

were higher than predicted; 95' F f o r battery 1 and 110°F f o r b a t t e r y 2
compared t o the predikted temperatures of 80' F f o r each. This w a s par-
t i a l l y due t o t h e t r a n s l u n a r a t t i t u d e p r o f i l e flown, and p a r t i a l l y t o a
bias i n t h e b a t t e r y temperature meter. Following adequate b a t t e r y cool-
down a f t e r t h e f i r s t extravehicular a c t i v i t y , temperatures f o r the re-
mainder of t h e l u n a r surface operations were about as predicted.

The following lunar roving vehicle systems problems were noted:

a. The b a t t e r y 2 temperature indication w a s off-scale low a t t h e

s t a r t of t h e t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y .

b. The r i g h t r e a r fender extension was knocked o f f p r i o r t o leaving

t h e l u n a r module on t h e f i r s t extravehicular traverse.
The b a t t e r y 2 temperature indication was off-scale low at the begin-
ning of t h e t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y . This condition continued f o r
t h e remainder of t h e l u n a r surface operation. The most probable cause
w a s a shorted thermistor i n t h e battery. The same condition was noted on
ground t e s t i n g of two o t h e r b a t t e r i e s . Electrolyte leakage through t h e
sensor bond, as a result of elevated temperatures, may have caused t h e
s h o r t . Temperature monitoring was continued using b a t t e r y 1 as an indi-
c a t o r with temperature trends established from d a t a on the f i r s t and sec-
ond extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s f o r b a t t e r y 2.
 \o
TABLE 9-1.- LUNAR ROVING VEHICLE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS I
N

~~

First Second Third Mission

extravehicula extravehicular extravehicular Total planning
activity activity activity value

Drive time, minutes ......... 27 138.5 88 253.5 280

Map distance, kilometers . . . . . . 2.3 19.0 11.0 32.3 32.5

aOdometer distance, kilometers . . . . 36.0 37; 35

Traverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 20.2 12.0
Additional . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 0.2 0.1

bTraverse mobility r a t e , - -.
kilometers/hr ........... 5.1 8.25 8.20 7.6
Traverse average speed,
kilometerslhr ........... 5.55 8.75 7.50 8.2 8
Energy r a t e , ampere-hoursf
kilometers (lunar roving
vehicle only) ........... 1-77 1.54 1.61 1.59 1.8
Energy consumed, ampere-hours . . . . 72 85
Lunar roving vehicle . . . . . . . 6.2 31.5 19.5
Lunar comnunicationo r c l w unit . . 14.8 -
Navigation closure e r r o r ,
kilometera . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 -
Nmbr of navigation updates . . . . 0 0 0 -
Gyro d r i f t r a t e , degfhr . . . . . . . Small Small Small -
'Wander f a c t o r plus s l i p , percent . . 0 6 10 8.4
Maximum speed reported,
kilometers/hr ........... u. 12 18 downhill -
Maximum slope reported, deg ..... - 18' up - -
200 down

'Odometer d i n t a r m (truvcroe ) dlatance a c t u a l l y driven from traverse o t a r t i n g point (ourfncc c l c c t r l c a l propcrtieo

-
antenna) t o end point (usually surface e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s antenna).

bMobility r a t e = ~ ~ v ~ ~ ~ ~ C e

cWander factor = Traverse odometer map distance

-
Map distance
 9-3

During t h e f i r s t e x t r a v e h i c u l a r z c 7 i v i t y at t h e l u n a r moduie s i t e ,
t h e Commander i n a d v e r t e n t l y knocked off t h e r i g h t rear fender exkension.
While s t i l l at the lmar module s i t e , 2 2 Commander t a p e d t h e extension
t o t h e f e n d e r . Becawe of t h e dusty s r f e c e s , t h e t a p e d i d n s t edhere
and t h e e x t e n s i o n w a s l o s t . Lunar surfsce aa?s were clamped t o the f2L-
d e r ( f i g . 9-11. This f i x w a s adequate.
. .-. .

. .

. .

.. ..
i ''

F i g u r e 9-1.- Crew-manufactured fender extension.

9-4

9.2 LUNAR COMMUNICATIONS RELAY UNIT

AND GROUND COMMANDED TELEVISION ASSEMBLY

The l u n a r communications r e l a y u n i t provided s a t i s f a c t o r y support

from t h e l u n a r surface, and t h e ground-commanded t e l e v i s i o n assembly pro-
duced go.od q u a l i t y p i c t u r e s at all times. Activation w a s i n i t i a t e d about
1 hour and 11 minutes a f t e r crew egress f o r the f i r s t extravehicular ac-
t i v i t y . Television coverage of crew egress was not available because t h e
c a p a b i l i t y t o t e l e v i s e from t h e l u n a r module w a s eliminated f o r Apollo 17
t o save weight.

The system allowed ground personnel t o coordinate lunar surface ac-

t i v i t i e s with t h e crew. The rover fender r e p a i r and the deep-core d r i l l -
i n g were e s p e c i a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t i n t h i s aree. Television coverage, aug-
mented by crew comments, w a s a valuable asset used i n making an e a r l y de-
termination of t h e a c t u a l experiment locations , sampling s i t e s , t r a v e r s e
s t o p s , geological f e a t u r e s , and t h e landing point area. Panoramic repro-
ductions of t h e t e l e v i s i o n p i c t u r e s were a s i g n i f i c a n t contribution t o a
preliminary interagency geology report which was issued on December 17,
1972, two days p r i o r t o termination of the nission.
I
The lunar communicatfons system f a i l e d t o respond t o uplink turn-on
commands about 36 hours after l u n a r l i f t - o f f . The condition was expected
because t h e l u n a r environment eventually exceeded t h e operational temper-
a t u r e limits of t h e equipment.

Total t e l e v i s i o n operating time w a s 1 5 hours and 22 minutes.

9.3 EXTRAVEHICULAR MOBILITY UNIT

The performance of t h e extravehicular mobility units was good f o r

all t h r e e extravehicular periods which t o t e l e d 22 hours 4 minutes. The
crew had no d i f f i c u l t y i n donning o r doffing the suits and t h e portable
l i f e support systems operated s a t i s f a c t o r i l y .

System operation during i n t e g r i t y checks of t h e extravehicular mo-

b i l i t y u n i t s p r i o r t o each extravehicular a c t i v i t y w a s normal. P r i o r t o
t h e second extravehicular a c t i v i t y , t h e Lunar Module P i l o t ' s portable l i f e
support system water tanks were reconnected t o the lunar module water sys-
t e m t o assure t h e i r being f i l l e d t o capacity. The tanks, however, did not
require any a d d i t i o n a l water. Crew comfort w a s maintained s a t i s f a c t o r i l y
throughout t h e extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s with t h e crewmen adjusting t h e
water d i v e r t e r valves as required t o control cooling. Both crewmen re-
ceived t h e necessary feedwater warning tones f o r t h e expected depletion
of primary feedwater and r o u t i n e l y switched t o the a u x i l i a r y feedwater
supply
. . " - .. . :. . . . . . . . ,'

9-5

The Lunar Module P i l o t encountered some d i f f i c u l t y i n operating t h e

sun shade of t h e l u n a r extravehicular visor assembly because of lunar
dust i n t h e s l i d e mechanism. Dust and scratches on t h e outer gold v i s o r
prompted t h e crew t o operate with the outer v i s o r i n t h e p a r t i a l l y r a i s e d
p o s i t i o n during p a r t of t h e t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y .

Both crewmen used t h e special. cover gloves (provided f o r d r i l l i n g

operations) throughout t h e f i r s t two extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s , and noted
t h a t t h e gloves were extremely worn. The cover gloves were removed and
discarded at t h e beginning of t h e t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y .

During t h e pressure regulation check of the Lunar Module P i l o t ' s ox-

ygen purge system a f t e r the t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y , t h e regulation
pressure w a s s l i g h t l y above the specificztion value. This was a t t r i b u t e d
t o r e g u l a t o r leakage. History of the oxygen purge system regulators has
shown t h a t leakage can be caused by e i t h e r a small amount of contamination
( 2 t o 3 microns) on t h e s e a t o r by minor seat erosion r e s u l t i n g from t h e
high gas flow. The amount of leakage present was such t h a t the u n i t was
s t i l l s u i t a b l e f o r a contingency t r a n s f e r , i f needed. However, since only
one o q g e n purge system was t o be returned t o support the Command Module
P i l o t ' s extravehicular a c t i v i t y , the Commander's oxygen purge system w a s
r e t a i n e d and t h e Lunar Module P i l o t ' s oxygen purge system was j e t t i s o n e d
with t h e ascent stage.:
I
The suits and r e i a t e d equipment were returned f o r p o s t f l i g h t inspec-
t i o n . The suits were only s l i g h t l y worn and leakage was within the spe-
c i f i c a t i o n values.

Oxygen, power, and feedwater consumables are shown i n t a b l e 9-11.

 - . . .. .. - .. -

9-6

TABLE 9-11.- EXTRAVEHICULAR MOBILITY UNIT CONSUMABLES

Commander Lunar Module P i l o t

Condition
Actual Predicted Actual Predicted

F i r s t extravehicular a c t i v i t y

Time, min 432 420 432 420

Oxygen, lb
Loaded 1.93 1.86 1.94 1.86
Consumed 1-55 1.26 1-57 1.26
Remaining 0.38 0.60 0.37 0.60
Redline l i m i t 0.37 - 0.37 -
Feedwater lb
Loaded 12.19 u.90 12.12 11.9
Consumed 11.23 9.77 10.86 9.77
Remaining 0.96 2.13 1.26 2.13
Redline l i m i t 0.91 - 0.91 -
Battery , amp-br
I n i t i a l charge 25.40 25.40 25.40 25.40
Consumed 18.40 18.90 20.20 18.90
Remaining 7.00 6.50 5.20 6.50
Redline l i m i t 3.28 - 3.28 -
Second extravehiculzr a c t i v i t y

Time, min 457 420 457 420

Oxygen, lb
Loaded 1.78 1.81 1.81 1.81
Consumed 1-33 1.16 1.36 1.16
Remaining 0.45 0.65 0.45 0.65
Redline l i m i t 0.37 -- 0.37 --
Feedwater lb
Loaded 12* 79 12.20 12.72 12.20
Consumed 10.20 8.94 10.10 8.94
Remaining 2.59 3.26 2.62 3.26
Redline l i m i t 0.91 -- 0.91 --
B a t t e r y , amp-hr
I n i t i a l .charge 25.40 25.40 25.40 25.40
Consumed 19.00 18.90 21.30 18.90
Remaining , 6.40 6.50 4.10 6.50
Redline l i m i t 3.28 -- 3.28 --
. . .. ... .

9-7

TABLE 9-11.- EXTRAVEHICULAR MOBILITY UNIT CONSUMABLES -

CONCLUDED

Commander Lunar Module P i l o t

. Condition
Actual. Predicted Actual Predicted

Third extravehiculzr a c t i v i Y

T i m e , min 435 42 0 435 420

Oxygen, lb
Loaded 1-77 1.81 1.81 1.81
Consumed 1.33 1.25 1.43 1.25
Remaining 0.44 0.56 0.38 0.56
Redline l i m i t 0.37 -c
0.37 --
Feedwater, lb
Loaded 12-79 12.20 12.72 12.20
Consumed I 11.36 9.66 11.52 9.66
Remaining 1.43 2.54 1.20 2.54
Redline limiti 0.91 - 0.91 -
Battery, amp-hr
I n i t i a l charge 25.40 25.40 25.40 25.40
Consumed 18.00 18.90 20.30 18.90
Remaining 7.40 6.50 5.10 6.50
Redline l i m i t 3.28 -- 3.28 --
 . .. .~ .... .

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.. ,.
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.- -.
I. '_
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k
aJ
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. . . . .. .
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 ,. . ._... . . .- .. ...

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...~. -:-

10.0 PILOT'S REPORT

This s e c t i o n discusses t h e Apollo 17 mission as performed by t h e

crew. Emphasis has been placed upon t h e operational and hardware differ-
ences from previous f l i g h t s w i t h descriptions and opinions presented on
phases o f t h e f l i g h t t h a t were deemed operationally i n t e r e s t i n g . The as-
flak f l i g h t plan i s summarized i n figure 10-1 at t h e end of t h i s s e c t i o n .

10.1 TRAIXNG

The Apollo 17 crew w a s thoroughly prepared f o r t h i s f l i g h t i n a l l

r e s p e c t s . The experience gained as Eezbers of previous f l i g h t a d back-
up crews w a s a major contribution t o t h i s preparation. Because of t h e
s o p h i s t i c a t i o n and complexity of the h n a r - s u r f a c e and orbital-science
equipment, and t h e v a r i e t y of lunar t e r r a i n t o be encountered near t h e
landing s i t e , more time w a s spent i n s c i e n t i f i c t r a i n i n g than by any pre-
vious crew. A n even balance between s c i e n t i f i c r e t u r n and operation&
proficiency w a s considered a necessity, t h e r e f o r e , no phase of t h e m i s -
sion t r a i n i n g was compromised.
I

The s u c c e s s f u l q c o m p l i s h e n t of t h e mission objectives can be d i -

r e c t l y a t t r i b u t e d t o ' t h i s t r a i n i n g , but the p r e f l i g h t and i n f l i g h t sup-
p o r t provided by personnel throughout the NASA organization was a contrib-
u t i n g f a c t o r . The Apollo 17 support crew provided a most s i g n i f i c a n t
contribution.

10.2 LAIJiCH

The crew i n g r e s s and t h e prelaunch checkout , l i f t - o f f , and powered

f l i g h t of all t h r e e s t a g e s was s i m i l a r i n f l i g h t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and
physiological phenomenon t o preceeding Saturn V missions.

Following crew i n g r e s s , t h e prelzunch count proceeded normally u n t i l

T-30 seconds at which time the automatic sequencer i n i t i a t e d a hold. The
count resumed s e v e r a l times during t h e ultimate 2-hour and 40-minute de-
l a y , and as a r e s u l t , t h e launch azimuth had t o be updated and t h e p l a t -
form was r e a l i g n e d s e v e r a l t i m e s p r i o r t o t h e l i f t - o f f . The quickest and
e a s i e s t way t o accomplish t h e update and realignment is t o copy t h e new
launch azimuth as read from t h e control center and then, with confirma-
t i o n from t h e s p a c e c r a f t t e s t conductor, load and e n t e r the azimuth up-
date i n on? s t e p .
 10-2

Except f o r t h e hold, the major differences t o consider when compar-

ing t h i s launch w i t h previous ones are those associated with the night
launch. The crew could see f i r s t - s t a g e ignition through t h e rendezvous
window and t h e hatch window cutout i n the boost protective cover from a
very few seconds p r i o r t o l i f t - o f f u n t i l a few seconds following lift-
o f f . A t staging of t h e s-IC s t a g e , a bright f l a s h w a s evident. It was
as i f t h e spacecraft w a s being overtaken by 8 f i r e b a l l at t h e f i r s t stage
c u t o f f . The e f f e c t could have been produced by the S-IC stage retrograde
motors or t h e S-IC engines. Escape tower j e t t i s o n was more spectacular
at night than it w a s i n daylight. Again at S-I1 staging, t h e crew could
see a glow through the windows as the S-I1 shut down and t h e S-IVB ig-
n i t e d . T h i s glow could possibly have been the S-I1 f i r e b a l l tending t o
overtake t h e spacecraft. During t h e S-IVB f i r i n g , t h e only visual clues
came from t h e a u x i l i a r y propulsion system engines as they f i r e d period-
i c a l l y throughout t h e dynamic f i r i n g phase end during a t t i t u d e hold i n
earth orbit.

For mission planning purposes, t h e night-time launch indicated t h e

possible l o s s of t h e backup abort c a p a b i l i t i e s , i n t h e event of an S-IVB
yaw hardover maneuver combined with the l o s s of both t h e s t a b i l i z a t i o n
control system and the i n e r t i a l measurement u n i t . Some e f f o r t was ex-
pended, during t h e S-I1 f i r i n g , t o examine the p o s s i b i l i t i e s of seeing
stars through t h e window aha detecting t h e presence of t h e horizon by
.. 7

9
watching t h e stars r i s e f r m t h e earth-occulted sky. The lack of night
adaptation was a hindrance, even though the l i g h t s i n the cabin were
turned down f o r short periods of time. No s t a r s were ever v i s i b l e , nor
w a s t h e horizon detectable. Had v i s i b l e s t a r s been required f o r a mode
I1 or a mode I V abort, it i s t h e Commanders' judgement t h a t the abort
would only have been marginally successful because of the s m a l l amount
of night adaptation t h a t t h e crew'were able t o acquire i n f l i g h t . Although
an abort under these conditions considers a second t o t h i r d order f a i l u r e ,
serious cons-i-deration must be given t o t h e cockpit l i g h t i n g configuration
f o r powered f l i g h t , if t h e requirement t o see s t a r s during a night launch
i s v a l i d . The l i g h t s were near f u l l bright on Apollo 17 t o preclude t h e
p o s s i b i l i t y of being blinded at engine i g n i t i o n and during the e a r l y sec-
wds a f t e r l i f t - o f f . The requirement t o observe the control panel dis-
plays during t h i s period of f l i g h t f a r outweigh the p o t e n t i a l require-
ments of maintaining spacecraft a t t i t u d e with v i s u a l cues during a highly
unlikely abort sequence.

There were no systems anomalies during the launch phase. A low bat-
tery-current load was noted when t h e bus t i e s were turned on. Because of
t h i s , t h e Lunar Module P i l o t changed from his normal procedure of monitor-
i n g t h e b a t t e r i e s t o monitoring t h e fuel c e l l s f o r current fluctuations.
When t h e s e r v i c e propulsion system gimbal motors were activated 6 minutes
.. p r i o r t o launch, t h e fuel-cell currents fluctuated much more sharply than
. . had been noted i n t h e simulator. The apparent reason f o r t h e low b a t t e r y
.. .
.. ..I.
..d-. loads was t h e high e f f i c i e n c y of t h e fuel c e l l s . During t h e two staging
....
..
--. . .
. .
 10-3

events of t h e launch phase, t h e r e were no observed systems parameter fluc-

t u a t i o n s and a p a r t i c u l a r e f f o r t had beer, nzde t o scan t h e gages a f t e r
each major dynanic event t o determine i f z q such f l u c t u a t i o n s occurred.

The crew's opinion was t h a t during certain phases of t h e launch, par-

t i c u l a r l y during t h e high v i b r a t i o n and hlgh g loads on t h e s-ICY trcuble-
shooting of systems malfunctions would be very c i i f f i c u l t . Launch phase
t r a i n i n g c e r t a i n l y prepares a person t o troubleshoot malfunctions should
it become absolutely necessary.

10.3 EARTH ORBITAL FLIGHT

O r b i t a l i n s e r t i o n occurred i n t o t a l dzrkness and t h e first glimpse

of t h e e a r t h w a s gained i n a spectacular sunrise over t h e Atlantic Ocean
as t h e spacecraft approached t h e west coast of Africa. The o r b i t a l in-
s e r t i o n c h e c k l i s t progressed without incident while being primarily in-
volved with checking t h e systems, verifying the o p t i c s cover j e t t i s o n
and operation, a l i g n i n g t h e platform, and preparing f o r t h e p o s s i b i l i t y
of a first o r b i t t r a n s l u n a r - i n j e c t i o n opportunity. This preparation w a s
complete when contact w a s made with t h e H a w a i i range s t a t i o n on t h e f i r s t
revolution. The next revolution afforded a good opportunity t o l e i s u r e l y
m a k e observations from t q e low e a r t h o r b i t .
I
Earth observations p e r t a i n i n g t o weather o r land mass phenomena re-
q u i r e s constant a t t e n t i o n . The knowledge of d i s c r e e t p o s i t i o n s on an
earth-based map, and t h e a b i l i t y t o predict the t i m e of upcoming t a r g e t s
i s e s s e n t i a l t o make t h e observations meaningful.. Numerous s t e r e o pho-
tographs were taken of t h e weather phenomena. An analysis of these pho-
tographs w i l l be reported i n a supplement t o t h i s r e p o r t .

The o p t i c s dust covers were j e t t i s o n e d i n daylight and could be seen

under r e f l e c t e d s u n l i g h t . There i s an associated noise t h a t i s appzrent
with t h e j e t t i s o n i n g . No stars were ever seen through t h e telescope i n
t h e d a y l i g h t ; however, no attempt w a s made t o become f u l l y night-adzpted.
The pick-a-pair r o u t i n e worked w e l l with t h e stars v i s i b l e i n the s e x t a n t ;
however, i n t h e d a y l i g h t , t h e r e w a s no detectable illumination of the sex-
t a n t r e t i c l e . The sextant cross-hairs showed up as black l i n e s against a
l i g h t b l u e background.

A systems problem w a s noted a f t e r e a r t h o r b i t i n s e r t i o n when numer-

ous spurious master a l a r m s i g n a l s occurred, and these f o r t h e most p a r t ,
seemed t o be a s s o c i a t e d with t h e operation of switches on control panel 2
( s e c . 15.1.1). An occasional alarm would occur by simply bumping t h e
panel. These master alarms came i n groups throughout t h e f i r s t day and
continued i n t o t h e second day of f l i g h t . Another condition noted w a s
 10-4

a 15-second l a g i n t h e mission t i m e r i n t h e lower equipment bay (sec.

1 5 . 1 . 2 ) . The timer w a s r e s e t and no f u r t h e r time l o s s e s occurred during
t h e mission. The only major changes t o t h e i n s e r t i o n c h e c k l i s t were t h e
rearrangement o f s t a t i o n a c q u i s i t i o n times and t h e d e l e t i o n of t h e t e l e -
v i s i o n configuration f o r t r a n s p o s i t i o n and docking.

10.4 TRANSLUNAR INJECTION

The t r a n s l u n a r i n j e c t i o n procedures and maneuver were normal. The

most s i g n i f i c a n t change w a s t h e update t o the backup t r a n s l u n a r i n j e c t i o n
a t t i t u d e numbers on t h e cue cards. Final t r v l s l u n a r i n j e c t i o n prepara-
t i o n s began p r i o r t o t h e s t a t e s i d e pass and continuous communications
contact w a s maintained through maneuver comDletion, using t h e Apollo range
instrumentation aircraf't i n t h e f i n a l phases. Reception through Apollo
range instrumentation a i r c r a f t w a s f a i r t o good onboard t h e spacecraft
and w a s apparently e x c e l l e n t on t h e ground.

The maneuver w a s i n i t i a t e d on time with the instrument u n i t and com-

m a n d module computer guidance agreeing well throughout t h e f i r i n g . The
i g n i t i o n w a s i n darkness, with shutdown i n the daylight. A spectacular
s u n r i s e was sandwiched in'between t h e start a i d end of t h e translunar i n -
j e c t i o n maneuver. All onboard displays and t r a j e c t o r y monitoring w a s
normal with both t h e e n t r y monitor system crd d i g i t a l s t a t u s keyboard
confirming a good c u t o f f . The S-IVB stage sounded and responded very
much l i k e it d i d while going i n t o e a r t h o r b i t with a noticeable low-fre-
quency buzz t h a t w a s s i m i l a r t o t h a t reported by crews of previous mis-
s i o n s . The a c c e l e r a t i o n during i g n i t i o n and i t s subsequent f i r i n g might
be likened t o t h a t produced by an a i r c r a f t zfterburner.

Following t r a n s l u n a r i n j e c t i o n c u t o f f , numerous l a r g e fragments seemed

t o be coming o f f t h e S-IVB s t a g e . They were very b r i g h t and tumbled slowly
as they moved , generally away from t h e launch vehicle/spacecraft combina-
tion.

10.5 TRANSLUNAR FLIGHT

.... .......i

> ~ .
.. .... 10.5.1 Transposition, Docking, and Lunar Module Ejection
_.
. .,. . ...,,~

Spacecraft/launch vehicle adapter separation w a s characterized by

an audible pyrotechnic a c t i v a t i o n p l u s a noticeable shock o r j a r r i n g i n
t h e command and s e r v i c e module. The shock did not close any i s o l a t i o n
valves. The shock broke loose many small p a r t i c l e s t h a t appeared t o be
i c e c r y s t a l s , and t h e s e moved r a d i a l l y away from t h e vehicle. Command
and s e r v i c e module t r a n s l a t i o n and a t t i t u d e maneuvers were audible and
 10-5

t h e motion of t h e spacecraft w a s sensed a t the beginning and completion

of t h e t r a n s p o s i t i o n maneuver. The estimated closure r a t e of about 0.1
f t / s e c w a s maintained u n t i l docking probe contact. The S-IVB w a s very
s t a b l e with no detectable o s c i l l a t i o n s o r motions within t h e deadbands.
The s o f t docking w a s normal with no residual r a t e damping or a t t i t u d e
corrections being required p r i o r t o hard docking. Docking l a t c h actua-
t i o n w a s heard as a loud bang followed by an immediate ripple f i r e of
t h e remaining l a t c h e s ; however , the docking-system-A talkback indicator
remained i n t h e barberpole position. The crew o p t i c a l alignment s i g h t
showed a r i g h t yaw of about 1 degree on the t a r g e t during hard docking.
Removal of t h e tunnel hatch went well and 7 of the 10 latches appeared
t o be locked during t h e inspection. On each of t h e 3 latches which ap-
peared t o be unlocked, the power bungee w a s v e r t i c a l , but the handle was
not locked down, and the red button was showing. The handle was locked
on l a t c h 1 0 by pushing it i n the outboard direction. Latches 7 and 9
were each recocked twice and then manually triggered. With t h e reactiv-
a t i o n of l a t c h 9 , docking-system-A talkback indicated correctly.

The v i s i b l e surfaces of the lunar Eodule were extremely clean and

remained s o throughout the f l i g h t .

10.522 Translunar Coast Operations

i
The chlorine ampules were a continuing problem throughout the f l i g h t .
Between 50 and 70 percent of these ampules e i t h e r leaked d i r e c t l y o r leaked
during t h e i n j e c t i o n i n t o the potable w&er system. Additionally, attach-
ing t h e i n j e c t o r t o t h e bayonet f i t t i n g d i d not always cause a puncture o f
t h e chlorine ampule and provide a path f o r the chlorine t o flow i n t o the
water system (sec. 15.1.6).

Following t h e S-IVB evasive maneuver, the suits were doffed. The

9-inch addition t o t h e length of t h e L-shaped bag f o r stowing the s u i t s
proved t o be b e n e f i c i a l . Even though it s t i l l took some e f f o r t , the t h r e e
suits were stowed with t h e comfortable feeling t h a t they were not damaged
during t h e stowing process. The 1-hour eating period, which w a s planned
at 7 hours a f t e r launch t o shorten the long launch day, w a s of p a r t i c u l a r
importance because of t h e 2-hour and 4O-ainute l i f t - o f f delay. Also, t h e
planning t o include a short sleep period i n the first day allowed the
crew t o r e t u r n t o a normal work-rest cycle.

A s l i g h t l y higher helium absorption i n t o t h e service propulsion sys-

tem oxidizer tank, coupled with a s l i g h t l y lower-than-nomd caution and
warning system pressure l i m i t , actuated the service propulsion system pres-
sure l i g h t . The caution and warning system was placed i n t h e acknowledge
mode u n t i l p r i o r t o lunar o r b i t insertion when a manual repressurization
of t h e s e r v i c e propulsion system oxidizer system allowed a return t o t h e
normal operational mode.
 The a b i l i t y t o continuously observe the e a r t h from a distance o f f e r s
numerous advantages over t h e o r b i t a l observation of t h e e a r t h . O f course,
as t h e distance between t h e e a r t h and the spacecraft increased, the ad-
vantage decreased .
10.5.3 Guidance and Navigation
..
..'... .t.>.-
A t 17 hours i n t o t h e f l i g h t , t h e transearth midcourse navigation
. ....
.
.
. t r a i n i n g w a s performed t o compare t h e Command Module P i l o t ' s determina-
t i o n of t h e earth's horizon d i f f e r e n t i a l - z l t i t u d e measurement with the
value s t o r e d i n t h e computer. The a l t i t u d e measurement w a s determined
t o be 25 kilometers; t h e r e f o r e , because of the small difference, the pre-
loaded erasable memory value of 29 kilometers was retained i n the com-
puter. The automatic routine t o maneuver t o the s u b s t e l l a r point was not
always p r e c i s e l y on t a r g e t and t h e a t t i t u d e had t o be adjusted s l i g h t l y ,
using t h e minimum impulse control mode. This s l i g h t e r r o r may have been
due t o spacecraft positioning within t h e selected deadband. The erasable
memory program f o r c i s l u n a r midcourse navigation w a s u t i l i z e d throughout
t h e mission and w a s very worthwhile. Only one e a r t h horizon was discern-
i b l e , and it was very easy t o see.

The t r a n s l u n a r i n j e c t i o n maneuver was adjusted t o compensate f o r t h e

delayed l i f t - o f f s o t h a t /the spacecraft would a r r i v e a t t h e moon a t t h e
pre-planned Greenwich mean t i m e f o r lunar o r b i t i n s e r t i o n . The f l i g h t
plan was updated with e s s e n t i a l l y no changes by eliminating the hour be-
tween 46 and 47 hours i n t h e f l i g h t plan. Then another hour and 40 min-
utes of t h e f l i g h t plan w a s eliminated at 66 hours and rescheduling of
t h e onboard navigation t o 67 hours and 40 minutes returned t h e mission
t o t h e original. f l i g h t plan timeline.

S t a r s were not v i s i b l e out of t h e telescope a t any time when the lu-

n a r module w a s attached; however, t h e pick-a-pair routine worked well and
stars were always v i s i b l e i n t h e sextant. Passive thermal control mode
w a s entered and e x i t e d according t o the checklist with excellent r e s u l t s
.each t i m e . I n t r a n s l u n a r c o a s t , all i n e r t i a l measurement u n i t realign-
ment option 1 changes i n s t a b l e member orientations were accomplished by
gyroscope torquing and proved s a t i s f a c t o r y . The procedure was changed
t o use coarse alignment f o r s t a b l e member reorientation when the space-
c r a f t w a s i n darkness during l u n a r o r b i t . Af'ter coarse aligning, the
s t a r s , i n all cases were e i t h e r within or j u s t outside t h e f i e l d of view
of t h e s e x t a n t , i n d i c a t i n g less than 2 degrees of e r r o r .
 . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . .. . .. ._.I. . . .. , ._. ..

10-7

10.5.4 Lunar Module Checkout and Housekeeping

The probe, drogue, and hatch removal operations were accomplished

without incident. A more d e t a i l e d investigation of t h e docking l a t c h e s
revealed t h a t l a t c h 4 had not seated properly, although the hook was over
t h e docking r i n g . The handle w a s pulled back t o the once cocked p o s i t i o n ,
and t h e hook e a s i l y pulled o f f t h e docking ring. The l a t c h was l e f t i n
t h i s configuration u n t i l t h e second t r a n s f e r t o t h e lunar module when t h e
l a t c h cocking sequence w a s completed.

The f i r s t lunar module checkout proceeded according t o the procedures

except f o r a temporary ground communicztions problem. The second l u n a r
module e n t r y was i n accordance with the f l i g h t plan f o r telemetry activ-
a t i o n . The l u n a r module cabin w a s very clean with t h e only debris being
the usual r i v e t s , screws, e t c . , t o t a l i n g not more than a dozen items.

10.5.5 Midcourse Corrections

The only midcourse correction required during the translunar f l i g h t

w a s performed at t h e second option point. The maneuver was a 2-second min-
i m u m impulse f i r i n g of t h e service propulsion system, and w a s performed on
s i n g l e bank A . The maneuver provided a short , quick look a t the service
propulsion system, which f'unctioned s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . The gimbal t r i m check-
out , both manual and 'automatic, w a s clearly evident by t h e f u e l c e l l and
b a t t e r y current v a r i a t i o n s .
.. .

10.5.6 Pre-Lunar Orbit Insertion Operations

Preparations and proceedings for s c i e n t i f i c instrument module door

j e t t i s o n were normal. There w a s a d e f i n i t e physiological feeling and
sound associated w i t h t h e j e t t i s o n i n g similar t o other spacecraft pyro-
technic flmctions. A s m a l l amount of debris accompanied the door upon
j e t t i s o n i n g and t h e door slowly tumbled i n a random manner as it sepa-
r a t e d from t h e service module.

Unlike previous f l i g h t s , Apollo 17 did not go i n t o a penumbra p r i o r

t o l u n a r o r b i t i n s e r t i o n ; so daylight prevailed throughout t h e t r a n s l u n a r
coast phase. Several hours p r i o r t o lunar o r b i t i n s e r t i o n , a very s m a l l
crescent of t h e moon w a s v i s i b l e t o t h e crew. This limb grew rapidly and,
at about 8000 miles, l u n a r topographic features were i d e n t i f i a b l e on t h e
horizon. Observation of t h e approach towards a 50-mile perilune from
s e v e r a l thousand miles away was quite spectacular.
 10-8

10.6 LUNAR ORBITAL OPERATIONS PRIOR TO DESCENT

10.6.1 Lunar Orbit I n s e r t i o n and Descent Orbit Insertion

During preparation f o r l u n a r o r b i t i n s e r t i o n , t h e abort charts and

curves were updated t o account f o r the launch delay. This a c t i v i t y re-
quired sdme t i m e t o copy and verif'y, but w a s handled very well by t h e
ground personnel.

Lunar o r b i t i n s e r t i o n preparations went w e l l , i g n i t i o n w a s on time,

and t h e maneuver w a s normal. The engine chamber pressure indication w a s
approximately 87 p s i on bank A and increased about 5 p s i when bank B w a s
armed 5 seconds l a t e r . The chamber pressure gradually increased t o about
96 t o 97 p s i , where it remained f o r t h e r e s t of the f i r i n g . A s l i g h t l y
low gage b i a s w a s known p r e f l i g h t . P i t c h and yaw rates were s t a b l e ; how-
ever, r o l l r a t e s were about 0.2 t o 0.3 deg/sec. After t h e i n i t i a l tran-
s i e n t s i n t h e propellant u t i l i z a t i o n gaging system which l a s t e d about
30 seconds, t h e system s t a b i l i z e d at 180 pounds decrease and then gradu-
a l l y began diverging. When t h e unbalance reached 300 pounds, t h e flow
valve w a s placed i n the decrease position. A t the t i m e of crossover,
t h e flow had reversed t o about 100 pounds decrease where it appeared t o
s t a b i l i z e and t h e switch was then placed i n the normal position where it
remained f o r t h e rest of tqe f i r i n g . Just p r i o r t o the completion of t h e
f i r i n g , t h e i n d i c a t o r moved towards decrease again with a r e s u l t i n g un-
balance of about l l 0 pounds decrease.

The f i r s t descent o r b i t i n s e r t i o n maneuver w a s a 22-second guidance

and navigation-controlled s e r v i c e propulsion f i r i n g with an automatic shut-
down. With no t r i m , t h e r e s u l t i n g o r b i t was 59.1 miles by 14.9 miles.
During t h e 4-engine 15-second u l l a g e , t h e spacecraft exh'ibited low r a t e s
about all t h r e e axes.

10.6.2 Lunar Landmark Tracking

The first l u n a r landmark tracked was c r a t e r 5-3 on t h e t h i r d revolu-

t i o n . This was a t r a i n i n g t a r g e t t o the e a s t of the landing s i t e and al-
lowed t h e Command Module P i l o t t o become familiar with t h e telescope s h a f t
and trunnion r a t e s while performing t h e low-altitude tracking. This pro-
vided confidence and enabled t h e Command Module P i l o t t o verify t h a t low-
a l t i t u d e landmark tracking could be accomplished as planned. Even though
t h e i n e r t i a l a t t i t u d e w a s not exactly c o r r e c t , a landmark i n t h e a r e a of
t h e landing s i t e was a l s o s e l e c t e d f o r tracking on the t h i r d revolution,
and t h e r e f o r e , four o r f i v e marks were taken on c r a t e r F. Landmark 17-1
was observed i n t h e sunlight and t h e landmark tracking w a s s h i f t e d t o
17-1 f o r t h e l a t t e r p a r t of t h i s tracking pass. The regular low-altitude
landmark t r a c k on 17-1 during revolution 1 4 went well.
 10-9

The high-alt i t u d e landmark tracking was e a s i l y accomplished; however ,

t h e t r a c k i n g of landmark RP-3, which WES very close t o t h e zero-phase
p o i n t , disappeared a f t e r t h e point o f closest approach.

10.6.3 L u n a r Module Activation Checkout

. The l u n a r module a c t i v a t i o n and checkout was normal, except t h a t t h e

lunar module tunnel venting required 1 0 t o 15 minutes longer than had been
a n t i c i p a t e d because the command module simulator erroneously i n d i c a t e s an
operation of about 1 t o 2 minutes.

The crew completed what w a s probably the smoothest i n f l i g h t l u n a r

module a c t i v a t i o n and checkout ever performed. Procedurally , the time-
l i n e and a c t i v a t i o n book, as w r i t t e n , xere i n excellent condition. How-
e v e r , t h e following minor conditions were noted.

a. During guidance computer powerup, when the lunar module guidance

computer display and keyboard c i r c u i t breaker w a s closed, the r e s t a r t
l i g h t d i d not illuminate and the keyboad displayed a 400 and R2.

b. During d i g i t a l a u t o p i l o t loacEng and v e r i f i c a t i o n , the p i t c h and

yaw pre-set gimbal t r i m w a s i n the wrong r e g i s t e r s ; i . e . , R l was loaded
with yaw and R2 w a s loaded with pitch. Since t h e a c t u a l numbers were near
equal, t h e load w a s not changed and the gimbal was not retrimmed.

c. The secondary glycol loop had small pressure o s c i l l a t i o n s and

a ragged sound at pump powerup. The sound ceased and the pressure sta-
b i l i z e d a f t e r about 1 5 seconds.

Undocking and separation were c o q l e t e d on t i m e . Following separa-

t i o n , t h e l u n a r module crew v i s u a l l y tracked the command and service mod-
u l e as it maneuvered f o r landmark tracking over the landing s i t e ( f i g .
10-2). The crew obtained a spectacular oblique view of the landing s i t e ,
w h i l e , p a s s i n g over it on t h e revolution p r i o r t o powered descent i n i t i a -
t i o n . The VHF communications were excellent, r e s u l t i n g i n an easy con-
firmation of t h e command and service module c i r c u l a r i z a t i o n maneuver p r i o r
t o t h e second descent o r b i t i n s e r t i o n . The second descent o r b i t i n s e r t i o n
maneuver of 7 f t / s e c , w a s s m a l l e r than predicted p r e f l i g h t , and was per-
formed e a s i l y with t h e minus X lunar module reaction control system
t h r u s t e r s . The primary navigation guidence system predicted a perilune
of 7.0 miles with t h e abort guidance system being more accurate i n t h i s
case by p r e d i c t i n g 6.7 miles.
 .. . . . ,.,. ~. . -. .,: ..... .. " .... ..i . . . ..-. . . . ~ .,. .. .. . .. ..

. .

10-10

Figure 10-2.- Command snd service module over the landing s i t e .

 10-ll

10.7 POWERED DESCENT MID LANDING

10.7.1 Preparation for Powered Descent

A t acquisition-of-signal on the landing revolution, the primary nav-

i g a t i o n guidance system s t a t e vector was uplinked t o t h e crew much quicker
than had been expected or had ever been received i n t h e simulations. Af-
t e r a s l i g h t uplink problem due t o antenna switching, the uplink was re-
ceived and t h e landing maneuver and braking phase program was subsequently
s e l e c t e d f o r a comfortable and confident countdown t o powered descent in-
i t i a t i o n . Physiologically, both the Comander and the Lunar Module P i l o t
sensed t h e ullage i g n i t i o n ; and it w a s a l s o evident on the computer key-
board. Descent engine s t a r t and throttle-up were on time and were veri-
f i e d by t h e guidance computer. A downrange landing s i t e correction of
+3400 f e e t w a s i n s e r t e d i n t o the primary guidance computer 2 minutes i n t o
t h e maneuver. The next major event occurred at 4 minutes when the l u n a r
module was yawed from 290 degrees t o 340 degrees with a simultaneous land-
i n g radar lock on. Just p r i o r t o t h i s yaw maneuver, t h e r e w a s an indica-
t i o n t h a t t h e radar w a s attempting t o hold a velocity lock. The radar
data were accepted and t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l a l t i t u d e display rapidly converged
t o zero. The mountain peaks of t h e lunar t e r r a i n , smoothed over by t h e
t e r r a i n model, were observed at approxinakely 30 000 t o 32 000 f e e t as the
d i f f e r e n t i a l a l t i t u d e diverged t o between 2000 t o 2500 f e e t and then con-
verged back t o zero v e h rapidly. From 30 000 f e e t down t o the lunar sur-
f a c e , t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l a l t i t u d e remained near zero and t h e descent closely
followed t h e p r e f l i g h t predicted t r a j e c t o r y . South Massif was e a s i l y ob-
' . , served out t h e Commander's window a t an d t i t u d e of 13 000 f e e t . A l i t t l e
e x t r a e f f o r t i n looking out of t h e bottom half of t h e window provided a
view of t h e western p a r t of t h e valley, the scarp, and t h e l i g h t mantle
area. Throttle-down occurred on time , md pitchover followed s h o r t l y
t h e r e a f t e r a t about 7500 f e e t a l t i t u d e . When pitchover occurred, it was
almost immediately evident t h a t there were b e t t e r areas i n which t o land
than t h a t s e l e c t e d p r e f l i g h t . A s the lziding point designator steadied
and t h e t r a j e c t o r y could be v e r i f i e d , the targeted landing s i t e was t h e
pre-mission predicted p o i n t . Several pitchup landing point designator
commands were made s o as t o f l y t h e lunar nodule t o the desired space-
c r a f t landing area. When t h i s redesignation was completed t o an area
several hundred meters south of t h e targeted landing point, it was evi-
I dent t h a t boulders and c r a t e r s were going t o be the determining f a c t o r s
i n t h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e f i n a l landing point. A s t h e a l t i t u d e decreased
and a more preferable landing spot within the new area could be seen,
s e v e r a l additional landing point designator corrections were made t o pin-
point t h e exact landing location. The general slopes of the l o c a l t e r -
: :
r a i n were d i f f i c u l t t o determine and indications are t h a t they were not
.. a major f a c t o r i n determining t h e landing spot i t s e l f . Manual takeover
occurred j u s t under 300 f e e t a l t i t u d e and the landing w a s completed w i t h
10-12

near zero l a t e r a l v e l o c i t y and a s m a l l forward velocity. The descent

r a t e was approximately 3 f t / s e c . The shadow of the spacecraft was used
t o a n t i c i p a t e touchdown. The somewhat higher-than-normal descent r a t e s
a f t e r manual takeover, and t h e freedom i n maneuvering t h e spacecraft pro-
vided a comfortable and safe landing approach which w a s well within t h e
c o n t r o l c a p a b i l i t y of both man and machine. This i s a t t r i b u t e d not only
t o t h e lunar module simulator, but t o t h e t r a i n i n g t h a t w a s received fly-
i n g t h e 'lunar landing t r a i n i n g vehicle. T h i s vehicle i s considered, as
has been s t a t e d by previous p i l o t s , an excellent t r a i n i n g device f o r t h e
l a s t 300 o r 400 f e e t of t h e a c t u a l lunar landing phase. During the f i n a l
phases of t h e landing, t h e Commander divided h i s a t t e n t i o n between looking
out-the-window and in-the-cockpit. Inside, the velocity crosspointers
and t h e a t t i t u d e display were monitored. This technique was used i n t h e
l u n a r module simulator and i n t h e lunar landing t r a i n i n g vehicle. Dust
w a s f i r s t observed at 60 t o 70 f e e t a l t i t u d e , as indicated on t h e tape
meter.

There were two unexpected incidents noted. During descent, the l a t e

ascent b a t t e r y turn-on followed by slow battery conditioning resulted i n
one descent b a t t e r y being turned o f f e a r l y i n the powered descent phase
and then put back on the l i n e about 5 minutes l a t e r ; a l s o when the de-
scent engine was armed, t h e descent quantity l i g h t was illuminated. (Note:
Neither condition was abnormal). The warning l i g h t was r e s e t with the
q u a n t i t y switch and therejwere no flcrther zctivations during powered de-
s c e n t . Landing w a s complkted with an indicated 7 t o 9 percent of t h e pro-
p e l l a n t remaining; however , several minutes a f t e r touchdown another de-
scent quantity warning l i g h t w a s t r i g g e r e d , apparently caused by unequal
tank q u a n t i t i e s due t o g r a v i t y s e t t l i n g . A t touchdown, t h e r e were no ob-
served abnormalities i n spacecraft systems or associated measurements.
The f i n a l a t t i t u d e of t h e l u n a r module a f t e r engine shutdown, was approx-
imately 4 t o 5 degrees pitchup, zero r o l l , and near zero yaw. Subsequent
inspection of t h e area during t h e extravehicular a c t i e t i e s showed t h a t
t h e r e a r s t r u t of t h e spacecraft r e s t e d near t h e bottom of a 3- o r 4-meter
diameter c r a t e r and produced t h e spacecraft pitchup a t t i t u d e ( f i g . 10-3).
It i s assumed t h a t t h e descent engine shutdown occurred with approximately
zero p i t c h , when t h e spacecraft h i t t h e surface, it pivoted on the forward
'(+Z> s t r u t and produced a somewhat harder than anticipated aft impact.
The rear strut may have stroked, but t h e other three did not.

10.8 LUNAR SURFACE OPERATIONS

10.8.1 Preparation and Post Extravehicular Activity

Pos landing a c t i v i t y and preparation f o r the first extravehicu .ar

a c t i v i t y were i n i t i a t e d with t h e power-down of the spacecrart and com-
p l e t e d without incident. The crew was methodical i n t h e portable l i f e
..... .... ,_.___4_..I__ ...~,.. . . . . . ......... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c

10-13

Figure 10-3.- Landing gear pad i n small crater.

support system checkout, v e r i f i c a t i o n of suit i n t e g r i t y , and i n general

houseke9ping f o r the lunar s t a y a c t i v i t i e s . As a r e s u l t of the methodi-
c a l operation, the crew was about 30 minutes t o 1 hour behind the planned
timeline, and they eventually commenced the f i r s t extravehicular a c t i v i t y
approximately 1 hour l a t e . The subsequent preparations and a l l post ex-
travehicular a c t i v i t y operations went well.
 10-14

The surface checklist was followed closely except t h a t the Command-

e r ' s oxygen hoses were disconnected from the suit during all t h e prepa-
r a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s . The hoses were strapped against t h e environmental
control system bulkhead and were allowed t o flow oxygen i n t o the cabin.
To provide additional clearance i n t h e portable l i f e support system don-
ning s t a t i o n and i n t h e forward cabin area, t h e suit hoses were not con-
nected. The l i q u i d cooling garment pump c i r c u i t breaker was cycled f o r
cooling'purposes and cooling w a s more than adequate. The Lunar Module
P i l o t allowed h i s hoses t o remain connected t o the suit because it w a s
t h e most convenient method t o handle these short hoses.

The c h e c k l i s t f o r t h e preparation and post extravehicular a c t i v i t y

operations , as w e l l as t h e general timeline , hed been w e l l considered and
t h e p r e f l i g h t crew t r a i n i n g exercises were very worthwhile. Training
emphasis was placed on preparations f o r the f i r s t extravehicular activ-
i t y over a l l t h e o t h e r s , because t h i s was most t i m e - c r i t i c a l , due t o t h e
lengthy landing day a c t i v i t i e s . There was no degradation i n performance
during t h e second and t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y preparations o r t h e
post extravehicular a c t i v i t y operations because of a l e s s e r amount of
t r a i n i n g i n those areas. A p a r t i a l housekeeping configuration was estab-
l i s h e d before t h e end of preparations f o r the first extravehicular activ-
i t y and t h e balance of t h e configuration wzs completed during preparation
f o r t h e s l e e p period. Tde s i z e of t h e lunzr module made it d i f f i c u l t 1

f o r two crewmen t o f r e e l $ I move around. As a r e s u l t , all a c t i v i t i e s i n

t h e cabin a r e accomplished slowly t o insure t h a t none of t h e equipment
i s damaged. Much of t h e t i m e required for preparation and post-extrave-
h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y operations i s a r e s u l t of t h e constraining cabin space.
A systematic stowage, unstowage, and interim stowage of gear i s required
during t h e preparation exercise.

The mission timer was r e t a i n e d i n a powered-up configuration f o r

emergency l i f t - o f f purposes, although the numeric l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t breaker
w a s disengaged. The computer clock was r e - i n i t i a l i z e d several times dur-
ing t h e lunar s t a y .

S u i t donning and doffing was accomplished e s s e n t i a l l y as planned.

P a r t i c u l a r care was exercised i n t h e cleaning and l u b r i c a t i o n of zippers
and o t h e r dust s e n s i t i v e portions of t h e extravehicular mobility unit.
The dust p r o t e c t o r s on t h e wrist lock-locks were used on each extravehic-
. .
. .. .
ular a c t i v i t y , but it i s d i f f i c u l t t o determine how much protection these
provided. The conservative approach was t o use them; however, by t h e end
of t h e second extravehicular a c t i v i t y and c e r t a i n l y by t h e end of the
t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y , t h e wrist lock-locks had s t i f f e n e d consid-
, -.
. .i:
I_
erably. However, t h e moving p a r t s of t h e extravehicular mobility u n i t
seemed t o be usable f o r an i n d e f i n i t e number of extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s
. - providing t h a t proper care w a s given t o them.
 . ..

10-15

The l i q u i d cooling garments were doffed at the end of each extrave-

h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y and t h e constant wear gament was donned for sleep. The
crew believed t h a t t h e i r s l e e p was much more comfortable i n the constant
wear garment p a r t l y because it was cleaner than t h e l i q u i d cooling gar-
ment. Also, t h e constant wear garment removed t h e general l e v e l of pres-
sure t h a t a t i g h t - f i t t i n g l i q u i d cooling garment exerts on t h e body.

P r i o r t o ascent from t h e lunar surface, the cabin a c t i v i t i e s in-

cluded covering a l l holes i n the lunar module floor i n t o which dust had
c o l l e c t e d o r could be swept. Although considerable dust appeared i n the
cabin upon i n s e r t i o n , taping the holes d e f i n i t e l y prevented a major dust
problem i n zero-g.

10.8.2 Extravehicular Activity

F i r s t extravehicular a c t i v i t y . - The intended objectives of t h e f i r s t

extravehicular a c t i v i t y were accomplished , including lunar roving vehicle
deployment and preparation , experiment deployment , and post-experiment ac-
t i v i t i e s . The s o l e revision t o t h e f i r s t extravehicular a c t i v i t y w a s the
shortening of t h e geology t r a v e r s e t i n e , necessitated by delays i n the
Apollo l u n a r surface experiments package deployment. The shortened t r a -
verse time required tqat s t a t i o n 1, originally planned f o r the e a s t side
of Emory C r a t e r , be mqved t o a point about one h a l f t h e intended distance
from t h e l u n a r module ' ( s e e f i g s . 4-1 and 4-2). It w a s , however , almost
on t h e o r i g i n a l planned t r a v e r s e l i n e . The major sampling objectives of
t h e Emory Crater s t a t i o n were accomplished a t a place l a t e r r e f e r r e d t o
as s t a t i o n 1 A . The planned investigation of an apparent contact within
t h e dark mantle u n i t , and t h e investigation of Emory Crater i t s e l f were
not conducted .
The geological objectives met during the f i r s t extravehicular activ-
i t y were connected primarily with the sampling and visual observations
of t h e dark mantle u n i t i n t h e v i c i n i t y of the lunar module and near sta-
t i o n 1 A . Blocks of subfloor gabbro i n t h i s area and along the traverse
were a l s o investigated and sampled.

The t o t a l duration of t h e f i r s t extravehicular a c t i v i t y w a s 7 hours

and 12 minutes and t h e lunar roving vehicle traveled approximately 3.5
kilometers. The t o t a l number of samples was 18 with a weight of approxi-
mately 31 pounds.

Second extravehicular a c t i v i t y . - The plan f o r t h e second extravehic-

ular a c t i v i t y w a s performed e s s e n t i a l l y as intended. The t i m e extension
granted at s t a t i o n 2 plus t h e addition of a new s t a t i o n (2A), between
s t a t i o n s 2 and 3, eventually decreased the t i m e available a t s t a t i o n 4.
S t a t i o n 2A was e s t a b l i s h e d t o provide additional information on a major
 10-16

problem t h a t had been detected with the traverse gravimeter. The extra-
vehicular a c t i v i t y was geologically s i g n i f i c a n t because of t h e extensive
sampling of blocks which were c l e a r l y derived from t h e slopes of t h e South
Massif , at s t a t i o n 2 , and because of t h e s m p l i n g and investigation of a
mass of orange material on t h e r i m of Shorty Crater at s t a t i o n 4. It ap-
pears t h a t t h e orange m a t e r i a l w i l l prove t o be one of t h e most recently
exposed geological u n i t s sampled on t h e l u n z surface during the Apollo
program. The extravehicular a c t i v i t y a l s o provided additional s t a t i s t i -
c a l coverage and information on t h e l i g h t m n t l e u n i t , the dark mantle
m i t , and t h e subfloor gabbro.

. . A t t h e end of t h e second extravehiculLr z c t i v i t y , the L u n a r Module

7 .
P i l o t returned t o t h e lunar surface experiment deployment s i t e for addi-
t i o n a l v e r i f i c a t i o n on the deployment of the lunar surface gravimeter.
The second extravehicular a c t i v i t y duration was 7 hours and 37 minutes
during which time t h e lunar roving vehicle trcveled approximately 2G.b
. -i
kilometers. A t o t a l of 60 samples were collected with an accumulated
. . weight of approximately 75 pounds. A t the e2d of t h e extravehicular ac-
t i v i t y , all hardware systems were operating 2s expected, except f o r a
noticezble d i f f i c u l t y i n t h e movement of sone mechanical p a r t s because
of dust permeation.

Third extravehicular a c t i v i t y . - The t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y

w a s conducted e s s e n t i a l l y bs planned and met all of t h e pre-mission tra-
verse objectives. A minor' r e v i s i o n was made t o accomplish additional close-
out a c t i v i t i e s , connected l a r g e l y with an e f f o r t t o solve t h e problems be-
i n g experienced by t h e l u n a r surface gravimeter. The closeout time f o r
t h i s extravehicular a c t i v i t y w a s a l s o lengthened t o account f o r additional
e f f o r t required i n dusting t h e extravehiculzr mobility u n i t s . A t the end
. . of t h e extravehicular a c t i v i t y , several synbolic a c t i v i t i e s were conducted
including t h e c o l l e c t i o n of a rock sample f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n t o t h e foreign
nations which were represented by young people v i s i t i n g t h e Mission Control
Center during t h e mission, and t h e unveiling of a plaque commemorating
. .
t h e Apollo 17 l u n a r landing and all previous landings ( f i g . 10-4).

. The t h i r d t r a v e r s e proceeded normally except f o r the elimination of

s t a t i o n 1 0 , which r e s u l t e d , primarily, from the increased t i m e required
f o r closeout a c t i v i t i e s , but also because of additional t i m e taken at o t h e r
s t a t i o n s p r i o r t o s t a t i o n 10. The t r a v e r s e provided a comparative i n v e s t i -
gation of blocks of m a t e r i a l derived from t h e slopes of t h e North Massif,
blocks of material at l e a s t s p a t i a l l y associated with t h e Sculptured H i l l s ,
and t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n and sampling of what appeared t o be an extremely
young impact c r a t e r . There was a l s o continued sampling and i n v e s t i g a t i o n
of dark mantle materials and subfloor gabbro. The objectives at s t a t i o n
1 0 , which were eliminated, were l a r g e l y fblfilled by o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s dur-
...
i n g all t h r e e of t h e extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s .
. -
 10-17

. . ..
. .. ,
. .-.. ..
. , ,.
;

. .. .

Figure 10-4.- Commander unveiling plaque on lunar module.

The t o t a l time f o r t h e t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y w a s . ? hours and

15 minutes with a traverse distance covered of approximately 1 2 . 1 kilom-
e t e r s . A t o t a l of 63 samples were collected and amounted t o about 137
pounds.

I n summarizing t h e operations on all three extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s ,

one of .the most important ingredients for t o t a l efficiency w a s the crew
staying near one another and working together, remaining i n close prox-
imity when, required t o work independently, and complementing each o t h e r ' s
a c t i v i t i e s . Only i n rare instances w a s there separation t o t h e extent
t h a t t h e crew could not c o r r e l a t e each other's geological observations
 10-18

and/or physically come t o one another's assistance. The t o t a l distance

driven with t h e lunar rover w a s approximately 36.0 kilometers at an aver-
age speed of 8.2 kilometers/hour with an occasional peak speed of 18 k i l -
ometers per hour. The t o t a l weight of t h e returned payload was 243
pounds.

10.8.3 Lunar Surface Hand Tools and Auxiliary Equipment

The t o o l s provided f o r l u n a r surface operations, p a r t i c u l a r l y those

required i n t h e sampling of l u n a r materials, all performed e s s e n t i a l l y as
expected. The geological hammer w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y useful t o t h e Commander
and usable when required by t h e Lunar Module P i l o t . However, f o r future
designs it i s recommended t h a t t o o l s which required extensive gripping be
custom f i t t o t h e dimensions of t h e crewmen's hands. The hammer was too
l a r g e f o r use by t h e Lunar Module P i l o t ; however it was t h e r i g h t s i z e
f o r t h e Commander.

The l u n a r surface scoop was t h e primary sampling t o o l used by the

Lunar Module P i l o t and it worked well. However, by t h e beginning of t h e
.. .
., t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y , dust i n the scoop-locking mechanism pre-
vented extensive use i n any of t h e multiple detents. Only t h e 45-degree
.. .
p o s i t i o n was used during most of t h e t h i r d traverse.
.. I

For s p e c i a l sampling kasks, t h e Commander used t h e tongs e f f e c t i v e l y

and t h e Lunar Module P i l o t used t h e rake, as required. The Lunar Module
P i l o t a u x i l i a r y s t a f f , used f o r mounting maps, and t h e lunar roving ve-
h i c l e sample bag, both worked as planned and f i t t e d t h e desired position
exactly. The rover sampler met a l l requirements f o r u t i l i t y i n sampling
from t h e rover, and i n a u x i l i a r y sampling while walking i n t h e areas of
t h e Apollo lunar surface experiments package and surface e l e c t r i c a l prop-
e r t i e s t r a n s m i t t e r . The dust brush w a s probably one of the most often
used pieces of equipment. It w a s employed on t h e rover thermal surfaces
and r e f l e c t o r s , f o r cleaning t h e t e l e v i s i o n camera l e n s , and by both crew-
men i n an attempt t o minimize the dust carried i n t o t h e cabin.

The geopallet w a s used as planned f o r the f i r s t two extravehicular

a c t i v i t i e s . By t h e start of t h e t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y , most of
t h e moving p a r t s of t h a t p a l l e t had begun t o bind because of dust permea-
t f o n along i n t e r f a c i n g surfaces.

10.8.4 Lunar Roving Vehicle

Lunar roving vehicle deployment and preparation f o r loading t h e t o o l s

and experiments proceeded normally. The only discrepancy was t h a t s e v e r a l
of t h e yellow hinge pins had t o be forcefully set t o assure t h a t t h e fore
.. .. - .
,

10-19

arid a f t chassis was locked. The manual deployment went well; hovever,
tslreup reels o r closed-loop deployment czbles would have improved the op-
erztion.

The l u n a r roving vehicle loading proceeded well with t h e ground con-

t r o l l e d t e l e v i s i o n assembly , lunar cornmications relay u n i t , d-1p a l l e t s ,
and t h e experiments being e a s i l y attached. D i f f i c u l t y was experienced i n
mating t h e surface e l e c t r i c a l properties receiver e l e c t r i c a l plug t o t h e
v e h i c l e , but t h i s has been previously e q e r i e n c e d with t h i s type of elec-
t r i c a l connector.

A l l lunar roving vehicle systems m c t i o n e d properly during powerup

and t h e short t e s t drive. The only uneqected condition was a s l i g h t l y
high b a t t e r y 2 temperature, and t h i s w2s a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e delay on t h e
launch pad and s l i g h t differences i n t h e nominal t r a j e c t o r y and sun a t t i -
tudes during translunar coast. This ultimately caused l i t t l e o r no prob-
lem because of t h e cool-down c a p a b i l i t y of the r a d i a t o r s during some of
t h e long s t a t i o n stops.

Double Ackermann fore and a f t steering was used throughout all ex-
t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t i e s , and it greatly enhanced t h e maneuverability of
t h e vehicle when negotiating c r a t e r s and rocks. The acceleration was
about as expected w i t h l a s l i g h t l y lower average speed, possibly because
of t h e heavier loaded rover on t h i s mission. Slopes of up t o 20 degrees
were e a s i l y n e g o t i a t e d ' i n a straight-ahead mode. While climbing such
slopes at fuJ-1 power, t h e vehicle decelerated t o a constant speed of 4
t o 5 kilometers p e r hour. Coming down these slopes, the vehicle w&s op-
e r a t e d i n a braking mode with no indicztion of brake-fading, o r feeling
t h a t t h e rover could not be controlled. Side slopes were negotiable,
but not necessarily comfortable. During the second and t h i r d extravehic-
ular a c t i v i t y , f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h t h e rover, both i n r i d i n g and i n driving,
allowed t h e crew t o go places and negotiate side slopes t h a t engendered
a g r e a t deal more caution during t h e f i r s t extravehicular a c t i v i t y .

The b a t t e r i e s were not dusted u n t i l well i n t o the second extravehic-

u l a r a c t i v i t y ; however, a f t e r t h a t time, the b a t t e r y covers were brushed
clean a t every stop. The cleanliness of the b a t t e r i e s i s a t t r i b u t e d t o
t h e f a c t that t h e covers were continually dusted and kept clean. Dusting
w a s time-consuming, but it w a s no greater problem than anticipated pre-
f l i g h t , and it was p& of t h e overhead i n system management t h a t leads t o
successful vehicle operation.

The r i g h t rear fender was accidentally knocked o f f by catching it

with a hammer handle. This r e s u l t e d i n breaking about 2-inches off of
t h e i n s i d e r a i l on t h e permanent fender. The fender extension w a s re-
placed and taped i n t o p o s i t i o n ; however, tape does not hold w e l l when
placed over dusty surfaces. The fender extension was l o s t a f t e r about
 ._. ... , . . ... . . . ..-'....
I . . . . . . . . .

10-20

an hour's driving. P r i o r t o t h e second extravehicular a c t i v i t y , a t e m -

porary fender was made from maps and taped zr?d clamped i a t o position,
where it worked s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Loss of the fender created concern t h a t
t h e dust problem would severely l i m i t the crew's operation and the capa-
b i l i t i e s of t h e rover systems , not only thermally , but mechanically.

I n summary, t h e l u n a r roving vehicle operation was approached cau-

tiously;'but during t h e second and throughout the t h i r d extravehicular
a c t i v i t y t h e vehicle w a s pushed t o t h e limits of i t s capability. Although
t h e crew believed t h a t t h e rover could have negotiated slopes of 20 t o 25
degrees without great d i f f i c u l t y , s i d e sloae operation never became com-
_. f o r t a b l e . The r e a r wheels broke out only on exceptionally sharp t u r n s
.i.. ..
- ..- ..
.. .
when t h e vehicle was moving at high speeds. Slippage seemed t o be mini-
. -
.. ..
. m a l . During t h e second, and p r i n c i p a l l y the t h i r d extravehicular activ-
. .
. ..
i t y , a l a r g e portion of driving time on the rover was spent negotiating
.
~
.~
.
. ,.-.
boulder and c r a t e r f i e l d s , with one of t h e fear wheels bouncing off t h e
'
surface at regular i n t e r v a l s . The rover i s i ~ noutstanding device which
increased t h e c a p a b i l i t y of t h e crew t o e q l o r e t h e Taurus-Littrow region
and enhanced t h e l u n a r surface data return by an order of magnitude and
mwbe more.

!10.8.5 Experiments
i
General.- The majoriiy of t h e Apollo 17 lunar surface science re-
quirements were successfully f u l f i l l e d during the t h r e e extravehicular ac-
t i v i t y periods. A new l u n a r surface experinents package w a s deployed and
activated. O f t h i s package at t h e writing of t h i s r e p o r t , only the lunar
surface gravimeter appears t o have f a i l e d t o perform i t s primary functions.
I n addition t o t h e Apollo l u n a r surface experiments package, a cosmic-ray
experiment and a subsurface neutron-flux e e e r i m e n t was activated and re-
turned. Three t r a v e r s e experiments, which took advantage of the mobility
and navigation p o t e n t i a l of t h e lunar roving vehicle, performed success-
f'ully i n a l l cases. However, thermal degredetion prevented t h e completion
of a l l t h e planned data c o l l e c t i o n f o r the surface e l e c t r i c a l properties
experiment. All major field-geology traverse objectives were achieved
or adequate s u b s t i t u t e s were found. Only the polarimetric photography
requirement of t h e field-geology experiment was not performed because of
unanticipated and higher p r i o r i t y a c t i v i t i e s .

The 142 lunar samples returned weighed 110.4 kilograms (243 pounds).
This number included 115 documented rock and s o i l samples, 12 large rock
samples, 2 s p e c i a l magnetic g l a s s samples, 1 Dermanently shadowed s o i l
sample , 2 east-west s p l i t samples , 2 boulder-shielded s o i l samples, 3
.'.d. .
double-core tube s o i l samples, 2 single-core tube s o i l samples, 1 vacuum
core sample, 1 vacuum contamination sample and a 3-meter deep d r i l l core
sample.
... -
.: .,.
.... ...,.-
, .
.~.
 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,- ~
.............. .>. . . . .

10-21

The Apollo l u n a r surface experiments package c e n t r a l s t a t i o n w a s de-

ployed and a c t i v a t e d ( f i g . 10-5); however, three problems prolonged t h e
t i m e required f o r t h i s a c t i v i t y . These problems are discussed i n t h e f o l -
lowing paragraphs..

Fuel cask dome removal.- After r o t a t i n g t h e f u e l cask dome removal

tool. about 90 degrees, t h e dome removal t o o l came loose from the dome.

,
....
. .:.>--
i
. :......
..........
A
:. .!
I

. .:..-.:....'-..>.
:. ....
:

-5 1 Figure 10-5.- Central s t a t i o n a f t e r activation.

 .. ...-.--,
._. .-.
. I
....
..:
.. i
10-22
.:. 1
Upon inspection and f u r t h e r r o t a t i o n , the corner of t h e t o o l i n t e r f a c e
with t h e dome w a s found t o be bent outward. The dome was p a r t i a l l y sepa-
r a t e d from t h e cask by rocking t h e t o o l and complete separation w a s ac-
complished using t h e c h i s e l end of t h e harnner. For f h r t h e r d e t a i l s , see
section 15.4.4.

Central s t a t i o n 1eveE.x.- Leveling of t h e c e n t r d s t a t i o n was dif-

f i c u l t because of the presence of about 3 t o 5 centimeters of very loose
top s o i l at t h e deployment s i t e ( f i g . 10-6). The l e v e l i n g was f i n a l l y

__
..-
:c
..-
....
.......
. . .
.' . ......
.
.i.
::
.-

Figure 10-6.- Central s t a t i o n r e s t i n g on soft soil.

 10-23

accomplished by working t h e south edge of the s t a t i o n down t o a l e v e l be-

low t h i s l a y e r of t o p s o i l and placing a l a r g e , r e l a t i v e l y f l a t rock under
t h e northwest corner. I n the process of leveling, about 30 percent of t h e
upper surface of t h e s t a t i o n sunshield w a s covered with a t h i n (approx-
imately 0.5-mm) l a y e r of dust, and no attempt w a s made t o remove this dust.
Also, s o i l became banked against the southeast and southwest corners and
against t h e south edge of t h e s t a t i o n . Later, upon request from ground
personnel, t h i s s o i l w a s removed by clearing a 15- t o 20-centimeter wide
moat around those portions of t h e s t a t i o n . Some dust and s o i l s t i l l ad-
hered t o t h e s i d e s of t h e s t a t i o n , but the white thermal coating w a s v i s -
i b l e through most of t h i s dust.

Antenna gimbal 1evelinK.- During antenna gimbal leveling, both t h e

north-south and t h e east-west l e v e l bcbbles appeared t o be sticky and pre-
I
vented p r e c i s e leveling of the antenna gimbal- The north-south bubble
eventually became free-floating , but the east-west remained at the e a s t
end of t h e f l u i d tube. Precise antenna pointing was not v e r i f i e d , but
ground personnel reported t h a t t h e signal strength appeared t o be adequate.

With minor and generally predictable d i f f i c u l t i e s , the deployment

.D and a c t i v a t i o n of t h e individual Apollo lunar surface experiments pack-
age experiments went as planned. Specific comments with respect t o each
experiment a r e provided i n t h e following paragraphs.
i
Lunar surface gravimeter.- There were no known anomalies i n t h e de-
ployment of t h e gravimeter ( f i g . 10-7) t h a t would account f o r the prob-
lems encountered upon the commanded activation of the experiment (see
sec. 15.4.1). The gimbal w a s observed t o be f r e e swinging a f t e r the i n i -
tial r e l e a s e and a f t e r all subsequent j a r r i n g s and shakings. A small
amount of dust f e l l o f f t h e miversal. handling t o o l i n t o the gimbal hous-
ing during t h e f i n a l j a r r i n g of the gimbal, but a l l f i n a l alignments and
l e v e l i n g by t h e crew were normal.

Lunar mass spectrometer.- "he deployment of t h e lunar mass spectrom-

. .
. - e t e r ( f i g . 10-8) w a s as planned. A small amount of dust (appoximately
0.1-mm t h i c k ) covered about 30 percent of t h e north-facing surface of t h e
experiment .
Lunar e j e c t a and meteorites experiment .-
The lunar e j e c t a and meteor-
i t e s experiment ( f i g . 10-9) w a s deployed west of a s m a l l low r i m c r a t e r
about 3 meters i n diameter and about 3 meters northeast of a boulder t h a t
projected about 0.3 meter above the surface and was about 1 meter wide i n
t h e section i t presents t o t h e experiment. The discarded packaging mate-
r i d f o r t h e Apollo l u n a r surface experiments package w a s placed about a s
planned and i s shown i n f i g u r e 10-9.
 ._ . . , . . . . . _, - . .- .. .. . . I-_...-- .... . ..

10-24

Figure 10-7.- L u n a r s u r f w e gravimeter.

Heat flow e-xperiment.- Although the d r i l l i n g of t h e probe holes re-

quired more time than a n t i c i p a t e d , because of presently unknown s o i l char-
a c t e r i s t i c s at t h e deeper l e v e l s , t h e emplsceEent of t h e two heat flow
probes w a s as planned ( f i g . 10-10).

Lunar seismic p r o f i l i n g experiment.- No major d i f f i c u l t i e s were en-

countered i n t h e deployment of t h e a n t e w z or the geophones f o r the seis-
mic p r o f i l i n g experiment ( f i g . 10-11). The geophones were oriented within -5
.E
*La-

--:&
\-

...
 (." .-.....-. . .... . . -. c

10-25

. r --
. .. -
. . - . .~
_1
.,.
... .-. . .
... . .
~. . ..,.

. - . __
Figure 10-8.- Lunar m a s spectrometer.

a few degrees of v e r t i c a l and were conFletely buried, except f o r t h e i r

t o p p l a t e . The geophones were located near t h e i r planned position, with
a considerable amount of slack i n all l i n e s . A s a consequence of t h e in-
effectiveness of the anchoring f l a g , the geophone module overturned dur-
i n g geophone deployment. I n t h e subsequent confusion, t h e geophone 4
l i n e crossed under t h e l i n e f o r geophone 1.

Photography.- Photography of the Ago110 lunar surface experiments

package was c u r t a i l e d because of time constraints. However, i n t h e course
of t h e t h r e e extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s , much of the' desired photography
was obtained.
 ... . .- .. . . . . . . .~
-2. i;. .. .. :. . .. . .. . . - .. .. .

. .

.-.. .
. ..
...
. . .-. .%

., --.....
,
'.1

-. .:
.

Figure 10-9.- Lunar e j e c t a and meteorites experiment.

Special experiments.- Two special hardware experiments were performed

on the lunar surface. Deployment and r e t r i e v a l of these experiments was
as planned or as revised by the ground controllers.

The shade p l a t e of the cosmic ray experiment ( f i g . 10-12) was deployed

on the forward lunar roving vehicle walking binge, and the sun p l a t e
( f i g . 10-13) was deployed on t h e strut of the lunar module minus Z land-
ing gear. Neither p l a t e was touched during deployment and there w a s no
. . ~. . . . ..
.. . .:
.... ..
 . .. . . .. . . . -. .. . . . -. .- . . .. ..

10-27

.....
...... .:.
..: ...
. .
..
:-
1

.:..-..--.
. . ..
-. .
-.
:.
-. . ,.'
. -...
.. . :'
.- .
. ..,
- .._.
-.._

Figure 10-10.- Heat flow probes emplaced i n l u n a r surface.

- . observed contamination on e i t h e r p l a t e . Upon request of the Mission Con-

t r o l Center personnel, t h e experiment was terminated at the beginning of
. t h e t h i r d extravehicular . a c t i v i t y .
_ .
The neutron f l u x experiment was properly activated and e a s i l y i n s e r t e d
t o t h e f u l l depth of the deep d r i l l hole ( f i g . 10-14). The experiment w a s
deactivated within a minute o r two after withdrawal from the hole, and w a s
i n t h e shade of t h e lunar module within about 3 minutes.

I n t h e area of long-term experiments, two s e l e c t e d pieces of discarded

Apollo l u n a r surface experiments package hardware were positioned i n t h e
l u n a r s o i l , o r i e n t i n g t h e i r broadside r e f l e c t i v e surfaces t o deep space.
Photographs were taken showing t h e locations of these two a r t i c l e s rela-
t i v e t o t h e experiments package array. The long-term e f f e c t s of the l u n a r
environment on t h e surfaces w i l l be compared with t h e long-term e f f e c t s o f
. .

10-28

c ..
..
.._- . . I

-.
..--
-...*.. :
. .- .
.,..%.

Figure 10-11.- Apollo lunar surface experiments s i t e

with geophone f l a g i n foreground.

similar surfaces exposed f o r similar periods on earth. (Table 13-1). The

L u n a r Module P i l o t ' s camera l e n s was not available f o r positioning on t h e
lunar roving vehicle s e a t ; consequently, the 500-mm l e n s was positioned
horizontally and facing south (approximately 192 degrees) i n t h e Command-
e r ' s s e a t pan with t h e seat up.
 10-29

. :. -.

Figure 10-12.- Cosmic ray experiment showing shade p l a t e .

Traverse experiments .- The lunar seismic p r o f i l i n g experiment and

the t r a v e r s e gravimeter operated as planned. The operational and thermal
problems of t h e surface e l e c t r i c a l properties experiment d i d not prevent
i t h e c o l l e c t i o n of data d o n g two legs of the second extravehicular activ-
i t y traverse.

The deployment p o i n t s f o r the seismic p r o f i l i n g charges ( f i g . 10-15)

were as required by pre-mission plans or as redirected i n real t i m e . Near
complete’or complete photographic panoramas at each charge s i t e should es-
t a b l i s h t h e i r exact positions. A t l e a s t i n the case of charge 1 (Victory
Crater) and’5 ( V a n Serg Crater), there w a s no line-of-sight view t o the
 Figure 10-13.- Cosmic rq. experiment showing sun p l a t e .

antenna at the Apollo l u n a r surface experinents package s i t e . Charges

deployed within line-of-sight of t h e Apollo lunar surface experiments
package were deployed i n shallow depressions.

The t r a v e r s e gravimeter (fig. 10-16) was operated normally, except

where slopes were s t e e p and measurements were obtained w i t h t h e instru-
ment mounted on t h e lunar roving vehicle. A l l but two planned gravity
measurements were taken, and t h e s e were a second measurement at t h e Apollo
l u n a r surface experiments package s i t e and a measurement at s t a t i o n 7 near
t h e North Massif. _.
*.
 . .
.. - . -. -
. . - 1
_'
. ... -

10-31

'.. .
- .-..:.?.,
i

.-.
.
...
. .
.. -..
_. .. . .
. -.
: .. -. ..1 L-5...
I

. -. .
.. * - .:
..
1..

Figure 10-14.- Neutron flu experinent emplaced i n lunar s o i l .

The c o l l e c t i o n of data f o r the su_rface e l e c t r i c a l properties experi-

ment was l i m i t e d by temperatures i n excess of the operating limit of t h e
.
tape recorder i n t h e receiver ( f i g . 10-17). The operating limit was ap-
parently exceeded a t s t a t i o n 5 near C a e l o t ; however, several subsequent
attempts were made t o c o l l e c t data. For one of t h e s e , the traverse from
t h e l u n a r module t o s t a t i o n 6, the receiver was probably placed i n t'ne
standby mode r a t h e r than i n t h e on mode as was requested by t h e f i s s i o n
Control Center. The tape recorder was removed from the receiver at s t a -
t i o n 9 (Van Serg) and stowed under the lunar roving vehicle seat u n t i l
it was t r a n s f e r r e d i n t o t h e equipment t r a n s f e r bag and ultimately i n t o
t h e l u n a r module cabin.

There were minor deployment problem with the surface e l e c t r i c a l prop-

e r t i e s t r a n s m i t t e r ( f i g . 10-18). Three of t h e antenna r e e l s f e l l from
 . . . . . .. . . i . .. . .. . . . .... . -

10-32

Figure 10-15 .- Lunar surface p r o f i l i n g experiment

explosive package.

t h e i r stowage l o c a t i o n s when t h e reel r e t a i n e r was opened. S t i f f n e s s and

memory i n t h e w i r e s between t h e fold-out s o l z r panels required t h e panels
t o be taped at t h e hinge t o provide a more nearly f l a t surface. Neither
of t h e s e problems prevented t h e normal deployment and operation of t h e
transmitter.

10.9 SOLO OPERATIONS I N LUXAFi ORBIT

10.9.1 Command and Service Module Circularization Maneuver

The c i r c u l a r i z a t i o n maneuver w a s performed on t h e backside of t h e

moon and t h e f i r i n g was normal. The procedures employed were t h e same as
 . . -.:. ’ . 1 .., .. . . . . _ . . . . . .. . . . . . .. , . . ‘. .

10-33

Figure 10-16. - Commander place t h e traverse gravimeter

on t h e lunar surface.

f o r all previous service propulsion system f i r i n g s . Mission rules dic-

t a t e d t h a t t h e lunar module crew be informed of t h e successful c i r c u l a r i -
zation maneuver p r i o r t o t h e i r i n i t i a t i o n o f t h e second descent o r b i t i n -
s e r t i o n maneuver. Simplex A VHF communications were maintained and t h e
Command Module P i l o t u t i l i z e d t h e voice-operated relay mode f o r transmit-
t i n g t o $he l u n a r module. Atimeline difference between the Apollo 17
mission and previous missions w a s t h a t the i n e r t i a l measurement u n i t
.. realignment /crew o p t i c a l alignment s i g h t c a l i b r a t i o n was delayed u n t i l
.. ‘..b
- I

. ..
. ... 7
a f t e r t h e c i r c u l a r i z a t i o n f i r i n g because t h i s t a s k w a s o r i g i n a l l y within
. .
t h e time frame f o r lunar module separation. The Command Module P i l o t time-
....-.. .....
:
8 - l i n e f o r 7 t o 8 hours following lunar module separation was not overly
.. .. , -
10-34

.....
..<-.r
..~.-. - .
..-.
.
-___. _..
R
%.. . ..
.. f
.;. - ..~.
.<.

Figure 10-17.- Lunar surface e l e c t r i c a l properties receiver

on l u n a r roving vehicle.

crowded; however, there w a s no scheduled eating period during t h i s t i m e ,

and a c t i v i t y prevented suit removal.

10.9.2 Visual Observations

The human observer's c a p a b i l i t y t o describe and i n t e r p r e t what i s be-

ing observed g r e a t l y enhances all e x i s t i n g , or proposed, imaging devices.
The human eye can see and i d e n t i f y geological features which e i t h e r f a i l
t o appear o r which appear, but can not be recognized on photographs. This
i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e when attempting t o describe subtle color differences.
..
..,... .
. . .. _.
j . _

i .>
.... , . ......
:

..... i. .
 .
..
. -.:
..
_._...:....
,
....
.
-1
:

. ... -..
. .. .

Figure 10-18.- Surface e l e c t r i c a l properties t r a n s m i t t e r

show'ing taped panels.

The eye can determine t h e s u b t l e color differences much b e t t e r than any

onboard photographic device t h a t w a s available. Another advantage of t h e
human eye i s t h e a b i l i t y t o almost simultaneously observe features i n a
wide range of illumination. I n t h e low sun-angle observations, t h e eye
could see d e t a i l i n t h e shadows. This i s primarily due t o r e f l e c t e d il-
lumination from t h e other s i d e of t h e c r a t e r s ; however, d e t a i l i n shadow
almost never shows i n t h e photographs. Good viewing of a p a r t i c u l a r spot
on t h e l u n a r surface i s l i m i t e d t o about 1 minute. The observer must,
t h e r e f o r e , develop t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o observe and describe at the same
time. When u t i l i z i n g t h e comand module as 2. visual. observation platform,
t h e r e are some compromises necessary; however, placement of the windows
i s such t h a t usually one or two windows are directed toward the l m a r
 10-36
‘ I
surface. The technique of observation and simultaneously using a hand-
held camera requires t h a t the crewman s t a b i l i z e h i s body with h i s f e e t
because both hands are always busy manipulating the camera. I n making
v i s u a l observations, it i s easy t o position the body as required t o ob-
serve a p a r t i c u l a r t a r g e t . Surface t a r g e t recognition i s more readily
accomplished i n vehicle a t t i t u d e s which allow observation as t h e space-
c r a f t approaches t h e t a r g e t . Forward viewing along t h e velocity vector
provides’ rapid t a r g e t recognition and a l s o permits increased time f o r
observation. Conversely , a t t i t u d e s which do not allow t a r g e t recogni-
t i o n u n t i l t h e spacecraft i s e i t h e r over, o r has passed beyond t h e t a r -
g e t , provide t h e l e a s t amount of time for useful observation.

The importance of e s t a b l i s h i n g a preflight v i s u a l observation plan

and then following it throughout the f l i g h t cvlnot be overstressed. This
was accomplished on the Apollo 17 mission by assigning 10 s p e c i f i c v i s u a l
t a r g e t s . The visual. t a r g e t s were well planned p r e f l i g h t , and a l l v i s u a l
t a r g e t s were discussed during t h e course of the mission.

The moon i s a very i n t r i g u i n g body and the l i t t l e spare time w a s

spent observing o r just looking out t h e windows and picking out unusual
geological c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , descriptions of which were recorded on the
d a t a storage equipment tape or r e l a t e d over the air-to-ground network.
P r e f l i g h t geological t r a i n i n g f o r v i s u a l observation w a s thorough. The
p r e f l i g h t t r a i n i n g must bd thorough enough t o enable instantaneous r e c a l l
of t h e general geography df t h e lunar surface. The effectiveness of t h e
observational techniques can be improved by the use of o p t i c a l devices
with image s t a b i l i z a t i o n and g r e a t e r magnification.

The Apollo 17 landing s i t e w a s unique i n t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t i n t e n s i t y

of e a r t h illumination, or earthshine, w a s available during t h i s mission.
Visual observations i n earthshine must be r e s t r i c t e d to. differences i n
albedo c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; c r a t e r r i m s are very v i s i b l e , and t h e slopes and
slumping associated with t h e c r a t e r w a l l s can be seen i n t h e l a r g e r cra-
t e r s . The e j e c t e d ray material i s not v i s i b l e f o r more than about a
quarter of t h e c r a t e r diameter beyond t h e c r a t e r . However, anything t h a t
shows up as an albedo difference i n sunshine shows up as an albedo dif-
ference i n earthshine. The illumination of the lunar surface i n earth-
._ . .
.. -
..
shine i s b r i g h t e r than t h e b r i g h t e s t moonlit night observed on e a r t h . An
.: .;
attempt was made t o use t h e onboard color wheel t o determine colors and
....
i
albedos of t h e l u n a r surface; however, none of the color chips approached
t h e a c t u a l colors on the moon. Any f’urther attempts t o l a b e l t h e colors
of t h e moon should be accomplished with a color wheel t h a t v a r i e s from
very l i g h t t a n t o l i g h t browns. It should a l s o have t h e various colors
of l i g h t gray t o blue-gray and tan-gray t o a darkish gray. One big prob-
lem of u t i l i z i n g a color wheel i s t h a t t h e color wheel should be exposed
t o t h e same l i g h t as t h e object on t h e lunar surface.
 A t h i n cloud of s m a l l p a r t i c l e s could always be seen following t h e
spacecraft from spacecraft sunrise and sunset t o t h e l u n a r surface termi-
n a t o r crossing. These p a r t i c l e s had the same general appearance of waste
water d r o p l e t s and would show up as a bright b l u r i n t h e sextant. A t -
tempts t o observe them with the binoculars gave e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same ap-
pearance as t h e unaided eye. They were assumed t o be i c e p a r t i c l e s and
were always with t h e spacecraft. During the waste water dumps , they were
o r i g i n a l l y very dense, but would l a t e r disseminate t o a wider area. This
p a r t i c l e concentration w a s r e l a t i v e l y low; however , it remained constant
a f t e r a steady-state period was reache? following t h e waste water dumps.

_ .
10.9.3 Photography

One s u n r i s e s o l a r corona photograDhic sequence and t h r e e sunrise zo-

d i c a l l i g h t photographic sequences were accomplished. The sunset photog-
raphy sequence w a s cancelled when it i n t e r f e r r e d with t h e t r i m adjustment
maneuver p r i o r t o t h e l u n a r o r b i t plane change. The procedures f o r t h e
s u n r i s e sequences were workable and could be memorized j u s t p r i o r t o op-
e r a t i o n . Photographs of t h e lunar surfzce i n earthshine were outstand-
i n g . The technique used was t o expose two frames with 1-second s e t t i n g s
and an f s t o p of 1 . 2 , then photograph t3e same t a r g e t f o r 0.5, 0.25, 0.125
and 0.0625 second. The p i c t u r e s of the c r a t e r s Eratosthenes and Coper-
nicus i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e 0.25-and 0.125-second exposures were the best.

. .:-
.
Some photographs of t h e earth-set terminator around t h e c r a t e r O r i -
.. ..; ...
..-
e n t a l e are outstanding. These were taken with t h e l e n s f u l l y open and
.,
$
a 1/2-second exposure. E x t r a black and white film i n t h e d i n l i g h t maga-
zines were used f o r nearside and farside photography. The outstanding
r e s u l t s of t h e s e photographs a r e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e c a p a b i l i t y of through-
the-lens viewing and t o t h e i n t e r n a l light-meter adjustment. These a r e
t h e only good far-side terminator pictures. The camera s e t t i n g s f o r t h e
70-mm near-side and far-side terminator were mostly good; however, a l l
could have been good if t h e r e had been 2 c a p a b i l i t y t o view t h e photo-
graphic t a r g e t through t h e l e n s and s e t the exposure by means of an in-
t e r n a l l i g h t meter.

A l l s c i e n t i f i c photographic t a r g e t s were completed, and two e x t r a

70-mm magazines were exposed on t a r g e t s of opportunity. A t l e a s t one
more magazine of color e x t e r i o r film could have been used. Several good
near-terminator photographs were taken of t h e lunar surface with the
35-rmn camera and c o l o r i n t e r i o r f i l m .

10.9.4 S c i e n t i f i c Instrument Module

Operation of t h e s c i e n t i f i c instrument module experiments w a s normal.
All p r e f l i g h t planned t a s k s were accomplished and a d d i t i o n a l u l t r a v i o l e t
 ~ ..- i.
.i., .i. . . . .. . . , . ..

passes were obtained. The l a s e r a l t i m e t e r wzs turned on f o r one complete

s l e e p period and as a result, 3769 a l t i t u d e measurements were made on t h e
flight.

The l u n a r sounder antennas presented some d i f f i c u l t i e s . On HF an-

tenna 1, t h e barberpole i n d i c a t i n g f u l l r e t r a c t d i d not work c o r r e c t l y ;
a l s o HF antenna 2 seemed t o s t a l l during extension. Not withstanding t h e
extension and r e t r a c t i o n problems, t h e boons were f u l l y extended o r f u l l y
r e t r a c t e d when r e q u i r e d , and a l l scheduled 1-mar sounder operations were
completed. The extension and r e t r a c t i o n of t h e mapping camera required
a3out 4 minutes i n s t e a d of about 2 minutes. Although it d i d f u l l y extend
and r e t r a c t , t h e number of cycles w a s changed t o prevent excessive opera-
t i o n . After lunar rendezvous, t h e mapping c m e r a reaction c o n t r o l system
plume s h i e l d door appeared t o be f u l l y open -&en t h e mapping camera was
f u l l y r e t r a c t e d ( s e c . 15.1.7). During t h e t r z n s e a r t h extravehicular ac-
t i v i t y , t h e mapping camera and t h e plume s h i e l d door were f u l l y r e t r a c t e d .
No v i s i b l e evidence of previous binding could be observed during t h e ex-
t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y . Also, t h e r e w a s no v i s i b l e s e r v i c e module r e a c t i o n
c o n t r o l system contamination i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e s c i e n t i f i c instrument
module bay.

- -.
10.9.5 F l i g h t Planging
i
J

P a r t of t h e p r e f l i g h t t r a i n i n g w a s devoted t o checking f l i g h t p l a n
development i n t h e Cape simulator. Several small e r r o r s became evident
i n t h e preliminary f l i g h t plans during these t r a i n i n g s e s s i o n s , and they
were r e a d i l y corrected. This method of f l i g h t plan development helped
considerably i n having a f i n a l f l i g h t plan t h a t was i n excellent shape.
Very few changes had t o be made during t h e mission, and t h e small number
t h a t were incorporated were minor i n nature. U t i l i z a t i o n of time during
t h e Command Module P i l o t ' s solo a c t i v i t i e s was very e f f i c i e n t .

10.9.6 O r b i t a l T r i m and Plvle Change Maneuvers

The plane change maneuver w a s performed t h e day of lunar l i f t - o f f

and rendezvous. The command and s e r v i c e module o r b i t did not decay at
t h e planned rate; t h e r e f o r e , a 9 f t / s e c reaction control system height
a d j u s t maneuver w a s performed 1 hour p r i o r t o t h e l u n a r o r b i t plane change
t o a t t a i n an optimum command and s e r v i c e mociule o r b i t f o r t h e rendezvous.
The r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l system f i r i n g was accom9lished with no problems. A f -
t e r maneuvering t o t h e planned f i r i n g a t t i t u d e , a 30-degree r o l l w a s i n i -
t i a t e d t o keep t h e s u n l i g h t away f r o m t h e Sw-oraxnic camera. The plane
change maneuver w a s s u c c e s s f u l l y accomplished v i t h about a 20-second fir-
i n g of t h e s e r v i c e propulsion engine.
 10-39

10.10 ASCENT, rnNDEZVOUS, AND DOCKING

10.10.1 Ascent

The l u n a r module a c t i v a t i o n procedures f o r ascent proceeded smoothly

and were on time through l i f t - o f f . Lift-off provided a dynamic physiolog-
i c a 1 e f f e c t w i t h no f e e l i n g of spacecrzft s e t t l i n g . The primary n a v i g a t i o n
guidance system appeared t o be f l y i n g t h e l u n a r module along t h e p r e s c r i b e d
t r a j e c t o r y through i n s e r t i o n and all displays were converging a t shutdown.
Residuals i n t h e X axis were l e s s t h m 2 f t / s e c ; t h e r e f o r e , no t r i m maneu-
i. !
v e r w a s r e q u i r e d . The v e r n i e r adjustnent maneuver w a s performed s h o r t l y
- .. a f t e r i n s e r t i o n with -4.0 f t / s e c i n t h e X axis, -9.0 f t / s e c i n t h e Y a x i s ,
.. and +1.0 f t / s e c i n t h e Z axis, r e s i d u a l s of which were all nulled t o l e s s
- ...
. .
i,

1
t h a n 0 . 2 f t / s e c . This out-of-plane buildup w a s seen throughout t h e ascent
.. .._
on t h e a b o r t guidance system, and it now aDpears t h a t t h e abort guidance
. . ._ .
. . system would have i n s e r t e d t h e ascent s t a g e i n t o a s l i g h t l y b e t t e r i n -
plane o r b i t . Following t h e t r a j e c t o r y adjustment, t h e approach p a t h w a s
nominal f o r t r a c k i n g and t h e subsequent terminal phase i n i t i a t i o n . Up-
l i n k communications w i t h t h e ground were l o s t following pitchover; how-
e v e r , it w a s subsequently l e a r n e d t h a t the. ground monitored all t h e down-
l i n k t r a n s m i s s i o n s . The problem w a s determined t o be ground s t a t i o n op-
erations. 1

.. . II

I
10.10.2 Rendezvous

Tracking from t h e l u n a r module w a s i n i t i a t e d w i t h a rendezvous r a d a r

automatic lock-on. Raw range, range r a t e , s h a f t , and trunnion data were
v e r i f i e d on t h e d i s p l a y keyboard p r i o r t o accepting marks. The f i r s t few
marks produced acceptable r e s u l t s . Automatic a b o r t guidance system up-
d a t e s were accepted w i t h no subsequent v a r i a t i o n from normal i n e i t h e r
system. The computer r e c y c l e at 17 narks produced t h e expected s o l u t i o n s .
Continuous manual p l o t t i n g of p o s i t i o n throughout t h e t r a c k i n g sequence
u n t i l j u s t b e f o r e t e r m i n a l phase i n i t i z t i o n followed t h e planned d i r e c t
rendezvous t r a j e c t o r y . The s u n l i t command module w a s v i s i b l e from t h e
l u n a r module a t approximately 110 miles. A f t e r e n t e r i n g darkness, t h e
command module w a s l o s t and w a s not seen again u n t i l t h e f l a s h i n g l i g h t
became f a i n t l y v i s i b l e at a d i s t a n c e of 30 t o 40 miles. Approximately
8 minutes p r i o r t o t e r m i n a l phase i n i t i a t i o n , with about 2.5 marks i n t o
t h e computer and an almost equal number of marks i n t o t h e abort guidance
system, f i n a l computation were i n i t i a t e d and t h e l u n a r module w a s manu-
a l l y maneuvered i n yaw and r o l l i n t o t h e f i r i n g a t t i t u d e f o r t e r m i n a l
phase i n i t i a t i o n . The s o l u t i o n s , given by t h e ground computer, t h e a b o r t
. ..
guidance system, and t h e command module computer a r e shown i n t a b l e 8 - V I I I .
. . .’. .., A f t e r t h e t e r m i n a l phase i n i t i a t i o n maneuver, t h e r e s i d u a l s were somewhat
. .. . h i g h e r t h a n expected; approximately +7 f t / s e c i n t h e X axis and 4 f t / s e c
i n Y and Z a x e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . These were quickly trimmed t o less t h a n
. .
_ . .- . . - .
. .. -
 . .. . . . . . , .. . .I . . . -. --_
.~..I--_ . ..

10-40

0.2 f t / s e c . Radar lock with t h e command and service module was maintained
throughout t h e terminal phase i n i t i a t i o n maneuver.

The command module a t t a i n e d VHF tracking of the l u n a r module immedi-

a t e l y after i n s e r t i o n at a range of approximately 155 miles. The VHF
ranging broke lock during t h e l u n a r module vernier maneuver, w a s r e s e t ,
then broke lock again. A f t e r t h e second r e s e t , it remained locked on f o r
t h e remainder of t h e rendezvous. The lunar module could not be seen
through t h e sextant o r telescope i n daylight. Once t h e l u n a r module was
i n darkness, t h e tracking l i g h t w a s v i s i b l e i n the sextant as a star about
1/4 t h e magnitude of S i r i u s . The l i g h t w a s not v i s i b l e i n t h e telescope
u n t i l t h e range w a s reduced t o about 60 o r 70 miles.

Following t h e terminal phase i n i t i a t i o n maneuver, t h e lunar module

was allowed t o automatic t r a c k throughout the midcourse d a t a gathering
period. The midcourse s o l u t i o n s were all l e s s than 1.6 f t / s e c , with very
good agreement between t h e primary navigation guidance system and t h e
abort guidance system. The command module computer midcourse solutions
a l s o compared well with t h e exception of an 8 f t / s e c difference i n d i f -
f e r e n t i a l v e l o c i t y i n t h e 2 axis f o r t h e second midcourse correction.
The l u n a r module r e l a t i v e motion p l o t agreed with the center of the nom-
i n a l t r a j e c t o r y and had t h e expected range r z t e s . Braking gates were
performed as planned and t h i s provided a confortable xendezvous through '!

stationkeeping. A s l i g h t \innovation trained f o r but not included pro-

cedurally, was t h e incorporation of three mvlual marks i n t o t h e abort
guidance system a f t e r t h e second midcourse correction. The objective w a s
t o maintain t h e c r e d i b i l i t y of t h e abort guidance system s t a t e vector
throughout t h e braking phase. The success of t h i s technique i s evident
i n t h e 2 f t / s e c range r a t e and l e s s than 1 / 2 mile i n range a t t h e termin-
ation of braking.

10.10.3 Docking

After a flyaround inspection proved the s c i e n t i f i c instrument mod-

u l e bay ( f i g . 10-19) t o be i n o r d e r , t h e lm-ar module was maneuvered t o
t h e docking a t t i t u d e and stationkeeping responsibility was given t o t h e
command and service module. The closure r a t e was very slow, probably
l e s s than 0 . 1 f t / s e c , with some s m a l l t r a n s l a t i o n corrections required
because of t h e l u n a r module deadbanding. Cspture was not accomplished
on t h e first contact probably due t o t h e slow closure r a t e . By increas-
ing t h e closing v e l o c i t y , capture w a s positive on the second attempt.
Because t h e lunar module w a s d r i f t i n g i n p i t c h and yaw, a t t i t u d e hold w a s
r e i n i t i a t e d momentarily i n t h e l u n a r module t o allow t h e command and ser-
vice module t o n u l l all r a t e s p r i o r t o probe r e t r a c t i o n . A l l 1 2 docking
l a t c h e s f i r e d and seated properly.

. .
 10-41

Figure 10-19.- S c i e n t i f i c instrument module bay view

from the lunar module.
 .. .

10-42

10.11 -
LUNAR ORBITAL OPERATIONS POST-DOCKING
TO TWSEARTH INJECTION

10.11.1 Post-Docking Activities

The.post-docking a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e lunzr module and t h e command and

service module were accomplished as planned with t h e checklist as an in-
..- . . .
. .
. ..
. ventory l i s t and as a backup t o common sense. The vacuum cleaner w a s op-
. ._
. .
e r a t e d continuously i n t h e l u n a r module t o remove dust f l o a t i n g i n t h e
.~
.. .~
.
cabin. A s a r e s u l t of t h i s operation and the s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n paid t o
....; the bagging and s e a l i n g of t h e samples p r i o r t o t r a n s f e r , t h e command
. .
. -.

. , .-
module remained remarkably dust f r e e . Duriog vacuum cleaner checkout,
a main bus B undervoltage l i g h t w a s illuminzted; however, t h e r e were no
caution and warning l i g h t s when t h e vacuum cleaner was used f o r t h e lu-
nar module post-docking a c t i v i t i e s . Preparetion f o r lunar module jet-
tisoning was normal through hatch closure.

10.11.2 Lunar Module J e t t i s o n

Tunnel venting and pressure s u i t i n t e g r i t y checks were slow and t e d i -

ous, but were accomplished i n an orderly f s h i o n r e s u l t i n g i n t h e lunar 9-
1
module being j e t t i s o n e d 017 time. The lunar module d r i f t e d away from t h e _-
command and service module and it w a s evident t h a t t h e a t t i t u d e control
system w a s functioning properly.

10.11.3 Orbital Observation/Scientific Instrument Module

Bay Operations

The planned e x t r a day i n lunar o r b i t was the f i r s t t i m e t h e p o t e n t i a l

of t h r e e f u l l - t i m e l u n a r o r b i t observers w a s exercised. It became r e a d i l y
. .
... .- .
.
apparent t h a t t h e combined operation of t h e s c i e n t i f i c instrument module
..
. 1
bay with e f f e c t i v e v i s u a l observation of the lunar surface would require
-.... '

a n orderly system. Therefore, the Commander stayed primarily i n t h e l e f t

s e a t handling spacecraft operations and systems and keeping t h e mission
revolving around t h e f l i g h t plan timeline, while t h e Command Module P i l o t
and Lunar Module P i l o t used t h e i r geologicel background f o r o r b i t a l ob-
servations and operating t h e s c i e n t i f i c instrument module bay as d i c t a t e d
by f l i g h t plan and procedures.

10.11.4 Transearth Injection

The only noteworthy item, during an otherwise perfect t r a n s e a r t h in-

j e c t i o n maneuver, w a s t h e unexpected observance of 50.4-degree r o l l rate
across. t h e deadband. P i t c h and yaw r a t e s were s t a b l e . The service pro-
pulsion system again operated normally with t h e propellant u t i l i z a t i o n
gaging system i n decrease f o r the e n t i r e maneuver and gradually s t a b i l -
i z i n g t h e o x i d i z e r / f u e l r a t i o t o near zero at the end of the f i r i n g .

10.12 TRANSEARTH FLIGHT

Operation of t h e s c i e n t i f i c instruzlent module bay u l t r a v i o l e t spec-

trometers and i n f r a r e d scanning radiometer was the most time consuming ac-
t i v i t y during t h e t r a n s e a r t h coast phase of t h e mission. To add t o t h e
science information gained i n lunar o r b i t , several t a r g e t s were s e l e c t e d
f o r observation during t h e t r a n s e a r t h cozst phase. This a c t i v i t y required
t h e spacecraft t o be maneuvered repeatedly t o s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t a t t i t u d e s
and required close monitoring because of the proximity of the a t t i t u d e t o
gimbal lock. However, t h e r e w a s never z problem other than the require-
ment f o r t h e crew's continuous a t t e n t i o n t o the maneuvers. The spacecraft
w a s i n a t t i t u d e s f o r long periods of t i n e t h a t were not i d e a l f o r passive
thermal c o n t r o l , and as a r e s u l t , the czbin temperature dropped t o an un-
comfortably cold l e v e l and the s i d e hatch i n t e r i o r became blanketed with
moisture. A t t h e conclusion of the experiments, a normal a t t i t u d e f o r
passive thermal c o n t r o l was used and the thermal problems disappeared.
i
During checkout f b r t h e f i n a l midcourse correction, the entry monitor
system d i d not pass t h e n u l l bias check (see sec. 15.1.5). A reaction
c o n t r o l system f i r i n g of 2 f t / s e c w a s performed successfully, although
t h e e n t r y monitor system provided an erroneous reading.

10.12.1 Extravehicular Activity

The t r a n s e a r t h extravehicular a c t i v i t y preparation and the checkout

w a s normal. The counterbalance was removed f r o m t h e s i d e hatch by back-
i n g out t h e p i n which locks t h e two b e l l crank assemblies together. Re-
moval and r e i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h i s pin w a s simple. Using the pin allows
t h e hatch t o be closed by p u l l i n g on the D-ring t h a t hooks onto the
counterbalance assembly. Cabin depressurization was nominal with no
debris noticed going towards the hatch depressurization valve. The hatch
had a tendency t o open as soon as the latches were disengaged, because of
t h e s t a b i l i z e d r e s i d u a l pressure i n the cabin produced by the flow through
t h e Command Module P i l o t ' s s u i t . While the hatch w a s held i n a p a r t i a l l y
open p o s i t i o n , numerous d r o p l e t s of i c e streamed through the opening.

The v i s i b i l i t y during the extravehicular a c t i v i t y w a s good with t h e

hatch open. The sun was shining from off of the Command Module P i l o t ' s
r i g h t lower q u a r t e r as he stood i n the extravehicular a c t i v i t y s l i p p e r s .
Raising t h e gold v i s o r on t h e lunar extravehicular v i s o r allowed adequate
10-44

v i s i o n i n t o t h e shadows of t h e s c i e n t i f i c instrument module bay. Moving

about during t h e extravehicular a c t i v i t y was easy, but it should be s a i d
)I
take it nice and slow--don't be i n any hurry, and don't t r y t o make m y
jerky fast motions . I ' The umbilical did not torque o r maneuver t h e Command
Module P i l o t , provided adequate r e s t r a i n t was available. Retrieval of the
lunar sounder c a s s e t t e , and t h e panoramic and mapping camera f i l m c a s s e t t e s
w a s easy and was accomplished as it was i n t r a i n i n g .

The Lunar Module P i l o t found t h a t there w a s l i t t l e or no problem i n

receiving t h e c a s s e t t e s from t h e Command Module P i l o t i n t h e hatch area.
However, t h e Lunar Module P i l o t noted a r e s t r i c t i o n t o r o t a t i o n a l and lat-
e r a l movements because of t h e s t i f f n e s s of the spacecraft hoses.

The workload requirements on t h e Commmd Module P i l o t were never t o o

great when moving about slowly w i t h everything working well. Unless work-
loads demands are beyond t h e Apollo 17 experience, gas cooling with t h e
oxygen umbilical i s completely adequate.

The c a l i b e r , amount, and type of t r a i n i n g f o r t h e t r a n s e a r t h extra-

vehicular a c t i v i t y w a s adequate t o produce a comfortable and complete
job.
~ ,.-
I ..
, .

10.13 ENTRY, LANDING, AXD RECOVERY '.

Entry stowage preparation had been underway f o r t h e day and a h a l f

following t h e t r a n s e a r t h extravehicular a c t i v i t y , and on t h e night before
entry almost everything was stowed and t i e d down with t h e exception of t h e
l a r g e bulky bags which covered t h e s t i l l necessary stowage containers.
Final stowage w a s completed i n accordance with the checklist on the morn-
ing of e n t r y with some e f f o r t taken t o organize and inventory the stowage
l o c a t i o n s . This-proved t o be very b e n e f i c i a l t o t h e recovery crew. The
only problem associated with e n t r y stowage evolved around t h e s u i t bag.
The l u n a r extravehicular visors and helmets would not f i t i n t h e bag
along with t h e s u i t s , rocks, and other miscellaneous gear. Two v i s o r s ,
with helmets, were strapped t o stowage containers on t h e right-hand s i d e
o f t h e cockpit and they were adequately restrained during entry.

The command and service module separation w a s normal. While using

t h e s t a b i l i z a t i o n and control system minimum impulse t o control t h e com-
mand module a f t e r separation, t h e r e was an apparent t r i m away from t h e
plus yaw and minus p i t c h axes; i . e . , a constant correction had t o be ap-
p l i e d i n t h e yaw r i g h t and p i t c h down directions t o maintain t h e desired
e n t r y a t t i t u d e . The command module t h r u s t e r s were always audible no m a t -
t e r which one w a s f i r e d .
 . . .,__ . .. . . . . . ... . . * ., -..-
-. .-.>-_. ..__:-.. _.

10-45

During t h e e n t r y monitor system entry t e s t , t h e 0.05-g l i g h t w a s

illuminated i n t e s t p o s i t i o n 1. Because of t h e previous accelerometer
anomaly along with t h i s discrepancy, t h e entry monitor system was l e f t
i n t h e ENTRY and STANDBY p o s i t i o n u n t i l 0.05-g t i m e when it w a s switched
t o NORMAL. Tne 0.05-g l i g h t illuminated on time, and t h e entry monitor
system operated normally. Entry simulations should be accomplished with-
out ink i n t h e s c r o l l pen, because t h e only s c r i b e v i s i b l e on the e n t r y
monitor system p a t t e r n i s a s l i g h t t e z r on t h e p a t t e r n i t s e l f .

The command module o s c i l l a t i o n s , once t h e drogue parachutes were de-

ployed, were moderate t o v i o l e n t with higher than expected amplitudes.
The command module r e a c t i o n control system i s o l a t i o n valves were closed
while s t i l l on t h e drogue parachutes. There w a s no subsequent venting
of t h e l i n e s through hand c o n t r o l l e r Ectuation. Main parachute deploy-
ment w a s on time with one parachute disreefing s e v e r a l seconds a f t e r t h e
o t h e r two had f i l l y i n f l a t e d .

The landing ( a t an a l t i m e t e r reading of 100 f e e t ) w a s sharp with no

discomfort o r d i s o r i e n t a t i o n . The main parachute r e l e a s e c i r c u i t breakers
were closed within 1 o r 2 seconds a f t e r touchdown, t h e parachutes were
- . _.-
j e t t i s o n e d , and t h e spacecraft remained i n the s t a b l e I a t t i t u d e . Once
. .
t h e hatch w a s opened, t h e recovery crew passed i n a bag containing t h e Mae
West's, a temperature measuring u n i t , a d a container i n which t o t r a n s f e r
t h e cosmic ray crystal;. I n t h e f u t u r e , i f an instrument such as a temper-
a t u r e measuring u n i t i s used a f t e r landing, a simple bungee s t r a p should
be provided t o secure t h e u n i t . Two of the three Mae West's had t o be in-
f l a t e d manually.

The Command Module P i l o t wore a o r t h o s t a t i c countermeasure garment

which w a s donned 2 hours p r i o r t o entry. It w a s pumped up before the
Command Module P i l o t l e f t t h e couch a f t e r landing. The pressure was main-
t a i n e d i n t h e garment throughout the recovery operation and through about
3 hours o f t h e post-recovery medical debriefing. The garment which was
s l i g h t l y t i g h t on t h e l e g s became somew3at uncomfortable at the end of
t h e 3 hours.

The e n t i r e recovery a c t i v i t y , including t h e medical protocol and

ship-board o b l i g a t i o n s w a s handled well.

.. _.
10-46

Revolution count Revolution count

time
Day
Lift-off
N
N 5-1~6
evasive maneuver -
Night

Insertion and systems checks

Platform realignment
1

Doff suits

P l a t f m realignment

Eat

I
Translunar injection pepqation
i
I

-
Translunar injection maneuver
Platform realignment

S-IT6 maneuver to separation attitude

Initiate passive thermal control
Cmmand and service module/S-IPB separatioi

T
Television
Charge battery B
Change lithium hydroxide canister
Prc-deep checklist
Sleep

Spacecraft eretion from S-ID

u !

( a ) 0 t o 1 0 hours.
Figure 10-1.- Flight plan a c t i v i t i e s .
 .. . .

10-47

4
Revolution count
$ m n d elapsed time
Ni
4
Revolution count
p n d elap;ed time I
Ni
r l 0 STDN N Cislunar navigation

1
Charge battery A

Waste water and urine dump

Cycle film in panoramic and

mapping cameras

Fuel cell purge (oxygen)

Initiate passive thermal control

Postsleep checklist

I
Eat

Platform realignment

Change lithium hydroxide canister

-control
Terminate passive thermal

,. .
. ...
.. . -.
. .. .
I
Cislunar navigation

(b) 10 to 23 hours.
Figure 10-1.- Continued.
 10-48
Revolution count
.$ nd;$; elapsed time t
Revolution count
$mind elapwd time
Ni( N
Platform realignment N

First midcwrse correction (MCC-2)

Pre-sleep checklist

Charge battery A
i
Sleep
Charge battery A

hlaneuver to earth viewing attitude

Post-sleep checklist

Change lihium hydroxide canister

Eat

1
-I
Maneuver to lunar module checkout attitude
.. .. %
..

Reparation for intravehicular transfer

Platform realignment - Rersurire lunar module

Terminal passive
thermal control
Fuel cell p r g e (hydrogen and oxygen)

Waste water and urine dump

LM crew transfer to lunar module

(C> 23 to 40 hours.
Figure 10-1.- Continued.
.. . . . .

Revolution count
time D + d;$ elapzed time I
Ni
Nig I Platform realignment

Change lithium hydroxide canister

Lunar module housekeeping

Heat flow and cwvection demonstration'

Communications check
~
1
LM
i
crew transfer to cmmand module

Pre-sleep checklist

Heat flow and convection demonstration

'
1
Cycle film in panoramic and mapping cameras

Initiate passive thermal

control

Port-sleep checklist

Change lithium hydroxide canister

- 1 L45 .
. -j

(a) 40 to 58 hours.
F i gure 10-1 .- Continue d .
 .. .. .. ..

10-50
Revolution count Revolution count
Ground elapsed time 0 elap:ed time
N Platform realignment
Fuel cell purge (oxygen)
Nig 4;n; ; ! Ni

Waste water and urine dump

Terminate passive thermal control

Maneuver to lunar module
checkout attitude
Charge battery B
Pressurize lunar module

Preparations for intravehicular

transfer
L M crew transfer to lunar module

Ememory dump
iE
7-
Lundmodule
telemetry
checkout
Spacecraft clock advanced
2 hwrs and 40 minutes

L M crew transfer to cmmand module,

- I A p i l o light flash I nomenon experiment

Test pessure garment assemblies '

i
I

--

Cycle film in panoramic and mapping caneras

Initiate passive thermal control P l a t f m realignment

( e l 58 t o 68 hours.
Figure 10-1.- Continued.
 10-51

Revolution count
Revolution count
Da + ,n
;$
; eIap2ed time Day
Nigi

r*@
Ground elapsed time

I
Nigt Eat
5 Change lithium hydroxide canister
r

Eat

Fuel cell p r g e (oxygen and hydrogen)

Urine dump

-
V
Terminate passive lhermai COntrOl

Scientific instrument module door jettison

Lunar module pessurization

Platform realignment

Pressurize service populsion system

I
(f) 68 to 84 hours.
Figure 10-1.- Continued.
 ..-,
-
. . . . . . ... , . . . . . . , . . . . . .
. .
. .

10-52

4
Revolution count
$oo;d elapsed time I
Ni!
Revolution count
Croirnd elapsed time

I’
N
orbit insertion

Platform r e a l i g m n t

Ultraviolet of dark moan

Platform realignment
5

Descent orbit insertion

. . Preparations for lunar orbit insertion
.. . .
. -_ . .
-.., 5.5 Landmark observations
.. .
... . .
. ..
. .. i.
.-
- . - :..<

Lunar orbit insertion maneuver

Fuel cell purge (oxygen)

i -._
:._ i
- <
I Waste water dump .. . ..
I :-. . . .
..
~

I ....
Maneuver to ultraviolet spectramet?r
m o d e m attitude

Terminator photographs
Change lithium hydroxide canister
Orbital science visual observations

Platfam realigment STDN

f
Ultraviolet
spectremew

- Orbital science photography

t
Mapping camera
. - panoramic camer
laser altimeter,

lE
ultraviolet spec-
trometer and in-
frared radiwnete!

p’ -

(g) 84 t o 94 hours.
Figure 10-1.- Continued.
 10-53

4
Revolution count
p o n d elapsed time
Ni
Revolution count
Ground elapsed time I
Nil

I
Ultraviolet
spectrometer o(
Infrared STDN Commander and Lunar Module Pilot
radiometer on don suits

Platform realignment
Maneuver to undocking attitude

11
Command Module Pilot don suit

Commander and Lunar Module Pilot

transfer to lunar module

Change lithium hydroxide canister

radi kr on Lunar module activation and peparations

- for undocking

-
-
-106 STDN

I
I
I
I

107

Lunar module ydocking

Abort guidance system

activation
IN Lunar module p i a t f m
realignment

Platform realigrment

Preparations for CSM

circularization maneuver

Descent orbit insertion

preparations
-

(h) 94 to 109 hours.

Figure 10-1.- Continued.
_- .

Revolution count
R lution count
Ground elapsed time Day + p n d dap;ed time 0
Night 114 STDN Mapping camera, Ultraviolet First Nig
901' STDN laser altime.er, spctrmter extravehicu-
and panoramic and infrared lar activity
c 1 r a d l
CSM circularization

1
maneuver LM descent orbit
Maneuver to landmark insertion maneuver
tracking attitude
Platform realignmen
VHF voice check VHF voice check
c Landi k tracking Powered descent
preparations
~
Visual orbital science
Don helmets and
gloves
Purge fuel cells (oxygen and
hydrwenl
Powered descent Waste water and urine dump Tele-
visior
Orbital science photography
Lunar landing

Doff helmet and Lunar rounder

gloves to standby

Lunar module
power down u

Ultraviolet
spectmmetei
i under on
and infrared Lur

Doff suit

I
I
N 1

Preparation!
for extrave-
hicul ac- Orbital science
tivity photography

. ...
...
--
. . Lunar
sounder
- CSM crew
exercise
EM1 test period
..

-1 Mapping camera,
laser altimeter.
and panoramic
Ultraviolet
spectrometer
and infrared
118
S

1
Teninator
photosraphy
camera on radiometer on
Earthshine

. .. - 119

( i ) 109 t o 119 hours.

Figure 10-1.- Continued.
 -. .

10-55
Revolution count R ution count
time Ground elapsed time

First extrave- s Ultraviolet

spectrometer
hicular ivity and infrared
radio er
on

Ultraviolet
spectrometer
and infrared
radiometer
on

- -
Paste ve-
hicular activity

N N

-
Post-sleep
activities

-1 124
ST
Debriefing
Load extravehic-
ular trmsfer bag
Change lithium
hydroxide canister

(j) 119 to 130 hours.

Figure 10-1.- Continued.
 ,...,,-.--.
. ...
I .. ...
10-56
I
. . . ... .
I..

[
S
Ni!

1
Platfm
realignment
spec1

radio
andi
ieter
wed
.er on

Extravehicular
activity planning
Zodiacal light LM crew don
photwraphy (red) suits and change
lithium hydroxide
canister

Mapping camera
and laser altimeter
1
Extravehicular

activity pepa-
rations

r m
sounder
idby

T
Mapping
camera
- (40' oblique)
sounder
pera-

Mapping
camera and Tel sio
laser altim-

I
Second ex-
travehicular
activily

-
Post-
activi

-
Eat

&
.

(k) 130 to 140 hours.

Figure 10-1.- Continued.
 . ....

'-
Revolution Count

STDN

I
I
Mapping camera
and laser altim-
eter on
Tele
I It
Revolution count

Ultrz
spec
and I
t
!ter
,ed
Post extra-
vehicular
activities
Di
Nigl

1
radic 'r on

- I
-
-
--L
Charge lithium
hydroxide
canister

Platform Ultraviolet

-
realignment spectrometer
and infrared
iadion
I
-141
Second LM crew
doff suits
exbawhic-

L
c ity

- 3.?
Load extra-
vehicular
tran b bag
L

N Pie-sleep
activities
i
!
32

I
Portable life

suppat sys-

L+
tem recharge

-
I

I
Sleep

Pre-s Ieep

activities

Sleep
- - ,

. . (1)140 t o 150 hours.

-... . - ..-:. ..,
: , ....
.. .
. .... Figure 10-1.- Continued.
. . .
I
*.
-. ..
,
 .. . .
.,.. .., .~*..,.,.,....,,..... .. .

10-58
iolution count Revolution count
Ground elapsed time
' *150 STDN Sleep Ultraviolet S J ,155 M in9 Ultraviolet rpec-
'Inp

I
spec1 meter C# a on traneter and in-
and i wed hared radiaeter
radio !er on

,I* 151 1% -1
Lunar sounder
to standby

Lunar sounder
HF target

t- Terninator photography
-
I
157
Purge fuel cells (oxygen and hydrogen)
Waste water and urine dump
Post-sleep
activities
STON

i
I

1
I
--L
Post-deep
activities
1
.

!1
ant

Lunar sounder
to standby
L
1-
Lunar sounder
- Eat camera
Mappingand
Extravehicular

-.I1
VHF target activity plannin
laser altim-
. . Ultraviolet
eter.on 2
spectraneter

'- 1"r
..-. and infrared Ultraviolet
radimeter on spectraneter

!
and inhared
Platform re- radioyeter on
alignment
Orbital science
photography Mapping
camera on
I I Extravehicular

(m) 150 to 160 hours. .._. .

.....
x
. , ..
.

Figure 10-1.- Continued. .. ,,

'. ~
._
- ..
..
. ... .
: A

.. ...
10-59

l u t i o n count Re ition count

f
Ground elapzed time

'
c'Y
Ground elapsed time 0
1 1 tIt
Ultraviolet Extraveki Ultraviolet Third ex- T
I60 STDN ~ ' P p ~ : : ~ ~ spectrometer
~ ~ ular activ- retraction spearmeter travehic- w i
eter on and infrared ity pepara and infrared ular ac-
radiometer on tions radio

1
Third extra-
Zodiacal light photography
1 1 6 1 with
Maneuver
blue filter
to lunar sounder vehicular
acti,

receive attitude
Tele! on
ider
r

- t. Platform realignment

Post extravehic-
167

I
ular activities

.. . i
. . ._.
.. ... ...:
., -.....;
7

.. .
.

,.
.
i Jettison equip-

I activities
168

Doff suits

Orbital science
visual obser-
vations

Cmprter clock
~

Lunar sounder
update

E 16'
Lithium hy-
droxide can-
ister change
Infrared radi-
meter and
ultraviolet
specmeter
mt -1
(n) 160 to 170 hours.
Figure 10-1.- Continued.
 ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . ...... , ......-.-.-...I.. ........ . .

......
. :

10-60 .. 1

Revolution count

N Ni
Ultraviolet Lithium hydroxide -178 STDN
spectrometer canister change Waste water and S
and infrared urine dump
radi ter on
Lithium hydroxide
canister change

Trim maneuver preparations

1 1 7 9 Trim maneuver
F 1 7 1 Pre-sleeu
act ies

-172 -
. .
....
.... .< :.
i

. .
-
:.:

.. i -
- I - Post-s
activtt

5
!=Power

lunu m

1
Platfw
realiga

.. 1
Don sui

1
( 0 ) 170 to 183 hours.
Figure 10-1.- Continued.
. . . ....
..
. ....
":
....
 10-61

'
Revolution count
Ground elapsed time
?I83 STDN Landmarktracklng VHF chec
Da
Niit 1 stw

.I
nd samples

VHF voice check

Cabin clean

up and pep-
piatfwm realignment arations for
ascent
Calibrate crew optical
alignment sipht

rendezvous attitude

Re vous
L
Ascent from lunar surface Lunar module closecut

Lunar orbit insertion

186

Terminal phase initiation Lunar module jettism

separation maneuver

Midcourse cwrections Doff suits

Urine dump

Braking maneuvers

Docking
-
Maneuver to lunar
module jettison attitude
Lithiunhydmxidc Lunar module
canister change dewbit maneuwr
L

( p ) 183 t o 193 hours.

Figure 10-1.- Continued.
 .,.-_ .:.._ . , . . . ... .. . . --. , .

,I
.-, ... .
. .
. ..
10-62 -:. I

R I ition count

r',
E Ground elap:ed time E
Nic Ni(
STDN Eat Ultraviolet :trometer
and infrared liometer on

Urine dump
Charge battery 8
- canister
Lithium hydroxide
change
Ultraviolet scan
Luna
on
Terminator photography Mapping camera
and laser altim-
eter on

1
Panormic

Orbital science
visual observations
N I

207 Clock synchronization

Panoramc
camera on
Orbital science
visual observations
Ultraviolet
Pie-sleep spectraneter

-I
activities and infrared
radk ter on
Platform realignment
1

I
I
Ultraviolet scan
attitude

51 Maneuver to lunar ti
scunder receiver sc er
N attitude receiver
only on

' r _ E

. -

STDN -

(q) 193 to 210 hours.

Figure 10-1.- Continued. ... ...-
.-. . ,

\. .
 Revolution count
Revolution count 0
$;w;d elapsed time D

# F LUl
so1
on
Nig Nicj
Ultraviolet
spectraeter
and infrared
radiaeter an

Fuel cell oxygen purge

1
211
Waste water dump
64

-- I

, -
-
-
-
-212
-
-
-
-

STDN
-
-
Maneuver for 40' north
oblique photography attitude
Mapping

cmerr
' I
On

-T-
Ultraviole
spectrane
i
Pre-sleep activities

-
Sleep
Ultraviolet
spectraneter
and infrared
radii

and infrar
-213 radiomete

65 - On

Crew exercise

Mapping
camera and
laser altim-
eter on

1 (r) 210 to 227 hours.

Figure 10-1.- Continued.
 - .. ,

.. -_
. . . . .;
..-. _- ~

.:...-? .
10-64 .I. \

Revolution count Revolution count

Ni Ni
Ultraviolet spec- Infrared radi-
trometer and infrar MVtfxM

1
radiometer on

Platform realignmen'

Fuel cell oxygen

and hydrogen purge
T
1 STDN

Pre-tlansearth
inpction checks

U a x u w r to trans-
e s h inpction
Waste water and mttu2C
urine dump

Lithium hydroxide
canister change
Lunar sounder
on in various
modes
- Infrared radi-
ometer on

Ultraviolet spec-
trometer and inhar
radiometer on S yonT
Trmseanh injection mameuver
Maqewer to television attitude
Mi Tele,vision
1
Ultraviolet

i
spectmmeter
and infrared
radianeter on
Panoramic
1
Ultraviolet
spectmmeter
and infrared
Maneuver to Lyman

t Alpha region viewing radianeter on

Ultraviolet spec-
trometer and infrari
radiometer on
attitude
4
Ultraviolet
specmeter
I
Mapping camera
of Lyman Alp
region and in
and laser altim - fiared radian
eter on
I

1
STDN
Coupled attitude
roll maneuver
Panoramic camera Platfwm realignment

Infrared
radiometer Ultraviolet
231 hianeuwr to ultra-
violet earth viewing
attitude
spectrameter
of earth and

.I I'
Crew exercise
Terminator photography infrared radt-

Platform realignment

Eat

(s) 227 t o 237 hours. -.

........ ...
Figure 10-1. - Continued. ..,._..
, ,. .,:. ,.
~ ... ,.. I
~

. _ c
,
 , .. . .- .-. . I_ ._
. ... . .,

4
Revolution countelapsed
~~

time I
Revolution count

Nil N N
Mapping ,-249 ! Eat Ultraviolet
camera on spectrometer c
I fw galactic sc

I
4
Ultraviolet spec-
trometer of moon
and infrared radi- P l a t f m realignment

1
Lithium hydroxide

Lithium hydroxide
canister change
ometeroI
1
canister change
Maneuver to midcwrse
c w m t i o n attitide
Infrared radi-

meter on

Fuel cell oxygen purge

Maneuver to passive
thermal c m k o t sleep attitude
Waste water and urine dump

Cabin peparations fa transearth

extravehicular activity

Pre-sleep activities

Ultraviolet spectrom-
e t i r on for passive
thermal control gal-
actic scan

Television and camera preparations

fw extravehicular activity

Equipment preparation fw
extravehicular activity

Post-sleep activities

Don suits

Maneuver to e*avehicular attitude

Extravehicular activity systems checks

Cumnunications checks

(t) 237 to 254 hours.

Figure 10-1,- Continued.
 .. . . - . . .. , . . . . .-I

__..
. .
. .
ic--66 .. j

Revolution count
C r
IN System preparations for
Nig Nic
259, IN Ultravioiet .
depressurization stellar
calibration
Don oxygen plrge system

Maneuver to ultra-
4
violet stellar calib-
Suit integrity checks ration (60 x 60) Ultraviolet
attitude stellar
calibration
Tele I Crew xercise
Cabin depressurization
and hatch opening
Transearth

activir
extravehicular
Install television camera
and data acquisition camera

Retrieve cassettes from

lunar sounder, panaamic
camera, and mapping camera Maneuver to ultraviolet
Alpha ERI attitude
Ultraviolet
Alpha ERI
Hatch closing
4. - - mearurments

Post extravehicular
activity pocedures t
I
Maneuver to uitraviolet/passiw
thermal control attitude

Doff suits
Stow equipment
I Ultraviolet/
passive them
I control m a s -
urements f a
i Alpha ERI
and Alpha GR
I I
Lithium hydroxide
canister change
Maneuver to ultraviolet Platform realigment
coma cluster attitude Ultraviolet
coma
cluster

1
Maneuver to uitraviokt/passive
ttrermal control attitude
Ultraviolet/
nassive them

. ...
Maneuver to ultraviolet
~

stellar calibration
Ultraviolet
(60 x 14) attitude Stellar
calibration

- -
Re-rleep activities

I
(u) 254 to 264 hours.
Figure 10-1.- Continued. .. ..
... .-_- .
.
... _... ..
 Revolution csunt
Revolution count I
Day Ni!
Night rl Entry flowage Ultraviolet
spectrometer

F activities
trol g; ic scan

1
Maneuver to thermal attitude

Crew exercise
and infrared

-
*
radiometer on
1

Ultraviolet

1
spectraeter
and infrared

Ultraviolet
spectrometer
and infrared
radiometer m

Apollo light
flash observation
investigation
Post-sleep activities

Lithium hydroxide canister change

I
Entry monitm system check
1
Ultraviolet
atmospheric
calibration
and infrared
- radimter a

1
Ultra !t spec
P l a t f m realignment
Charge battery A
Fuel cell oxygen and hydrogen
tromet
- T On
Ultraviolet spec
purge
trwneter and in-
Waste water Entry Maneuver to ultraviolet
frared radiometei
Virgo cluster attitude Ultraviolet
and urine dump stowage

L
I1
I spectraete
Maneuver to view Virgo clusto
ultraviolet dark north
On
Ultraviolet dark
north and inha-
red radiometer o

(v) 264 to 280 hours.

Figure 10-1.- Continued.
 . I

10-68

4
Revolution count
P n d elapsed lime
Ni
4
Revolution count
P n d elap:ed time
Ni
IN Eat Ultraviolet smc- )N Lithium hydroxide Ultraviolet/pi
trometer on Virgc canister change siw thermal c
cluster Platfam realignment

Charge battery B

1 Mancuver to ultravioiet/passive Ultr2

thermal control sleep attitude siw
!Up2
nal c
tic s

1 Pre-sleep activities

1
Ultraviolet spec-

trometer viewing
dark south

Sleep
!

i
Maneuver to uitraviolet/passive i
thermal control attitude I

UItraviolet/pas-
sive thermal c m -
trol operations
I

Maneuver to ultraviolel attitude

for Spica
1
Ultraviolet spec-
Post-sleep activities

1Eat

baneter w Spica
and infrared radi-
ometer on
1_
Maneuver to ultraviolet/parsin
thermal control attitude
Ultraviolet spec-

(‘w> 280 t o 297 hours.

. .
Figure 10-1,,- Continued.
. .
... . . _. % . . ~ . . . .. .. .
, ..
, . . .... . . . -.. ..

4
Revolution count
y n d elapsed time c
N i$
r297 S N Platform realignment Ultraviolet spec
tfometj md in-
frared imte
M

- Maneuver to midcwrse
cmrectim attitude

Urine dump

Second midcarrte c w e c t i m

- -

Platfwm realignment compute aiignment

Command module/service n&k separation

Entry interface

- Landing

(x) 297 to 302 hours.

Figure 10-1.- Concluded.
 .... I .. .. .. . .. . .. ... .'. . ... ._ . ...
,. I . . .. .-.. . .,
-. .

-
-. ... : I . .
_.
::
._:.: .i..l'

1
 11-1

11.0 BIOMEDICAL EVALUATION

This s e c t i o n summarizes t h e mediczl findings of the Apollo 17 mis-

sion based on a preliminary analysis of the biomedical data. The t h r e e
astronauts accumulated 913.5 man-hours of space f l i g h t experience during
t h e 12.6-day mission. The Commander and L u n a r Module P i l o t each accumu-
l a t e d approximately 22 hours of extravehicular a c t i v i t y time on t h e lunar
surface and t h e Command Module P i l o t accumulated 1 hour and 6 minutes of
extravehicular a c t i v i t y during the transearth coast phase. All i n f l i g h t
medical o b j e c t i v e s were successfully coigleted. A l l physiological param-
e t e r s remained within t h e expected ranges, and no medically s i g n i f i c a n t
arrhythmias occurred during t h e mission.

Two b i o l o g i c a l experiments and a l i g h t f l a s h investigation were con-

ducted during t h e mission t o gather datz on s o l a r radiation e f f e c t s on
b i o l o g i c a l systems. These a r e reported i n section 6.

11.1 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATIOX AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DATA

All physiologic@ measurements rezzined within expected l i m i t s . The

Commander's h e a r t r a t e during lunar descent and ascent i s shown i n f i g u r e
11-1. The metabolic knergy expenditure of the crewmen was determined f o r
t h e four periods of extravehicular a c t i v i t y and i s summarized i n t a b l e s
11-1 and 11-11. During t h e lunar surfzce extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s , t h e
average metabolic r a t e s were obtained by measuring t h e oxygen usage and
heat l o s s of t h e crewmen. The b e s t estimate of t h e metabolic r a t e f o r
d i s c r e t e a c t i v i t i e s during t h e lunar surface extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s i s
based on h e a r t r a t e . The change i n he& r a t e along with the change i n
metabolic r a t e measured both p r e f l i g h t end p o s t f l i g h t are referenced t o
t h e average metabolic r a t e and h e a r t r z t e measured during each extravehic-
ular a c t i v i t y (see f i g s . 11-2 through 11-4). Heart r a t e i s responsive t o
s e v e r a l parameters i n addition t o work r a t e ; therefore, the c o r r e l a t i o n
of h e a r t rate t o metabolic r a t e f o r a single point during an extravehic-
ular a c t i v i t y can involve considerable e r r o r . O n l y t h e heart r a t e was
a v a i l a b l e f o r assessing t h e metabolic r g t e of t h e Command Module P i l o t
during t h e t r a n s e a r t h extravehicular a c t i v i t y .

The metabolic r a t e s during the lunar surface extravehicular activ-

i t i e s were a l i t t l e higher than predicted, but well within t h e range ex-
perienced during previous missions. The predicted average r a t e was 892
Btu/hr, and t h e measured r a t e was 951 Btu/hr. The metabolic r a t e during
t h e t r a n s e a r t h extravehicular a c t i v i t y was near t h e predicted value.
 11-2

110

100

.-c
f
Y
90
m
n
Ql

Ql
Y

e
Y
;ij 80
0)
I

70

60
110:08 11O:lO 110:12 110:14 110:16 110:18 110:20 110:22 110:24 110:26
Time, hr:min
I (a) Lunar descent.

120

110

.-c
5 100
a
m
Ql
n
aI
dd

E
4
2 90
aI
I

80

70
185:18 185:20 185:22 185:24 18526 185:28 185:30 185:32
Time, hr:min
(b) Lunar ascent.

Figure 11-1.- Commander's heart r a t e during

lunar descent and ascent.
 11-3

TABLE 11-1.- AVERAGE METABOLIC MTE AND HEART RATE

DURING ALL EXTRAVEHICULAR ACTIVITIES

i
Lunar Mo : Pilot Cormand Module Pilot
Elapse( : h e ,
Activity
hr::
start
-
1

End
Duration,
min rate,
Heart
rate,
let abolic
rate,
Heart
rate,
Metabolic
rate,
beatslmin beatslmin Btulhr beatslnin Btulmin

First
extravehicular 114 :21 1 2 1:33 432 102.3 102.4 1074
Second
activity

extravehicular 137 :55 145:32 457 103.0 88.5 835

activity

mira
extravehicular 160:53 168 :08 435 100.6 90.0 942
activity

Toansearth
extravehicular 254:54 256 :00 67 - 03.3 569 115 <12w
activity

TABLE ll-11.- METABOLIC ASSISSMENT SUMMARY DURING

ALL SURFACE EXTMVEHICULPlR ACTIVITY

i
Commander Lunar Module P i l o t
Activity a Prelaunch Prelaunch
Actual Actual
prediction prediction,
Btu/hr Btu/hr
Btu/hr Btu/hr
~~

L u n a r roving vehicle 479 550 447 550

traverse

Geological s t a t i o n 1036 950 1189 950

activities

Overhead 1200 1050 ll30 1050

Apollo lunar surface 1129 1050 U04 1050

experiments package
activities

A l l activities 946 892 950 892

aAveraged values.
 t-'
P
I
c

2196

1917
32 1630

# 1360
.? 1081

32 802

524
245
114:OO 1 1 4 3 0 115:OO 1 1 5 3 0 ll6:OO 116:30 117:OO 117:30 118:OO 118:30 119:OO 119:30 120:OO 120:30 121:OO 121:30 122::oc
Time, hcmln

( a ) Commander.
Figure 11-2.- Heart rates and c a l c u l a t e d metabolic rates during f i r s t e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y .
 14
13
e

.% 989 3 10
3
{ 618 3 9
3
248 a

114:OO 114:30 115:OO 115:30 116:OO 116:30 117:OO 117:30 11800 118:30 119:OO 119:30 120:OO 12030 121:OO 121:30
Time, hr:niin

(b) Lunar Module Pilot.

F i g u r e 11-2.- Concluded.
 1574 r
h

181
30

la) Commander

( a ) Commander.
Figure 11-3.- Heart r a t e s and c a l c u l a t e d metabolic r a t e s during second extravehicular a c t i v i t y .
 2373 i-
.-
1632
I
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y' 1261 51
c
-.z 890 3
c
.n
2 520 s
I 2
149 -
L
:30
ozoo21
P
(b) Lunar Module Pilot. P
I
4
Figure 11-3.- Concluded.
 2026 -
1748 -
< 1469 - C
\
1191 -
y'
3 912 -
0

633
r
-
=2 355 - 2"
-
-
30

( a ) Commander.
Figure 11-4 .- Heart r a t e s and c a l c u l a t e d metabolic r a t e s during t h i r d e x t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y .
 2795 c

2425 -
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y' - li
E 1313
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3 942
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z 572 - 3' I

201 -
i

(b) Lunar Module Pilot.

Figure 11-4.- Concluded.
 -... ... . . i ? .. . .

11-10

11.2 MEDICAL OBSERVJ2IONS

11.2.1 Adaptation t o Weightlessness

Two of t h e t h r e e crewmen experienced t h e t y p i c a l f'ullness-of-the-

head sensation , one immediately a r t e r earth-orbital i n s e r t i o n and t h e
o t h e r a f % e r a 6-hour exposure t o weightlessness.

Based on t h e crew's p o s t f l i g h t comments, t h e adaptation t o weight-

l e s s n e s s required approximately 1 1 / 2 days. There were no instances of
nausea, vomiting, o r d i s o r i e n t a t i o n ; however, a l l t h r e e crewmen d i d ex-
perience t h e need t o l i m i t t h e i r movements and perform t h e necessary move-
ments slowly during t h e i n i t i a l period of adeptation. I n addition, all
t h r e e crewmen had varying degrees of "stomech awareness" and a decreased
a p p e t i t e f o r t h e f i r s t 1 1 / 2 days of f l i g h t . Once adapted, t h e crewmen
were able t o perform all types of movements without r e s t r i c t i o n s . No
readaptation t o weightlessness was required a f t e r r e s i d i n g f o r 75 hours
on t h e moon at 1/6-g.

_ . I

. .
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- 1

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 11-11

11.2.2 Medicztions

The medications taken by each crewman a r e presented i n t h e following

table :

U n i t s taken
Medi c a t ion Command Lunar
Commander Module Module
Pilot Pilot

Seconal 3
(Sleep 1

Sirnethicone 29
(Antiflatulence)

Dexedrine scopolamine 1
(Antimotion sickness )

Aspirin 0
(Headache )
I 0
Lomot i1
(htiperistdsi!s)

Afrin nose drops 0

(Decongestant )

Actifed 0
(Decongestant )

More medications were taken on t h i s f l i g h t than on any previous mission.

The i n t e r m i t t e n t use of Seconal for sleep by all t h r e e crewmen and t h e
d a i l y use of Simethicone f o r symptomatic r e l i e f of g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l f l a t -
ulence by one of t h e crewmen were the p r i n c i p a l f a c t o r s contributing t o
t h e high intake of medications.

The Command Module P i l o t and the L u n a r Module P i l o t experienced one

loose bowel movement each, on t h e eleventh and twelfth days of f l i g h t ,
respectively. I n each case, Lomotil was taken as a preventative measure
and w a s e f f e c t i v e .

The Commander used one Dexedrine-Scopolamhe t a b l e t on the second

day of f l i g h t as a s u b s t i t u t e f o r the Simethicone t a b l e t s which he could
not l o c a t e i n i t i a l l y .
 11-12
...... ..,.
, .. . .
:
I
I
,

- _
--
-..: I n addition t o the medications c i t e d previously, skin cream was used
. I

by all t h r e e crewmen t o reduce i r r i t a t i o n at the biosensor s i t e s .

.... -..
. i-i;..
,i
.. >
-.
5 i
. . . .-..
..
,-. .-.
... 11i2.3 Sleep
.;. .
~:

A s on previous missions, displacement of the t e r r e s t r i a l sleep cycle

contributed t o some l o s s of s l e e p . I n addition, changes t o t h e f l i g h t
plan occasionally impacted previously planned crew s l e e p periods. I n
general, however, an adequate amount of good sleep w a s obtained by all
crewmembers. The estimates of s l e e p duration made by ground personnel
were i n general agreement w i t h t h e crew's subjective evaluations.

A l l t h r e e crewmen averaged approximately s i x hours of s l e e p per day

throughout t h e mission. Only during t h e f i r s t sleep period w a s t h e amount
of s l e e p obtained (approximately t h r e e hours) inadequate from a medical
point of v i e w .

The crew reported t h a t t h e Seconal e f f e c t i v e l y induced sound and un-

disturbed s l e e p f o r a period of four t o f i v e hours. Sleep r e s t r a i n t s were
used f o r every s l e e p period by all t h r e e crewmen. The Commander a l s o em-
phasized t h e importance of programming an eight-hour sleep period each day.
i
I
11.2.4 Radiation

The personal r a d i a t i o n dosimeters showed the t o t a l absorbed dose t o

t h e crew w a s s l i g h t l y l e s s than 0.6 rad at skin depth. T h i s i s well below
t h e t h r e s h o l d of detectable medical e f f e c t s .

The L u n a r Module P i l o t ' s personal radiation dosimeter read higher

than t h e o t h e r two crewmens' u n i t s , due t o ety-pical performance of t h e
dosimeter at low dose r a t e s .

ll.2.5 Cardiac Arrhythmias

No medically s i g n i f i c a n t arrhythmias occurred during t h e mission,

but i s o l a t e d premature h e a r t beats were observed i n two of t h e t h r e e crew-
men. The f a c t t h a t t h e frequency (less than one per day) and character
of t h e s e p r e m a t u r i t i e s remained consistent with electrocardiographic d a t a
obtained on t h e s e same crewmen during ground-based t e s t s , c l e a r l y indi-
cates t h a t they were not r e l a t e d t o or r e s u l t a n t from space f l i g h t . I n
addition., one crewman demonstrated t e n i s o l a t e d i n t e r m i t t e n t contractions
of t h e a u r i c l e s t h a t were not transmitted t o the v e n t r i c l e s (non-conducted
P-waves). This benign conduction defect was associated with an increased
discharge of t h e vagus nerve (vagotonia). (Note: A non-conducted P-wave
 11-13

causes t h e h e a r t t o skip a b e a t ) . This condition commonly occurs i n ath-

l e t e s and i s not medically s i g n i f i c a n t . The same arrhythmia w a s observed
on t h i s crewman during extravehicular t r a i n i n g and the countdown demon-
stration test.

11.2.6 Water

Crew comments indicated t h a t t h e potable water from both t h e command

module and lunar module systems t a s t e d good. However, there was a l a r g e
amount of dissolved gas i n t h e command module water.

A modified Skylab beverage dispenser was used f o r measuring t h e crew's

potable water intake during t h e mission.

A l l p o s t f l i g h t chemical and microbiological data indicated t h a t t h e

potable water f o r t h e command module remined within acceptable l i m i t s ,
and a measurable f r e e chlorine r e s i d u a l of 0.01 % / l i t e r w a s obtained.

11.2.7 Food
I
The menus f o r t h i $ mission were designed t o meet physiological re-
quirements of each crehember as well as requirements of the food compat-
i b i l i t y assessment study. T h i s study was implemented t o determine t h e
following :

a. Metabolic requirements of space f l i g h t .

b. Compatibility of menus with respect t o g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l function.

c. Endocrine control of metabolism.

I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e d a t a required t h a t nutrient intake l e v e l s be con-

. s t a n t and t h a t a l l food and f l u i d intake be measured f o r the f l i g h t as
well as f o r a short period before and a f t e r f l i g h t . This controlled
study included t h e d a i l y amounts specified i n the following table :

Nutrient Daily range

Protein, g ..... 100 - 120

Calcium, mg . . . . 750 - 850
Phosphorus, mg . . . 1500 - 1700
sodium, mg . . . . . 3000 - 6000
Potassium, mg . . . Not l e s s than 3945
Magnesium, mg . . . 300 - 400
F
 . .
. . .
.....
L
...
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...-,.
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. ..~:.
,. I

.
-. .
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._..: 11-14

Some of t h e beverages were f o r t i f i e d with potassium gluconate t o meet t h e

minimum d a i l y requirement of 3945 mg of potassium. The d a i l y energy in-
take s p e c i f i e d was approximately 300 k i l o c a l o r i e s l e s s than t h e calculated
one-g energy requirements f o r each crewman. Individual menu design w a s
based on age, body weight and adjusted according t o d i e t a r y performance
on t h e six-day control study. A d a i l y c a l o r i c intake of 2660 k i l o c a l o r i e s
f o r t h e .Commander, 2520 k i l o c a l o r i e s f o r the Command Module P i l o t , and
2550 k i l o c a l o r i e s f o r t h e Lunar Module P i l o t was provided. Preliminary
estimates of food consumption i n d i c a t e t h a t an average of 1902, 2402,
and 2148 k i l o c a l o r i e s per day were consumed by the Commander, Command
Module P i l o t , and Lunar Module P i l o t , respectively.

A l i m i t e d number of pantry items (snacks end beverages) were supplied

and could be used t o s u b s t i t u t e or supplement t h e normal meal items as
long as t h e n u t r i e n t intake f o r a 24-hour period w a s not s i g n i f i c a n t l y
a l t e r e d . In-suit food bars and water for the in-suit drinking device
were supplied and used by t h e s u i t e d crewmen while on the lunar surface.
Also, each crewman had an i n - s u i t drinking device f i l l e d with water f o r
consumption during t h e prelaunch countdown period.

New foods f o r t h i s mission included rehydratable t e a and lemonade,

thermostabilized/irradiated ham, nutrient-complete f r u i t c a k e , and ascep-
t i c a l l y packaged butterscotch pudding i n aluminum cans. For the f i r s t
time, t h e bread was kept krozen u n t i l it WES stowed on the spacecraft ap-
proximately 24 hours before launch. This chenge i n procedure w a s i n i t i -
a t e d t o allow packaging s e v e r a l weeks p r i o r t o f l i g h t without l o s s i n
break q u a l i t y ; however, t h e procedure was not as e f f e c t i v e as expected.

After menu s e l e c t i o n w a s completed, each crewman p a r t i c i p a t e d i n a

six-day food control study t o e s t a b l i s h baseline d a t a on the excretory
l e v e l s of e l e c t r o l y t e s , nitrogen, and various hormones. During t h i s six-
day period, one crewman experienced g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l discomfort following
each meal. T h i s discomfort p e r s i s t e d and was a t t r i b u t e d t o gastrointes-
t i n a l gas and h i s i n a b i l i t y t o eliminate t h e gas. Modifications were made
t o t h e menus t o eliminate usual gas-forming food items. I n addition, Si-
methicone t a b l e t s were provided t o a l l e v i a t e symptoms, i f they occurred
i n flight.

The p r i n c i p a l medical problem experienced during t h i s mission was

t h e presence of a g r e a t e r amount of g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l gas than a n t i c i p a t e d ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e one crewman who had these symptoms p r e f l i g h t . On t h e
second day of' f l i g h t , similar symptoms of g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l d i s t r e s s oc-
curred. The crewman consumed Simethicone t a b l e t s following each meal and
t h i s medication r e l i e v e d , but never completely eliminated h i s symptoms.
I n a d d i t i o n , belching provided f u r t h e r r e l i e f . Mild g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l dis-
t r e s s w a s experienced by t h e o t h e r two crewmen; however, they were able
t o e f f e c t i v e l y eliminate the gas, and a t no time were t h e symptoms severe
 11-15

enough t o i n t e r f e r e with t h e operation81 duties of t h e crew. The exact

cause of t h e g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l f l a t u l e n c e during t h e mission i s unknown,
but t h e problem w a s probably aggravated by t h e oxygen gas noted i n t h e
potable water supply of t h e command module.

A s on previous f l i g h t s , negative nitrogen and potassium balances oc-

curred and confirmed a l o s s i n t o t a l body protein. I n addition, a l o s s
of body calcium and phosphorus w a s noted. Although some of t h e observed
weight loss can be a t t r i b u t e d t o changes i n t o t a l body water, t h e hypo-
c a l o r i c regimen, i n conjunction with t h e well-known tendency t o l o s e body
t i s s u e under hypogravic conditions, indicates t h a t a considerable portion
of weight l o s s i s from f a t t y and muscle t i s s u e s .

Water i n t a k e and output d a t a were generally consistent throughout

t h e f l i g h t . However, when i n s e n s i b l e wcter l o s s i s considered, t h e crew
on t h i s mission were i n a s t a t e of mild negative water balance. These
data a r e c o n s i s t e n t with water-balance dgta from Apollo 16. During t h e
immediate p o s t f l i g h t period, only t h e Lunar Module P i l o t ' s urine volume
w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y decreased; t h e other two remained normal. T h i s post-
f l i g h t f i n d i n g , along with t h e s l i g h t decreases i n t o t a l body water, con-
firms t h e normal t o decreased l e v e l of a n t i d i u r e t i c hormone. T h i s ob-
s e r v a t i o n d i f f e r s from t h e Apollo 1 5 mission where high urine volumes and
increased l e v e l s o f a n t i d i u r e t i c hormone were observed. The more complete
_. .-
data from t h i s mission' suggests t h a t the major component of weight l o s s
w a s t i s s u e mass r a t h e r ' t h a n t o t a l body water. The lack of weight gains
during t h e f i r s t 24 hours a f t e r t h e f l i g h t provides a d d i t i o n a l evidence
f o r t h e f a c t t h a t f a t t y and muscle t i s s u e s mass were l o s t .

The endocrine d a t a shows a normal t o increased excretion of gluco-

c o r t i c o i d s and mineral conserving hormones. Previous Apollo data showing
an increased f r e e urinary hydrocortisone l e v e l i n the presence of a low
t o normal t o t a l 17-hydroxycorticoids was confirmed. The metabolism o f
s t e r o i d hormones appears t o be a l t e r e d by space f l i g h t , but t h e exact
mechanisms are unknown.

A sodium conserving s t e r o i d hormone, aldosterone, w a s decreased dur-

ing t h e e a r l y p o r t i o n of f l i g h t , but increases were noticed l a t e r i n t h e
f l i g h t . These d a t a support t h e hypothesis t h a t aldosterone l e v e l s were
t h e major cause of t h e s l i g h t l y negative potassium balance. The s i g n i f i -
cantly decreased l e v e l s of s e m potassium during p o s t f l i g h t t e s t s a r e con-
s i s t e n t w i t h t h e s e data. As on t h e Apollo 1 5 mission, a decrease i n t o t a l
body exchangeable potassium w a s observed. Nonetheless, t h e elevated d i e t -
ary potassium, coupled with an adequate f l u i d intake, were apparently suf-
f i c i e n t t o preserve normal c e l l u l a r e l e c t r o l y t e concentrations. This con-
trasts t o previous Apollo observations i n which a l t e r a t i o n s i n c e l l u l a r
homeost at i s we r e mani f e st ed .

'
.:.. ,..
'.
 11-16

11.3 PHYSICAL EXAMINATION

Comprehensive physical examinations were performed on the Commander

and Command Module P i l o t 30 days p r i o r t o launch and on the Lunar Module
P i l o t 26 days p r i o r t o launch. These examinations were repeated 15 days
and 5 days before launch and d a i l y t h e r e a f t e r . The comprehensive physi-
c a l examinations conducted s h o r t l y af%er recovery showed t h e crew t o be
i n good general h e a l t h and physical condition. Body weight l o s s e s during
t h e mission were 10-1/4 pounds f o r t h e Commander, b 1 / 2 pounds f o r t h e
Command Module P i l o t , and 5-1/2 pounds f o r the Lunar Module P i l o t . The
Lunar Module P i l o t suffered moderately severe skin i r r i t a t i o n caused by
prolonged contact with the biosensors, and the Commander evidenced a much
milder reaction. Both of t h e s e crewmen exhibited subunguial hematomas
from t h e pressure suit gloves, but these were more extensive and apparent
on t h e Lunar Module P i l o t . The Commander had a herpetic l e s i o n ( f e v e r
b l i s t e r on t h e r i g h t s i d e of t h e upper l i p , and it w a s approximately 72
hours o l d at t h e time of recovery.

Only one of t h e crewmen was within h i s p r e f l i g h t baseline during

p o s t f l i g h t bicycle-ergometry t e s t s . The other two crewmen returned t o
t h e i r b a s e l i n e by t h e second day a f t e r recovery.
I
9
O r t h o s t a t i c tolerance w a s decreased and returned t o p r e f l i g h t base-
l i n e values by t h e second! day a f t e r recovery.

11.4 VESTIBULAR FUNCTION

Two c f f e r e n t types of v e s t i b u l a r function t e s t s were performed pre-

f l i g h t ; the f i r s t , t o - t e s t p o s t u r a l s t a b i l i t y with and without t h e a i d
of v i s i o n , and t h e second graphic recordings of nystagmus (eye movement)
induced by c a l o r i c i r r i g a t i o n of t h e r i g h t and l e f t ear canals.

The results of t h e s e t e s t s indicated t h a t p o s t u r a l equilibrium, with

t h e eyes open or closed, was within normal limits f o r all crewmen. One
crewman exhibited poor eyes-closed postural equilibrium, e s p e c i a l l y a t
t h e examination 5 days p r i o r t o f l i g h t . Nystagmus responses t o c a l o r i c
i r r i g a t i o n were normal f o r all crewmen. No v e s t i b u l a r f’unction t e s t s
were conducted p o s t f l i g h t . On t h e b a s i s of crew comments, it i s known
t h a t all t h r e e crewmen experienced very mild v e s t i b u l a r h y p e r s e n s i t i v i t y
during.the first two days of f l i g h t . However, t h e symptoms d i s s i p a t e d
with adaptation t o weightlessness and did not reappear.
 . -
~ -.. . . - , . ::i... .,_ ._._ . . . I .

. .,..
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ii-17

11.5 SKYLABMOBILE LABORATORIESOPERATIONAL TEST

A n o p e r a t i o n a l t e s t of t h e Skylab trlobile Laboratories was conducted

i n conjunction with t h e Apollo 17 recovery. The objective of t h i s t e s t
w a s t o perform a l l operational procedures associated with Skylab recovery
operations, both for a normal e n d - o f - ~ s s i o n recovery (primzry recovery
s h i p ) and contingency recovery (C5A a i r c r a f t ) . A l l t e s t objectives were
s a t i s f i e d and many equipment and procedural changes resulted from t h e
t e s t . During t h e Apollo 17 recovery, e l l s i x Skylab Nobile Laboratories
were used t o conduct t h e i n i t i a l p o s t f l i g h t medical examinations and de-
briefings.

... _ _..
. -
. . .. . . . . .. ... . . .. . . , . . .. - . . . . .. -

12-1

12.0 MISSION SUPPOFT PERFORMANCE

12.1 FLIGHT CONTROL

, F l i g h t c o n t r o l provided s a t i s f a c t o r y operational support during t h e

mission. Only anomalous operations a r e described; discussion of routine
support a c t i v i t i e s a r e not included. 4- number of problems t h a t were en-
countered a r e discussed elsewhere i n t h i s report. Only those problems
t h a t are unique t o f l i g h t control or hzyze operational considerations not
previously mentioned a r e presented i n t'his section.

The launch delay due t o the autonz5ic sequencer f a i l u r e caused no

s i g n i f i c a n t problems. The 2-hour 40-minute l a t e l i f t - o f f w a s subsequently
compensated f o r (during t h e translunar coast) by a r e s e t t i n g of t h e m i s -
s i o n clocks on t h e spacecraft and i n the Control Center.

During t h e f i r s t lunar module activation at about 40 hours, t h e l u n a r

module cabin r e p r e s s u r i z a t i o n function was i n i t i a t e d unexpectedly. The
command module environmental control system normally r a i s e s t h e cabin pres-
sure of both vehicles, t o 5.0 p s i during t h e l u n a r module checkout period.
However , t h e a c t i v a t i p n procedure was k i n g completed ahead of schedule
and t h e l u n a r module babin pressure had not reached t h e minimum l i m i t of
4.0 p s i when t h e lunar module emergency repressurization system was ac-
t i v a t e d during t h e procedure. Consequeztly, t h e system automatically
i n i t i a t e d t h e r e p r e s s u r i z a t i o n and resulted i n t h e premature use of about
1.7 pounds of descent s t a g e oxygen.
The crew d i d not respond t o t h e morning wakeup c a l l on t h e t h i r d day.
The Command Module P i l o t had a c c i d e n t d l y turned o f f the audio power
switch, and t h e ground c a l l s and crew d e r t tone were not g e t t i n g through.
The crew woke up about 1 hour l a t e and re-established communications.

The planned a c t i v i t i e s through t r m s l u n a r c o a s t , l u n a r o r b i t inser-

t i o n , and t h e l u n a r landing were accomplished without any s i g n i f i c a n t
difficulties.

The f i r s t l u n a r surface extravehicular a c t i v i t y was about 1 hour be-

hind t h e t i m e l i n e because of t h e crew leaving t h e lunar module l a t e and
t h e longer time required t o complete the i n i t i a l t r a v e r s e preparation ac-
t i v i t i e s and Apollo l u n a r surface experiments package deployment. A s a
r e s u l t , it w a s necessary t o eliminate some of t h e planned a c t i v i t i e s and
t o shorten t h e geology t r a v e r s e t o make up f o r t h e l o s t time.
 , . .... . . . . ....,.. - ' ., ..
.i_ __ ... . .._ ._. .. . t

12-2

'During t h e second extravehicular a c t i v i t y , t h e surface e l e c t r i c a l

p r o p e r t i e s receiver and t h e l u n a r roving ve'nicle b a t t e r i e s operated at
higher temperatures than expected. The traverse during t h i s second ex-
t r a v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y was p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t i n g because it u t i l i z e d
t h e equipment t o i t s operational l i m i t . The distance t o s t a t i o n 2 (7370
meters) w a s almost at t h e maximum l i m i t ; t h e times of departure from sta-
t i o n s 4 and 5 a l s o were at the l i m i t ; and a l l planned a c t i v i t i e s were
accomplished.

The t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y w a s conducted i n a routine manner,

although some replanning was necessary due t o g e t t i n g behind t h e planned
timeline and t h e extremely high temperature of the surface e l e c t r i c a l
properties receiver.

Preparations f o r l u n a r module ascent and rendezvous were accomplished

normally. However, an a d d i t i o n a l unplanned command and service module or-
b i t shaping maneuver w a s made p r i o r t o t h e planned plane change. The com-
mand and s e r v i c e module o r b i t had been perturbed i n such a way t h a t it w a s
more e c c e n t r i c than expected, and it w a s decided t o make t h e o r b i t more
c l e a r l y c i r c u l a r f o r t h e rendezvous.

.... .- During l u n a r module a s c e n t , t h e ascent feed w a s terminated e a r l y by r_ j.

...' .. ..
:
request of t h e l u n a r module f l i g h t c o n t r o l l e r because of a p o t e n t i a l mix- -.
* - f

. .... .
..:i
t u r e r a t i o problem. The rendezvous and the remainder of t h e mission w a s . -*
:-..
. ..
..
. routine and according t o p l a n , with the exception of some inadvertent
--,.
... . .-
.. switch a c t i v a t i o n s by t h e crew.
. ...--
. .- ,.
.. ...

. . 12.2 NETWORK
.
.
....
.-
... ... .
..%
.. .i
.
. i
The Mission Control Center and t h e Spaceflight Tracking and Data
Network supported t h e Apollo 17 mission s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . Although no net-
work problems caused s i g n i f i c a n t mission impact , the following problems
were experienced.

During t h e terminal countdown, two t e l e v i s i o n channels were shown

at once on one console i n t h e Mission Control Center. A t t h e same time,
t h e channels on a l l o t h e r consoles could not be switched. The simultane-
ous f a i l u r e s were caused by a malfunctioning clock d r i v e r module and a
switch module. The modules were replaced and normal operation was re-
s t o r e d p r i o r t o launch.

An antenna on t h e Vanguard tracking ship began a high-frequency os-

c i l l a t i o n during t h e launch phase, causing the loss of some spacecraft
d a t a at t h i s s i t e . Since t h i s s t a t i o n was not prime, no d a t a were l o s t
at t h e Mission Control Center. The problem disappeared and tracking was
reacquired. The problem was caused by a noise burst i n t h e antenna feed
system. _ _ --
 12-3

A t a c q u i s i t i o n - o f - s i g n a l on t h e f i r s t l u n a r o r b i t , 4 minutes were
r e q u i r e d t o e s t a b l i s h two-way communicztions with t h e s p a c e c r a f t . The
problem was caused by improper p o i n t i n g of t h e prime antenna a t Goldstone.
A handover w a s made t o t h e J e t Propulsion Laboratory wing antenna and nor-
m a l o p e r a t i o n s were resumed.

On l u n a r module a s c e n t , two-way lock w i t h t h e l u n a r module transponder

w a s ' l o s t . This r e s u l t e d i n a 4-minute loss of uplink v o i c e , and t r a c k i n g
d a t a during a s c e n t . It was necessary t o have t h e Command Module P i l o t
pass comments from t h e ground t o t h e l u n a r module crew during t h i s p e r i o d .

12.3 RECOVERY OPERClTIONS

The Department of Defense provided recovery support i n accordance

w i t h t h e Apollo 1 7 mission planning. Recovery s h i p support f o r t h e p r i -
mary l a n d i n g a r e a i n t h e P a c i f i c Ocezy was provided by t h e a i r c r a f t car-
rier USS Ticonderoga. Active a i r support c o n s i s t e d of f o u r SH-3G h e l i -
c o p t e r s and one E-1B a i r c r a f t from t h e primary recovery s h i p and one
HC-130 rescue a i r c r a f t s t a g e d from American Samoa. Three of t h e helicop-
t e r s c a r r i e d underwater demolition t e r n personnel. The f i r s t , designated
* . lt
- Recovery", a l s o c a r r i e d t h e f l i g h t s-ngeon and w a s used f o r both command
module and f l i g h t cr4w r e t r i e v a l operztions . The h e l i c o p t e r , designated
It
Swim" served as a backup t o "Recovery" and aided i n t h e recovery of t h e
forward h e a t s h i e l d . The t h i r d helicoDter , designated "ELS" ( e a r t h land-
i n g system), aided i n t h e r e t r i e v a l of t h e main parachutes. The f o u r t h
h e l i c o p t e r , designated "Photo", served zs a photographic platform f o r both
motion p i c t u r e photography and l i v e t e l e v i s i o n coverage. The E-1B air-
c r a f t , designated "Relay" served as a communications r e l a y . The HC-130
a i r c r a f t , designated "Samoa Rescue l", w a s p o s i t i o n e d t o t r a c k t h e com-
mand module a f t e r it had e x i t e d from S-band blackout, as w e l l as t o pro-
v i d e pararescue c a p a b i l i t y had t h e comand module landed uprange of t h e
t a r g e t p o i n t . Figure 12-1 shows t h e r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n s of t h e recovery
s h i p , i t s a i r c r a f t , and t h e HC-130 a i r c r a f t p r i o r t o landing. The re-
. covery f o r c e s assigned t o t h e Apollo 17 mission a r e shown i n t a b l e 12-1.

12.3.1 Command Module Location and R e t r i e v a l

Radar c o n t a c t w i t h t h e command module w a s r e p o r t e d by t h e Ticonderoga

at 1915 G . m . t . December 19. Visual s i g h t i n g of t h e command module occurred
at 1920 G . m . t . by t h e Ticonderoga and t h e Photo h e l i c o p t e r . The i n i t i a l
s i g h t i n g occurred s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e mzin parachutes were deployed. Two-
way voice communications were e s t a b l i s h e d between t h e Apollo 17 crew and
t h e reco+ery f o r c e s approximately 2 minutes later.
12-4

TABLE 12-1.- N POL LO 17 RECOVERY SUPPORT

Type ship/ Ship namelaircraft

Number Responsibility
type a i r c r a f t s t aging base
ARS 1 USS Recovery h u n c h s i t e recovery ship
and sonic boom measurement
platform .
MSO 1 USS Alacrity Sonic boom measurement
platform on launch ground-
track.
MSO 1 USS F i d e l i t y Sonic boom measurement
platform on launch ground-
track.
MSO 1 USS Assurance Sonic boom measurement
platform on launch ground-
trtrck.
MSO 1 USS Adroit Sonic boom measurement
platform on launch ground-
track.
LST 1 USS Saginaw Sonic boom measurement
platform on launch ground-
track.
A0 1 USS Camden Refuel primary recovery
ship.
cvs 1 USS Ticonderoga Primary recovery ship.
HH-5 3c 2& P a t r i c k Air Force Launch s i t e area.
Base
MI-1 2 Patrick A i r Force Launch s i t e area.
Base
HC-130 PIN la Eglin Air Force Launch abort area and west
Base Atlantic recovery area.
HC-130 la RAF Woodbrid'ge , Launch abort a r e a and con-
England tingency landing support.
HC-130 1 Hickam Air Force Mid-Pacific e a r t h o r b i t a l
Base recovery zone, deep space
secondary landing area on
mid-Pacific l i n e , and pri-
mary end-of-mission land-
ing area.
SH-3G 4 U S Ticonderoga Deep space secondary land-
ing a r e a and primary end-
of-mission landing area.
E-1B 1 USS Ticonderoga Communications r e l a y f o r
primary end-of-mission
landing area. :
. . ...
..
. ..:
.. . . .
..."._..
. ..
I

&plus one backup.

 ...
. .. ._.....',. ..:1 ., ... I ' , .

12-5

West longitude
166'30' 166. 30'
160 30 16' 30'
West longitude
168' 167. 166. 165'

17 17'

. . :..-
. .
..
... , ...,. i
.
.....:.....:.
._ 0
a8

-z
::
-3
- . - -
....
. . :..
5
17'3C
168' 167.
West longi
56' 165.
17'30' 5
a
v)
I
v)

Target
Recovery 0
""7
2 .PI
.Swim

3
Landing paint
0 us riconderoga
ELS 0
18 18'

18*3( 18' 30'

167' 166' 30' 166' 165' 30'
West longitude

Figure 12-1.- End of mission recovery support.

:..-...
. ... . . "
..,. . .
..
. . - ._
 _..

12-6

The command module landed at 1925 G . m . t . December 19, 1973. Based

upon a navigation s a t e l l i t e (SRN-9) f i x obtained at 1818 G.m.t., the Ticon-
deroga's p o s i t i o n at t h e time of landing was determined t o be l 7 degrees,
55 minutes south l a t i t u d e and 166 degrees Oh minutes 18 seconds west lon-
gitude. Using t h i s f i x of t h e s h i p ' s position, plus visual bearings and
radar ranges, t h e landing point coordinates of Apollo 17 were determined
t o be 17.degrees 53 minutes south l a t i t u d e a d 166 degrees 8 minutes 36
s e conds west long it ude .
The command module landed normally and remained i n the s t a b l e I at-
t i t u d e . Swimmers were deployed t o t h e comvld module at 1926 G . m . t . and
j.., :. t h e f l o t a t i o n c o l l a r was i n s t a l l e d and i n f l z t e d by 1940 G.m.t. The f l i g h t
crew w a s delivered aboard t h e Ticonderoga by the recovery helicopter a t
2017 G . m . t .

Command module r e t r i e v a l w a s accomplished at 2128 G . m . t . I n addition

t o t h e command module, all t h r e e main parachutes and t h e forward heat
s h i e l d were recovered.

Table 12-11 shows a chronological l i s t i n g of recovery and post-recov-

ery events.
i
12.3.2 i,Postrecovery Inssection

Visual. inspection of t h e command module revealed t h e following dis-

crepancies :

a. One square foot of t h e a f t bulkhead ablator f e l l o f f when t h e

command module w a s placed on t h e dolly.

b. Each of t h e command module windows was fogged.

c. There w a s 0.35 inch of water on t h e z f t bulkhead.

. -
. d. The rock bag stowed i n t h e bottom of the pressure garment as-
. ...
sembly bag was damp.
 12-7

TABLE 12-11.- SIGNIFICANT RECOnRY-POSTRECOVERY EVENTS

Time r e l a t i v e
Event Time, G . m . t . t o landing
day:hr:min

December 19, 1972

Radar c o n t a c t by Ticonderoga 1914 -0 :00 :11
Visual c o n t a c t 1920 -0 :00 :05
VHF recovery beacon c o n t a c t by 1921 - 0 : O O :Oh
Ticonderoga
Voice c o n t a c t w i t h Apollo 17 crew 1922 -0 :00 :03
Command module l a n d i n g 1925 0: 00: 00
Swimmers deployed t o command modulc 1935 0 :00 :10
F l o t a t i o n c o l l a r i n s t a l l e d and 1941 0 too 3 6
inflated
Hatch opened f o r crew e g r e s s 1954 0 : 00: 29
F l i g h t crew aboard h e l i c o p t e r 2006 0: 00 :41
F l i g h t crew aboard Ticonderoga 2017 0: 00 :52
Command module aboard Ticonderoga 2128 0: 02 :03
i
I December 20, 1972
F i r s t sample f l i g h t departed s h i p 1725 0:22:00

Cecember 21, 1972

F i r s t sample f l i g h t a r r i v e d H a w a i i 0000 1:04 :35
F l i g h t crew departed s h i p 0038 1 :05 :i3
F i r s t sample f l i g h t departed Hawai: 0310 1:07 :45
F i r s t sample f l i g h t a r r i v e d Houstoi 1016 1:14 :5 1
F l i g h t crew a r r i v e d Houston 1550 1:20 :25

December 27, 1972

Command module a r r i v e d North 1930 8:00:05
I s l a n d , San Diego, C a l i f o r n i a

December 20, 1972

Command module d e a c t i v a t e d 2200 ll :02 :35

January 2, 1973
Command module departed San Diego 1900 1 3 :23 :35
Command module a r r i v e d Downey 2200 1 4 :02: 35
 13-1

13.0 ASSESSMENT OF MISSION OBJECTIVES

The t h r e e primary mission objectives were assigned t o the Apollo 17

mission ( r e f . 4) were:

a. Perform selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of mate-

,

rials and surface f e a t u r e s i n a pre-selected area of t h e Taurus-Littrow

region

b. Emplace and a c t i v a t e surface experiments.

c. Conduct i n f l i g h t experiments m d photographic tasks.

Table 13-1 includes t h e e i g h t detziled o b j e c t i v e s , which were derived

from t h e primary o b j e c t i v e s , plus nineteen experiments and one i n f l i g h t
demonstration ( r e f . 5) which were conducted. Preliminary indications a r e
t h a t adequate data were obtained t o successrully complete a l l objectives
except as noted i n t h e t a b l e .

The Department of Defense and the Kennedy Space Center performed

e i g h t o t h e r t e s t s which a r e as follows:

a. Chapel B e l l { C l a s s i f i e d Departlrent of Defense t e s t )

b. Radar s k i n t r a c k i n g

C. Ionospheric disturbance from missiles

a. Acoustic measurement of missile exhaust noise

e. Army acoustic t e s t

f. Long-focal-length o p t i c a l system

Q e Sonic boom measurement

h. Skylab Medical Mobile Laboratory.

 _,_
. . - .

13-2

TABLE 13-1.- DETAILED OBJECTIVES AHD EXPERIMENTS

Description Complet e d

Service module o r b i t a l photographic t a s k s Yes

Visual l i g h t f l a s h phenomenon Yes
Command module photographic t a s k s Yes
Visual observations from l u n a r o r b i t Yes
Skylab contamination study Yes
Food compatibility as se ssment Yes
P r o t e c t i v e pressure garment Yes

Experiments

Heat flow (S-037) Yes

a
Lunar e j e c t a and meteorites (s-202) Partial
Lunar seismic p r o f i l i n g (S-203) Yes
Lunar atmospheric composition (S-205) Yes . ..

Lunar surface gravimeter (S-207) bpart i al t

Lunar geology investiga4ion (S-059) Yes . . .7

S-band transponder (comrhand and s e r v i c e module/ Yes
l u n a r module) (S-164)
Far u l t r a v i o l e t spectrometer (s-169) Yes
I n f r a r e d scanning radiometer (s-171) Yes
Traverse gravimeter (S-199 ) Yes
Surface e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s (S-204) Yes
Lunar sounder (S-209) Yes
Lunar neutron probe (S-299) Yes
Cosmic ray d e t e c t o r ( s h e e t s ) (S-152) Yes
Biostack I I A (M-211) Yes
Biocore (M-212) Yes
Gamma-ray spectrometer ( s-160 ) Yes
Apollo window meteoroid ( S-176) Yes
S o i l mechanics (S-200) Yes

Heat flow and convection Yes

Long term l u n a r surface exposure Yes

a
Operation r e s t r i c t e d during l u n a r day due t o overheating.
b P a r t i a l (obtaining d a t a i n t h e seismic and free o s c i l l a t i o n
channels only).
 14-1

1 4 .O LAUNCH PKPSE SUMMARY

14.1 WEATHER COHDITIONS

The broken high clouds were s u f f i c i e n t l y t h i n and t h e low s c a t t e r e d

clodds were s u f f i c i e n t l y s p a r s e i n t h e launch area t o permit a spectacu-
l a r view of t h e launch. A gentle north wind w a s blowing at t h e surface
l e v e l and t h e temperature was mild. Tne w a r m moist air m a s s over F l o r i d a
w a s separated from an extremely cold air nass over t h e r e s t of t h e south
by a cold f r o n t , o r i e n t e d northeast-southwest and passing through t h e
F l o r i d a Panhandle

A flurry of i s o l a t e d , very l i g h t , a d short-lived rainshowers began

.. :..: soon af'ter sundown i n t h e middle p a r t of t h e s t a t e and moved toward Cape
. '...-- Kennedy at about 10 k n o t s . A few showers reached t h e west bank o f t h e
- .
... . .
1 .
Indian River, b u t none occurred e a s t of t h e Indian River (Launch Complex
a r e a ) . The m a x i m u m cloud tops reached 1 2 000 f e e t a l t i t u d e , and had t h e
showers occurred i n t h e launch area they would have, at most, required
f only a s h o r t delay of launch.

. ..:
The maximum wind speed observed i n t h e troposphere w a s 90 knots;
..; .... -. . from 310 degrees and a t an a l t i t u d e of &out 39 000 f e e t .
-.> .-
. .
1
. ...
..... ..-
..
.
... .
14.2 LAUNCH VEHICLE PERFORMANCE

The performance of t h e launch vehicle w a s s a t i s f a c t o r y and all Mar-

s h a l l Space F l i g h t Center mandatory and desirable objectives were accom-
p l i s h e d except t h e p r e c i s e determination of t h e S-IVB/instrumentation u n i t
lunar impact p o i n t . Trajectory assessments i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e f i n a l . impact
s o l u t i o n w i l l s a t i s f y t h e mission objective.

The ground systems supporting t h e countdown and launch performed

s a t i s f a c t o r i l y with t h e exception of t h e terminal countdown sequencer
malfunction This malfunction resulteci i n a 2-hour 40-minute unscheduled
hold. The hold w a s caused when t h e terminal countdown sequencer f a i l e d
t o command p r e s s u r i z a t i o n of t h e S-IVB l i q u i d oxygen tank. This command
closes t h e l i q u i d oxygen tank vent; opens t h e l i q u i d o v g e n tank pressur-
i z a t i o n valve; and asms t h e S-IVB l i q u i d oxygen tank pressurized i n t e r l o c k .
The tank w a s p r e s s u r i z e d manually, thus s a t i s f y i n g t h e f i r s t two items,
but t h e absence of t h e t h i r d item prevented actuation o f t h e i n t e r l o c k i n
t h e S-IVB ready-to-launch l o g i c t r a i n . The r e s u l t w a s automatic cutoff
at T-30 seconds. The launch w a s accomplished with t h e i n t e r l o c k bypassed
by a jumper. I n v e s t i g a t i o n i n d i c a t e s cause o f f a i l u r e t o be a defective
diode on a p r i n t e d c i r c u i t card i n t h e terminal countdown sequencer.
 14-2

The vehicle w a s launched on an azimuth 90 degrees east of north. A

roll maneuver was i n i t i a t e d at 13.0 seconds t h a t placed t h e vehicle on a
f l i g h t azimuth of 91.504 degrees east of north. Earth parking o r b i t in-
s e r t i o n conditions were achieved 4.08 seconds e a r l i e r than nominal.

In accordance with p r e f l i g h t t a r g e t i n g objectives, t h e t r a n s l u n a r in-

j e c t i o n maneuver shortened t h e t r a n s l u n a r coast period by 2 hours and 40
plinutes-to compensate f o r t h e launch delay so t h a t t h e l u n a r landing could
be made with t h e same l i g h t i n g conditions as o r i g i n a l l y planned. Trans-
l u n a r i n j e c t i o n conditions were achieved 2.11 seconds l a t e r than predicted
with an a l t i t u d e 313 miles g r e a t e r than predicted and v e l o c i t y 16.7 ft/sec
l e s s than predicted.

A l l S-IC propulsion systems performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , with t h e pro-

pulsion performance very close t o t h e predicted nominal. The s-I1 pro-
pulsion systems performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y throughout t h e f l i g h t with all
parameters near p r e d i c t e d values. Engine nainstage performance w a s sat-
i s f a c t o r y throughout f l i g h t y and engine t h r u s t buildup and cutoff trans-
i e n t s were within t h e p r e d i c t e d envelopes.

The S-IVB propulsion system performed s a t i s f a c t o r i l y throughout t h e

o p e r a t i o n a l phase of f i r s t and second f i r i n g s and had normal start and
cutoff t r a n s i e n t s . S-IVB f i r s t f i r i n g time was 138.8 seconds. This d i f -
ference i s composed of mipus 4.1 seconds due t o t h e higher than expected !
S-II/S-IVB s e p a r a t i o n v e l o c i t y and plus 0.4 second due t o lower than pre-
d i c t e d S-IVB performance. Engine r e s t a r t conditions were within s p e c i f i e d
limits. S-IVB second f i r i n g time w a s 351.0 seconds. This difference i s
primarily due t o t h e lower S-IVI3 performance and heavier vehicle mass dur-
i n g t h e second f i r i n g .

The S-IC t h r u s t c u t o f f t r a n s i e n t s experienced by t h e Apollo 17 ve-

h i c l e were similar t o those of previous f l i g h t s . The maximum l o n g i t u d i n a l
dynamic responses at t h e instrument u n i t were 20.20 g and +O.27 g at S-IC
c e n t e r engine cutoff and outboard engine c u t o f f , respectively. The magni-
tudes of t h e t h r u s t cutoff responses were normal. During t h e S-IC s t a g e
boost 4- t o ?-hertz o s c i l l a t i o n s were detected beginning at approximately
.lo0seconds. The m a x i m u m amplitude measured at t h e instrument unit w a s
k0.06 g. O s c i l l a t i o n s i n t h e 4- t o 5-hertz range have been observed on
previous f l i g h t s and a r e considered t o be normal vehicle response t o t h e
. .--
f l i g h t environment. Longitudinal o s c i l l a t i o n s did not occur during S-IC
-- . or S-I1 s t a g e boost.

The navigation and guidance system successfully supported t h e accom-

plishment of all mission o b j e c t i v e s with no discrepancies i n performance
of t h e hardware. The end conditions a t parking o r b i t i n s e r t i o n and t r a n s -
l u n a r . injectJon were a t t a i n e d with i n s i g n i f i c a n t navigational e r r o r s .

- . _.
 The S-IVB/instrment unit lunar impact mission objectives were t o i m -
pact t h e stage w i t h i n 350 kilometers of the t a r g e t , d e t e e n e t h e impact
time within 1 second, and determine t h e impact point within 5 kilometers.
The f i r s t two objectives were met, but f'urther analysis i s required t o
satis* t h e t h i r d o b j e c t i v e . Based on present a n a l y s i s , t h e S-IVB/instru-
ment u n i t impacted t h e moon Deceder 1 0 , 1972 at 20:32:40.99 G . m . t . a t
4 degrees 1 2 minutes south l a t i t u d e and 1 2 degrees 18 minutes west longi-
tude. This l o c a t i o n i s 155 kilometers (84 miles) from t h e t a r g e t of 7 de-
grees south l a t i t u d e and 8 degrees west longitude. The velocity of t h e
S-IVB/instrument unit at impact, r e l a t i v e t o t h e lunar surface, w a s 8346
f't/sec. The incoming heading angle was 83.0 degrees west of north and t h e
angle r e l a t i v e t o t h e l o c a l v e r t i c a l w%s 35.0 degrees. The t o t a l mass im-
pacting t h e moon was approximately 1 3 900 kilograms (approximately
30 700 lb).

i
!
i
 . . . .. . . ,... . - .. . . .... . .n

15-1

15.0 ANOMALY SUMMAXY

This s e c t i o n contains a discussion of t h e s i g n i f i c a n t anomalies t h a t

occurred during t h e Apollo 17 mission. The discussion i s divided i n t o
f i v e major s e c t i o n s : command and service modules , lunar module, govern-
ment-furnished equipment, l u n a r surface experiments, and o r b i t a l experi-
ments.

. :::
. . -..: . 15.1 COMMAND AND S E R V I C 3 MODULE ANOMALIES
,~ . -.
-...
:

15.1.1 Spurious J k s t e r Alarms

Several spurious master alarms without t h e accompanying caution

warning l i g h t s were reported after e a r t h o r b i t i n s e r t i o n . The alarms
could be i n i t i a t e d by tapping on panel 2 , i n d i c a t i n g a s h o r t c i r c u i t t o
ground i n t h a t panel.

The main bus A undervoltage warnhg l i g h t f l i c k e r e d coincident with

one a l a r m . Several t i m e s , t h e a l a r m occurred coincident with t h e crew
switching of t h e cryqgenic pressure i i d i c a t o r switch from p o s i t i o n surge/3
t o p o s i t i o n 1/2. Hoyever, no alarms occurred when t h e switch WES t r a n s -
f e r r e d from p o s i t i o n 1/2 t o p o s i t i o n srrrge/3.
.. ....... <,
. .._ I The spurious master alarms a r e i r 0 i c a t i v e of an i n t e r m i t t e n t ground-
.. _ , .i ..
i n g of t h e c i r c u i t which i s possible i2 various l o c a t i o n s i n t h e system.
. - .I..

*.. .. _.:.

An i n t e r m i t t e n t short-to-ground i n t h e main bus A undervoltage warn-

i n g c i r c u i t ( f i g . 15-1) would cause tkt alarm and t h e main bus A under-
voltage warning l i g h t t o f l i c k e r . The short could be i n t h e wiring or
could be conductive contamination i n the main A r e s e t switch. P o s t f l i g h t
i n s p e c t i o n of all wiring on panel 2 re-realed no problems. Also, t h e
main A r e s e t switch l o c a t e d on panel 3 w a s disassembled and no contam-
i n a t i o n w a s found.
....
. - ,
. . ..;.
1 . An i n t e r m i t t e n t ground i n e i t h e r t h e cryogenic pressure i n d i c a t o r
. .. j switch, or i n t h e wiring from t h e switch, or i n t h e cryogenic oxygen pres-
s u r e meter ( f i g . 15-2) would cause the alarms t h a t occurred when t h e switch
I. . -
... .
. ... .. was placed t o p o s i t i o n 1/2. The s w i t c i and t h e meter were disassembled,
:+
...i:. - -.
. ... . . but no contamination or problems were found. The wiring was a l s o inspected
..;
1
: ..-
.. .
~.
..
.- f o r s h o r t s t o ground without success.
 15-2

Lamp limits
current to

Turn on when main

A voltage less than
-- 26.5 Vdc for more
than 25 milliseconds

To-$ alarm
master
Suspected area of
short to ground
--
Figure 15-1.- Main bus A undervoltage warning c i r c u i t .

To oxygen tank 1
pressure transducer !

- - - - - - -- - - - - - -
r Panel 2 1
I Suspected area of I
I
short to ground II
I I
I SRG/3
W
I
Cryogenic oxygen
pressure meter
= I
Cryogenic pressure
I indicator switch I

5 To caution and warning system

Figure 15-2.- Cryogenic oxygen pressure monitoring c i r c u i t . .. 1
.......
. I .

..
-
\,. .
r
.

. . . . - . _,.i...- . . ..
 . _' . .. . . .. .. . .. . ..

:.. . - . A-
15-3
,>....>...'

L
7.:.:,.,-
-.-

The alarms must have been caused by some i n t e r m i t t e n t ground on panel

2 which depended upon zero-g conditions t o occur. The spurious warnings
were only a nuisance and v a l i d warnings could not be i n h i b i t e d by t h i s
type of grounding problem. There i s not a s a f e t y hazard associated w i t h
grounding t h e c i r c u i t because of t h e inherent current-limiting character-
i s t i c s of t h e lamp (see f i g . 15-1). Corrective action i s not necessary
f o r t h e Skylab or Apollo-Soyuz spacecreft.

T h i s anomaly i s closed.

15.1.2 Mission Timer Slow

The mission timer i n t h e lower equipment bay w a s 15 seconds slow a t

1 hour and 58 minutes a f t e r 1if"c-off. The timer was r e s e t and worked
properly f o r t h e remainder of t h e mission.

P o s t f l i g h t t e s t i n g has been performed on t h e timer and it operated

normally. The c i r c u i t r y has been analyzed t o determine possible causes
of t h e time loss with t h e r e s u l t t h a t the most probable cause was an i n -
t e r m i t t e n t i n one of t h e i n t e g r a t e d c i r c u i t s within the timer. T h i s con-
d i t i o n may have been caused by mechaniczl imperfections within t h e con-
s t r u c t i o n of t h e c i r c u i t .
I

There i s another'mission timer on panel 2 and event timers i n t h e

lower equipment bay as w e l l as on panel 1. Consequently, t h e l o s s of
one timer i s not c r i t i c a l f o r Skylab or t h e Apollo-Soyuz missions, and
c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n i s not necessary.

This anomaly i s closed.

15.1.3 Retract Limit Switch On L u n a r Sounder HF

Antenna Boom 1 Did Not Actuate

The r e t r a c t l i m i t sensing switch on HF antenna boom 1 f a i l e d t o op-

e r a t e , r e s u l t i n g i n telemetry and command module display data t h a t indi-
cated t h e boom had not f u l l y r e t r a c t e d .

The boom was one of two HF antennas, each u t i l i z i n g two nested

0.008-inch by 4.00-inch s t e e l elements t o form an extendable/retractable
t u b u l a r antenna 410 inches i n length. Two l i m i t switches were used, one
t o sense extension, and t h e o t h e r t o sense r e t r a c t i o n . Each microswitch
w a s operated by a cam which w a s r o t a t e d by a spring-loaded cam follower
a r m (see. f i g . 15-3). One element has a, s l o t at t h e t i p and another ne8r
t h e r o o t . Each s l o t w a s aligned with one of t h e two arms so t h a t at t h e
appropriate, extension l e n g t h , t h e follower arm dropped i n t o t h e s l o t and
r o t a t e d t h e cam t o a c t u a t e t h e l i m i t switch.

-
.: ..
. -

. .-~

..
. ..

& Microswitch actuating arm

(a), Limit switch actuating mechanism.

I II I

75 60 45 30 15 0 15 30
Actuation arm angle (el, degrees
(b) Limit switch actuation mechanism forces at
laboratory ambient conditions.

Figure 15-3.- L i m i t switch.

 15-5

Current data of t h e e x t e n d / r e t r a c t motor i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e antenna

did f u l l y r e t r a c t ; i .e. , t h a t t h e motor s t a l l e d a f t e r r e t r a c t i n g f o r a
nominal p e r i o d . This v e r i f i e d t h a t t h e antenna motor/gear b o x / r e t r a c t o r
mechanism was o p e r a t i n g normally and confined t h e problem t o t h e r e t r a c t
l i m i t switch system. Several l i k e l y problems with t h e l i m i t switch sys-
t e m are:

a. Abnormal f r i c t i o n on t h e limit switch cam follower arm. (Fig.

15-3 shows t h e t o r q u e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e s p r i n g and t h e torque required t o
r o t a t e t h e cam. A t t h e nominal p o s i t i c ? angle f o r capture by t h e e l e n e n t ,
t h e r e i s a p o s i t i v e margin of 8 t o 1.)

b. Defective s p r i n g .

c. Misaiignment of t h e hole i n the element.

d. I n t e r n a l l i m i t switch assembly mdlfunction.

A l l o f t h e s e p o s s i b l e problem a r e s have been i n v e s t i g a t e d without

a most-likely cause being e s t a b l i s h e d . Mechanical mechanisms r e q u i r i n g
m u l t i p l e o p e r a t i o n and t h a t are exposed d i r e c t l y t o t h e space environment
have, on s e v e r a l occasions w i t h i n a r e l s t i v e l y s h o r t t i m e , e x h i b i t e d slow
o p e r a t i o n or have not 1 operated. Exam~$-esa r e t h e mapping camera mechm-
i s m , t h e l a s e r a l t i m e t e r plume p r o t e c t i o n door, and t h e high frequency
antenna booms. Since t h i s device i s no: t o be flown on f u t u r e missions,
no f u r t h e r a c t i o n i s x a r r a n t e d .

T h i s anomaly i s closed.

15.1.4 Lunar Sounder IF Antenna Boom 2

Deployment Was Slower Than Expected

Extension of t h e l u n a r sounder HF antenna boom 2 at approxinately

191:38 r e q u i r e d more t i m e t h a n expected.
The motor s t a l l e d a f t e r approx-
' imately one-half deployment. Motion w ~ re-established
s by cycling t h e
power switch u n t i l t h e unit f'ully deployed. Subsequent extensions re-
peated t h e condition.

The two h a l v e s of t h e "bi-stem" antenna were s t o r e d on two spools

which were simultaneously d r i v e n t o extend or r e t r a c t t h e elements through
t h e guide/antenna forming assembly (see f i g . 15-4). The guide/antenna
forming assembly i s normally t h e predominant f r i c t i o n source i n t h e mech-
anism, and components i n t h e mechanism a r e believed t o be s e n s i t i v e t o a
thermal/vacuum environment i n an as y e t u n i d e n t i f i e d manner. I n any e v e n t ,
c u r r e n t d a t a shows that t h e l o a d on t h e motor was g r e a t e r than expected.
 ..- . . .
. . . . ,_. -

15-6

Drive motor
f connector

Motor drive
steel tapes *:.
-.,*.. - i

..
%.lC
.._ _..
.- \

Figure 15-4 .- Lunar sounder antenna deployment mechanism.

Increased and varying loads i n a thermd./vacuum environment are a

p e c u l i a r i t y experienced i n mechanisms severzl times on Apollo ( r e f s . 6
and 7). The assembly i s not planned t o be used f o r any future mission.
Consequently, f u r t h e r analysis on t h i s s p e c i f i c mechanism will not be
performed.

T h i s anomaly i s closed.

15.1.5 Entry Monitor System Accelerometer B i a s S h i f t

The e n t r y monitor system accelerometer n u l l b i a s s h i f t e d p r i o r t o

t h e t r a n s e a r t h midcourse correction maneuver. Throughout t h e mission,
t h e bias was measured t o be plus 0.01 f't/sec2. P r i o r t o t h e midcourse
c o r r e c t i o n , t h e b i a s was plus 0.66 f t / s e c 2 and a f t e r the maneuver, it
had s h i f t e d t o plus 0.20 ft/.sec2.
 --”..%.. . .... ..... .__
.. .. . I . . - . _.. ...

. .
. .
.,> .- I

....-;..’.
.....
-

....-
-.A:.
,..
- . .:i

.:..:..-..i..-
“2
-, .
15-7

During s t e p 1 of t h e system t_;t p r i o r t o e n t r y , t h e O.O5g l i g h t il-

luminated erroneously, i n d i c a t i n g an a c c e l e r a t i o n l e v e l g r e a t e r than O.O5g.
A l a r g e accelerometer n u l l b i a s , as indicated i n t h e e a r l i e r b i a s t e s t s ,
can account f o r t h e sensed 0.05-g l e v e l . The e n t r y procedures were re-
v i s e d t o circumvent t h e premature 0.05-g i n d i c a t i o n during e n t r y . Post-
f l i g h t , t h e system w a s removed from t h e s p a c e c r a f t and t e s t e d . The sys-
tem parameters and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were normal.

The accelerometer c o n s i s t s of a c y l i n d r i c a l c o i l bobbin suspended i n

a magnetic f i e l d as shown i n f i g u r e 15-5. Acceleration f o r c e s along t h e

I- Pivot

ailanct and
test soi Is

1 iator coi 1

Figure 15-5.- Entry monitor system accelerometer.

 15-8

bobbin a x i s move t h e bobbin. A s t h e bobbin moves, a f e r r i t e p l a t e at-

tached t o t h e bobbin changes t h e air gap, a d consequently, the induct-
ance of a c o i l which i s p a r t of an o s c i l l a t o r c i r c u i t shown i n f i g i r e
15-6. The r e s u l t i n g o s c i l l a t o r frequency change i s detected and converted
t o a voltage t h a t i s applied t o t h e rebalm-ce c o i l wound on t h e bobbin.
Thus, t h e bobbin motion i s stopped and t h e bobbin i s forced t o a new bal-
ance p o s i t i o n . The voltage applied t o t h e rebalance c o i l i s , t h e r e f o r e ,
proporti-onal t o t h e sensed a c c e l e r a t i o n .
Possible
leakage

. ... ..-

Function switch

SelF-test Rebalance

t-
coil coil

rJn"
-
-
nJn
- To 0.059
detect%

- Amplifier

- Analog to
digital
converter
-t To display

--
Figure 15-6 .- Entry monitor system accelerometer c i r c u i t r y .

For a self t e s t of t h e system, a voltage i s applied t o a second c o i l

wound on t h e bobbin and t h i s - voltage causes a displacement force on the
bobbin by motor a c t i o n . The rebalance c i r c u i t again forces t h e bobbin t o
a new n u l l p o s i t i o n .

Three p o s s i b l e conditions t h a t could cause a b i a s s h i f t at one time,

and then disappear a r e schematically shown i n f i g u r e s 15-5 and 15-6.
These possible causes a r e :

a. A contaminant p a r t i c l e o r bubble i n the damping f l u i d i n which

t h e accelerometer i s immersed. The bubble o r p a r t i c l e could migrate i n t o
 . .
, . .._..:. . . . .
. . I . L ...
. . I . -. . .. .

15-9

t h e magnetic gap or become trapped i n the balance h a i r springs shown i n

figure 15-5. This would cause an o f f s e t force on the bobbin. Acceptance
t e s t s a r e designed t o d e t e c t t h i s condition, but these t e s t s were rerun on
t h e accelerometer during p o s t f l i g h t t e s t s and the accelerometer was normal.

b. An i n t e r m i t t e n t open i n the terqerature compensation c i r c u i t of

t h e accelerometer rebalance c i r c u i t ( f i g . 15-6) could have existed; how-
ever', c i r c u i t a n a l y s i s showed t h a t only h d f of t h e b i a s s h i f t observed
i n f l i g h t would r e s u l t .

c. An i n t e r m i t t e n t s h o r t between contacts of t h e 12-position r o t a r y

function switch ( f i g . 17-61 could supply a small current t o the accelerom-
e t e r s e l f - t e s t torquer c o i l . During p o s t f l i g h t t e s t i n g , however, the switch
w a s normal i n a l l respects.

No f u r t h e r action w i l l be taken since , with a similar problem:

a. The accuracy of t h e velocity counter w i l l be reduced during ser-

v i c e propulsion system maneuvers, but i s acceptable.

b. The accuracy of t h e velocity counter w i l l be reduced t o a point

where t h e counter will be meaningless during 2- or 4-thruster plus- o r
minus-X axis t r a n s l z t i o n .
i
c . The Skylab entry p r o f i l e can t o l e r a t e t h e inaccuracy from t h i s
condition. Additionally, the entry monitor system i s a backuF t o the
primary guidance system.

This anomaly i s closed.

15.1.6 Chlorine Anpile Leaked

Leakage occurred i n and around the casing assembly of the i n j e c t o r

mechanism. D i f f i c u l t y was a l s o noted occasionally i n r o t a t i n g the knob
which advances t h e i n j e c t o r piston.

Thirteen chlorine ampules and t h i r t e e n buffer ampules were used dur-

ing the mission. S i x of t h e chlorine a q u l e s and five of t h e buffer am-
pules had bladder tears around t h e perishery of t h e adhesive bond between
t h e bladder and t h e end cap, o r t h e bladder a d t h e front surface of t h e
ampule b o r e , as shown i n f i g u r e 15-7.

The process used t o bond t h e bladder t o t h e f r o n t face of the ampule

and t o t h e end cap was changed f o r t h i s mission. During previous missions ,
t h e bonds f a i l e d i n many cases and the end caps came loose. As a r e s u l t
of the change, t h e adhesive bond no longer f a i l s . However, a high-stress
 \ \\

Figure 15-7.- Chlorine ampule f a i l u r e .

tension-to-shear t r a n s i t i o n region occurs i n the bladder at t h e periphery

of t h e adhesive bond when the ampule i s pressurized while t h e end cap i s
f r e e , i . e . t h e p i s t o n i s not against the end cap. This occurs because t h e
bladder balloons as shown i n f i g u r e 15-8. I n a t e s t of two ampules t h a t
were bonded using t h e new process, t h e bladders t o r e around t h e periphery
of t h e adhesive bond a t 11 and 17 p s i d , r e q e c t i v e l y . The t e a r s were s i m -
i l a r t o those experienced during f l i g h t . F,.io other ampules bonded using
t h e previous process, sustained 27 and 29 p s i d , respectively, before f a i l -
ure. The end caps came loose before the bleciders f a i l e d , and the t e a r s
t h a t occurred were tension t e a r s .

During i n j e c t i o n , t h e ampule i s placed i n t h e i n j e c t o r and t h e in-

j e c t o r p i s t o n i s advanced u n t i l t h e crewman can f e e l t h e piston contact
. -. t h e ampule end cap. The piston knob i s then r o t a t e d an additional 1/8
.._.. t u r n t o compress t h e bladder. This procedure will i n some cases allow
-. .. a s m a l l amount of bladder ballooning t o remzin. When t h i s occurs, the
.. bladder should t e a r when t h e i n j e c t o r assembly i s mated t o t h e needle
assembly, s i n c e t h e water system supplies a 20 p s i d back pressure t o
t h e ampule.

...
.
- -.
 15-11

Figure 15-8.- Bladder ballooning i n s i d - ? chlorine i n j e c t o r asseably.

The i n j e c t o r needi,e assembly outer needle w a s bent. As a r e s u l t ,

when t h e i n j e c t o r asse4bly w a s mated t o the needle assembly, the needle
entered t h e ampule gland off center and t o r e a hole through the gland sep-
tums ( f i g . 15-9). I n several cases, when r o t a t i n g the knob t o advance t h e
piston w a s d i f f i c u l t , t h e crew demated t h e i n j e c t o r from the needle as-
sembly, removed t h e ampule from the i n j e c t o r , and then repeated the com-
p l e t e i n j e c t i o n procedure. I n one case, t h i s r e s u l t e d i n two needle holes
t o r n through t h e gland septums. Septum t e a r s , however, could only r e s u l t
i n minor leakage.

For t h e Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz missions, t h e crew will be i n s t r u c t e d

t o screw t h e i n j e c t o r piston down far enough t o remove a l l bladder balloon
i n g before connecting t h e i n j e c t o r t o the needle assembly. I n addition,
t h e needle assembly w i l l be inspected after the l a s t ground chlorination
t o assure t h a t t h e needle i s s t r a i g h t . In any event, i f ampule leakage
r e c u r s , chlorination can s t i l l be accomplished since spare ampules a r e
c a r r i e d aboard t h e s p a c e c r a f t .

This anomaly i s closed.

15.1.7 Mapping Camera Reaction Control System

Plume Shield Door Failed t o Close

Photographic d a t a taken from the lunar module during rendezvous shows

t h e mapping camera r e a c t i o n control system plume s h i e l d door i n the open
p o s i t i o n with t h e mapping camera apparently r e t r a c t e d .

. .
 15-12

Figure 15-9.- Chlorine a m p l e f a i l u r e .

.. 2
- . -......-......._
,
The door i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e spacecraft with a hinge t h a t includes a
I i.

.i.
..
. t o r s i o n s p r i n g t o close t h e door when t h e c a e r a i s r e t r a c t e d ( f i g . 15-10).
.
-
.
. The door i s pushed open by t h e camera when it i s deployed. The photcgraphs
. - .
show t h e camera t o be f u l l y r e t r a c t e d which i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e problem i s
with t h e door i t s e l f .

Other mechanical systems anomalies hm-'2 occurred on Apollo 1 5 , 1 6

and 17 which suggests a common f a c t o r which i s as y e t unknown. I n all
c a s e s , some degree of s l i d i n g between metal surfaces w a s required, which
i s t h e case with t h e door hinge. It i s t h e r e f o r e conceivable t h a t t h e
f r i c t i o n between t h e s e s u r f a c e s may have been s i g n i f i c a n t l y increased
by t h e e f f e c t s of t h e space environment, but t h e s e e f f e c t s have not been
d u p l i c a t e d i n ground t e s t i n g .

Since t h i s w a s t h e last mission f o r t h i s device, no f u r t h e r action

will be taken.

This anomaly i s closed.

 15-13

I
I
Figure 15-10.- Reaction control system plume s h i e l d door.

1 5 .l.8 Pressure Operating 3eadbmd For Hydrogen

Tanks 1 And 2 Shifted

Cryogenic hydrogen system operation was normal until approximately

1 2 hours. The operating pressure range (deadband) a f t e r t h i s time de-
creased from about 16 p s i (238-254 p s i ) t o approximately 3 p s i (244-247 p s i )
by 1 3 hours ( f i g . 15-11) and continued i n t h i s mode u n t i l autometic h e a t e r
operation f o r tanks 1 and 2 w a s termineted a t about 1 5 hours. Autometic
h e a t e r operation w a s resumed i n tanks I and 2 at about 24 hours. Only
about f i v e automatic h e a t e r cycles (all normal) occurred i n tanks 1 and 2
before approximately 71 hours because t3e fans were i n the autoroatic node
i n tank 3, and t h e tank 3 pressure switch controlled at a higher pressure
than tanks 1 and 2. A t t h a t time, t h e tank 3 fans were turned off and t h e
operating pressure deadband again decayed t o 3 p s i (248-251 p s i ) as shown
i n f i g u r e 15-11. This deadband was maintained u n t i l automatic heater op-
e r a t i o n w a s terminated i n tanks 1 and 2 a t 87 hours. Hydrogen system
pressure w a s maintained f o r t h e remainem ofthe mission by use of man-
u a l fan operation i n tanks 1 and 2 and automatic fan operation i n tank 3.
Hydrogen system operation w a s normal iz t h i s mode.
 15-14

m
r.4
20
.d
k
Q)
PI

d
rl

2
In m
3 Q)
c k
a3
I-
2m ..
0 Q)
4
k ‘r f
W
9 PI
.

.- - ...
. .
rl
d

. -
I .

. ._ .
- .
. ..
L. --. 0
, .
d
.. . _
-

. -
.-...,..
..
. ...
...
.i’.. .:
i

..- .-
.- -
. z
... .?
-. .. . r

.. i -t

:2-
- ..:
.. .
..

,. . -.
. ....
:

. .. .
 15-15

Individual pressure switches monitor pressures i n tanks 1 and 2 as

shown i n f i g u r e 15-12. When automatic hPater or fan operation i s s e l e c t e d ,
both switches must be i n t h e low-pressure position t o apply power t o t h e
h e a t e r s or fans i n each tank. When e i t h e r switch t r a n s f e r s t o the high
pressure p o s i t i o n , t h e motor switch t r m s f e r s and removes power from the
.- heaters and fans. Figure 15-13 i s a cutmay sketch of one of the pressure
' I
switches i n t h e low-pressure position.
I

Decreasing or r e s t r i c t i n g t h e full eownward t r a v e l of the stop w i l l

- 1
.I
increase t h e pressure at which t h e s h a f t t r a n s f e r s t o the upper position.
Decreasing or r e s t r i c t i n g the full upward t r a v e l of t h e stop w i l l decrease
t h e pressure a t which t h e s h a f t t r a n s f e r s t o the lower position. Conse-
quently, hard p a r t i c l e s f l o a t i n g i n the stop mechanism area shown i n f i g -
ure 15-13 can have a v a r i a b l e e f f e c t which can appear and disappear depend-
i n g on t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e f l o a t i n g p a r t i c l e s .

The s i z e of t h e p a r t i c l e s required t o change t h e pressure s e t t i n g s

i s r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l . The f u l l t r a v e l of the stop may be as s m a l l as
0.007 inch. The pressure change t o move from one stop t o t h e other is
about 15 p s i . Consequently, t h e upper limit can be reduced t o about
7 p s i with a piece of m e t a l about 0.004-inch i n s i z e between the stop on
t h e s h a f t and t h e upper case stop.
i
The toggle plates! are pin-joined t o the s h a f t at one end and t o a
horseshoe-shaped s p r i n g at t h e o t h e r end as shown i n figure 15-13. Grooves
a r e formed i n t h e opposite edges of the toggle p l a t e s by a coining oper-
a t i o n . Figure 15-14 shows t h e toggle p l a t e taken from a switch which w a s
disassembled f o r inspection. I n this instance, burrs were found t h a t
were about t o break o f f . The p a r t i c l e s could then move around and be-
come trapped i n t h e stops under zero-gravity conditions.

Other p o s s i b i l i t i e s were investigated, however, only contamination

satisfies all of t h e p e c u l i a r f l i g h t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and data.
. .
Further inspection of assembled pressure switches i s not necessary
~

-independent of t h e p r a c t i c a l i t y of performing such an inspection, because

f o r Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz Test Program a problem of t h i s nature can be
handled by manual c o n t r o l of t h e fans and heater cycles. ~

This anomaly is closed.

 Hydrogen tank
2 heater
P
vl
I
P
cn

Switches shown in low Hydrogen

pressure position to fuel cells

Main A Hydrogen tank

1 heater

Figure 15-12.- Cryogenic system pressure c o n t r o l c i r c u i t r y .

 ._ .
.. . . . _..

15-17

Contacts
h

I
I

_ - ... ..
. .
.
., ,_3:.
.-*._-.
. .
. .,
. ..
I. I.

Pressure

Figure 15-13.- Hydrogen

.. tank pressure switch cutaway.
 15-18

-.Burrs on i i D

.
.. .-

Figure 15-14.- Pressure switch toggle plate.

 . .,,.. . . . . . . .

15-19

15.1.9 Temporary Dropout Of S e v e r d Instrumentation Parameters

Erroneous readings occurred on several command and service module

measurements between 191:40 :39 and l 9 l :k2 :32. Data received at two dif-
f e r e n t ground s t a t i o n s indicated the problem existed on the downlink sig-
n a l . The measurements a f f e c t e d were l M t e d t o t h e one sample per second
chanpels. P o s t f l i g h t t e s t s were perfomed on the spacecraft, and a l s o
on t h e bench where the pulse code modulztion u n i t was subjected t o shock
and vibration. The system operated nomally during both t e s t s .

Data shows t h e problem t o be with the timing pulse network which con-
t r o l s t h e word matrices. Consideration i s being given t o providing a work-
around i n t h e event a s i m i l a r condition occurs on Skylab or Apollo-Soyuz
missions.

This anomaly i s open.

15.1.10 Water/Gylcol Temperatwe Control Valve Failed

To Maintain The EvaporEtor Temperature

During four e a r l y l u n a r o r b i t revolutions, t h e water/glycol temper-

a t u r e c o n t r o l valve f a i l e d t o open properly as the r a d i a t o r o u t l e t tem-
perature decreased. The mixed coolant temperature momentarily f e l l as
much as 4" F below t h e specification control band of 42" t o 48' F during
mixing s t a r t u p .

N o corrective action w a s taken and i n i t i a t i o n of mixing was proper

during all subsequent l u n a r o r b i t s and during t r a n s e a r t h coast. The sys-
t e m behavior i n d i c a t e s t h a t some s l i g h t sticking occurred i n the valve
gear t r a i n a f t e r having been driven h a d against t h e f u l l closed stop
during t h e hot portions of t h e lunar o r b i t s . A l a r g e r than normaltem-
perature e r r o r and modulated e l e c t r i c a l signal t o t h e valve were required
t o f r e e t h e gear t r a i n s o t h a t the valve would start t o drive open.

During checkout on previous spacecraft, these valves have occasion-

a l l y stuck when driven hard against e i t h e r the full open o r f l d l closed
stop. Manual disengagement of the valve clutch mechanism relieves the
back pressure on t h e gears and frees the gear t r a i n . This occurred dur-
i n g checkout on t h e Apollo 17 valve and w a s accepted f o r f l i g h t because
of t h e manual operation c a p a b i l i t y and demonstration of manual operation
during t h e Apollo 16 mission.

Dimensional checks have shown t h a t the p i t c h c i r c l e s of two of t h e

gear p a i r s i n t h e valve gear t r a i n are not tangent ( f i g . 15-15). This
r e s u l t s i n s l i d i n g r a t h e r than r o l l i n g action between contacting t e e t h .
One valve which previously experienced the sane s t i c k i n g has been disas-
sembled and t h e gears were normal, although the d r y lubricant was scraped
 . ._
. .
...:.
15-20

Motor

\--Stop pin
.. ..
I

. ..

_ - ;
.:-.?: 5
- :....-
G.,. .,

.. ..
. .
....-..
. ..
-7

* . -
. ..-.~a
. .

. .

-.<.- Desired Actual by drawing

. .-
I
.., .- .
:

. , Figure 15-15.- Water/glycol temperature control valve drive.

.: ..
 15-21

off t h e gear t e e t h i n the a r e a of tooth-to-tooth contact. Sliding f r i c -

t i o n between t h e unlubricated gear t e e t h may have been high enough t o
cause t h e s t i c k i n g experienced.

Since manual valve operation i s s z t i s f a c t o r y for the Skylab and

Apollo-Soyuz missions, no f u r t h e r action i s necessary.

' T h i s anomaly i s closed.

15.2 LUNAR M O D U ~AJTOMALIES

15.2.1 Battery 4 Voltage Reading Was Lower

Than That Of Battery 3

A t approximately 108:06,the lunzr module b a t t e r y 3 and b a t t e r y 4

voltage d a t a indicated a voltage difference of approximately 0.5 v o l t ,
with b a t t e r y 3 voltage g r e a t e r than t h a t of b a t t e r y 4. Previously, bat-
t e r y 3 and 4 voltages were equal.

B a t t e r i e s 3 and 4 a r e p a r a l l e l a ~ should
d r e f l e c t equal voltages.
Reverse current from b a t t e r y 3 t o batte,ry 4 would have been indicated by
t h e reverse current tTiggering t h e battery malfunction l i g h t . This a l z r m
i s t r i g g e r e d by reverse current of mor2 than 1 0 amperes f o r 4 t o 6 sec-
onds which w a s exceeded by b a t t e r y 4 c w r e n t readouts. The b a t t e r y cur-
r e n t measurement does not i n d i c a t e current d i r e c t i o n . Since no alarm oc-
curred, b a t t e r y 4 was delivering positive current t o t h e bus, indicating
t h a t t h e b a t t e r y 4 voltage readout w a s not a t r u e reading. This 0.5-volt
difference a l s o appeared on t h e b a t t e r y open c i r c u i t voltages.

The b a t t e r y 4 voltage measurement i s conditioned by a signal condi-

t i o n e r which c o n s i s t s of an input r e s i s t i v e divider network feeding a
dc-to-dc converter ( f i g . 15-16). ~n izcrease of r e s i s t a n c e of 1 percent
i n t h i s network would account f o r the observed change. Another p o s s i b i l -
i t y of f a i l u r e e x i s t s i n t h e zero-adjust network. I n any event, no fur-
t h e r action i s required because t h i s c i r c u i t r y will not be flown on any
planned f'uture mission.

This anomaly i s closed.

15.2.2 Oxygen Demand Regulation Leakage

While using demand r e g u l a t o r A for cabin depressurization i n prepara-

t i o n f o r t h e t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t y , t h e d a t a show the suit loop t o
be leaking at a 0.04 l b / h r rate. The crew switched t o regulator B f o r t h e
remainder of t h e mission.
 - .. _I_ .. . . - .. . - ... ci .

15-22

Battery 4

I areas,
-
- Reverse current
sensor
I_
I-
r--
.... \
--1 Bus . .
...- . .

I
1 :
:.:.
-.
I
.. - .
I I
- ~ l
, ~

..-.,. ..
......, .- 3

Signal
conditioner To tekmetry

I
I I
I I
I -
- Signal I
I
_.-----.------
conditioner
I
Figure 15-16 .- Volt age n e a s u r a e n t circuitry.

T h e s u i t loop leakage could have been czused by either contamination

. .
of the r e g u l a t o r A s e a t or the crew could hwe inadvertently bumped the
regulator handle during cabin a c t i v C t i e s , e l t h m g h the l a t t e r i s not con-
-<..
sl'dered l*elg. S p e c i f i c i a l l y , t h e leakage could have occurred i f a par-
i

. .
t i c l e of 2.5 microns became lodged between the regulator ( b a l l ) poppet and
t h e s e a t . The upstream contamination l e v e l i s 25 microns, which w a s con-
s i d e r e d adequate due t o t h e l o w probability of p a r t i c l e entrapment i n a
 15-23

ball-type s e a t . One previous instance of regulator leakage caused by a

p a r t i c l e trapped i n t h e s e a t . I n t h a t case, t h e p a r t i c l e was b u i l t i n t o
t h e r e g u l a t o r during manufacture since it w a s too l a r g e (0.04-inch) t o
pass through t h e f i l t e r s .

Corrective action w i l l not be required as t h i s equipment i s not t o

be used on f u t u r e s p a c e c r a f t .

This anomaly i s closed.

15.3 GOVERNMENT W I S H E D ZQUIPI?ENTANOMALIES

15.3.1 No Extravehicular Activity Warning Tone I n

Command Module P i l o t ' s Cornmications Carrier

A t 253 :44 , during preparation and checkout f o r t h e t r a n s e a r t h coast

extravehicular a c t i v i t y , t h e Command Module P i l o t could not hear t h e cau-
t i o n and warning tone i n h i s communications c a r r i e r , although h i s t r a n s -
mission and reception were apparently normal. For t h e extravehicular
a c t i v i t y , t h e Command Module P i l o t used the Lunar Module P i l o t ' s communi-
cations c a r r i e r which operated normally, including t h e caution and warn-
i n g tones. i
I
After t h e extravehicular a c t i v i t y , the Command Module P i l o t p a r t i a l l y
removed t h e sleeve covering h i s comunicztions c a r r i e r e l e c t r i c a l p i g t a i l
and found t h a t of t h e nine leads (twisted shielded p a i r s ) making up t h e
p i g t a i l s , two were broken ( f i g . 15-17).

P o s t f l i g h t discussions with t h e Cornand Module P i l o t indicated t h a t

t h e p i g t a i l l e a d became t w i s t e d and wound up t o the point of knotting due
t o h i s t w i s t i n g and t u r n i n g while perfoming h i s normal cabin functions.
Additionally, t h e Command Module P i l o t did not w e a r the i n f l i g h t cover-
all garment and t h e constant wear garmer?t e l e c t r i c a l harness was not re-
s t r a i n e d . I n t h i s configuration, twisting of t h e leads i s possible and
could l e a d t o t h e f a i l u r e observed. The communication c a r r i e r was de-
signed f o r use primarily i n t h e pressure garment where space r e s t r i c t i o n s
make t h e s m a l l f l a t cable d e s i r a b l e and where ample support f o r the wire
i s provided. When used with t h e c o v e r d l o r constant wear garment, it
m u s t be anchored t o t h e garment t o provide s t r a i n r e l i e f and control
against twisting.

F a i h r e a n a l y s i s of t h e returned f l i g h t item has shown t h a t t h e

f a i l e d wires were broken about 1 / 4 inch below t h e i r e x i t point from t h e
p o t t i n g o f t h e flex relief attached t o t h e lower end of t h e communications
c a r r i e r s p l i c e block. The break occurred where these wires l a y across an
adjacent s e t of wires i n a braided configuration. The functions c a r r i e d
by t h e s e wires were caution/warning tone and l e r t earphone c i r c u i t s .
 .,. .
. .
..
..
.- . .. ..-
.. .
. . .. _
. _
._
 . . . . I . - , .. . ... .. . .__i--,-._-_._
.--.. ..i

15-25

Repeated t w i s t i n g and k n o t t i n g of similar wire bundles t o t h e e x t e n t

described by t h e crewman has demonstrated t h a t t h e p o i n t of breakage was
i n h e r e n t l y t h e most h i g h l y loaded due t o t h e geometry of t h e p i g t a i l , and
thereby was s u b j e c t t o f l e x / t e n s i l e f e l u r e .

S w l a b t r a i n i n g and f l i g h t procedures a r e being r e v i s e d t o r e f l e c t

a harness configuration t h a t prevents t h e t w i s t i n g of t h e wire harness.

For normal Skylab o p e r a t i o n s , t h e t r a i n i n g and f l i g h t procedures des-

i g n a t e t h e l i g h t w e i g h t h e a d s e t , which i s designed f o r t h i s type of use.
For occasions when it i s necessary t o use t h e communications c a r r i e r ,
when not wearing t h e p r e s s u r e s u i t , both t h e c a r r i e r harness and crew gar-
ment have a d d i t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r attechment.

This anomaly i s c l o s e d .

15.4 LUNAR SURFACE EXPERIMEIfl EQUIPMENT ANOMALIES

15.4.1 Lunar Surface Gravimeter Sensor Beam Cannot Be

S t a b i l i z e d I n t h e Null P o s i t i o n

Centering t h e sensor beam c a p a c i t o r p l a t e i n t h e proper s t a b l e posi-

t i o n between t h e f i x d d c a p a c i t o r p l a t e s ( f i g . 15-18) could not be accom-
p l i s h e d following t h e i n i t i a l experiment turn-on. When t h e comand was
given t o add any o r all of t h e masses t o t h e sensor bean assembly, t h e
data i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e bean would not move away from t h e upper c a p a c i t o r
p l a t e . The only way t o b r i n g t h e b e m down w a s by caging it a g a i n s t t h e
lower c a p a c i t o r p l a t e .

For normal o p e r a t i o n , t h e sensor beam must be h o r i z o n t a l , with t h e

c a p a c i t o r end-plate c e n t e r e d between t'le two f i x e d c a p a c i t o r p l a t e s . Ad-
justment of t h e suspension p o i n t of t h e sensor s p r i n g and t h e a d d i t i o n and
removal o f i n d i v i d u a l masses are provided t o assist i n centering t h e beam
i n i t s r e f e r e n c e p o s i t i o n , e q u i d i s t a n t between t h e two c a p a c i t o r p l a t e s .
Small changes i n t h e v e r t i c a l component of l o c a l g r a v i t y tend t o d i s p l a c e
t h e beam upward or downward.

The displacement i s sensed as a czpacitance change between t h e c e n t e r

or beam p l a t e and each of t h e two fixed o u t s i d e p l a t e s . A voltage propor-
t i o n a l t o t h i s displacement i s generated by t h e capacitance change and i n -
t e g r a t e d t o supply a feedback voltage which e l e c t r o s t a t i c a l l y f o r c e s t h e
beam p l a t e back t o t h e c e n t e r of t h e gap.

Review of sensor records revealed t h a t a mathematical e r r o r r e s u l t e d

i n t h e s e n s o r mass weights being about 2 percent l i g h t e r than t h e proper
15-26

Mass weights
Special caging

Figure 15-18.- L u n a r s u r f a c e gravimeter sensor beam centering.

nominal weight f o r 1/6-g operation of t h e f l i g h t u n i t . The sensor mech-

anism allows up t o only k1.5 percent adjustment from t h e nominal by ground
command f o r p o s s i b l e inaccuracies. The e r r o r was made i n t h e conversion
c a l c u l a t i o n s from l-g t o 1/6-g mass f o r t h e f l i g h t u n i t by including an
erroneous value i n t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s from t h e uncorrected c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r
the qualification unit.

Because t h e mass weights do not provide enough downward f o r c e , t h e

beam has been balanced and centered by applying a load on t h e beam through
t h e mass support springs. This i s accomplished by s p e c i a l caging of t h e
mass weight assembly with ground commands t o t h e mass cage motor as shown
i n f i g u r e 15-18. I n t h i s configuration, the mass spring permits balance
 15-27

of t h e beam and f'unction of t h e instrument. However, the spring constant

of t h e mass s p r i n g considerably reduces the s e n s i t i v i t y of the system.

This anomaly i s closed.

15.4.2 Surface E l e c t r i c a l Properties Receiver

Temperature Higher T h v l Predicted

The receiver temperature w a s about 5' F l e s s than normal at t h e end

of t h e f i r s t extravehicular a c t i v i t y as shown i n figure 15-19. However,
during t h e r e s t period between the f i r s t a d second extravehicular activ-
i t i e s , t h e temperature rose t o 80' F instead of dropping t o about 28' F

140

120

100

80
k
E
5 60
c
0

c
40

20

-20
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Lunar stay, hwrs

Figure 15-19.- Surface e l e c t r i c a l properties experiment

r e c e i v e r temperature data.

as predicted. Between t h e second and t h i r d extravehicular a c t i v i t i e s ,

t h e temperature dropped about 8 O F instead of t h e expected drop of about
50' t o 60' F.

The receiver w a s protected by a multilayered aluminized Kapton t h e r -

m d bag ( f i g . 15-20). The thermal bag had two f l a p s which protected t h e
 . ... ... . . _ _ . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . .

15-28

o p t i c a l solar r e f l e c t o r ( m i r r o r ) on top of t h e r e c e i v e r from lunar dust

accumulation. A dust f i l m of about 1 0 percent on t h e mirror surface
could r e s u l t i n t h e i n d i c a t e d degradation of thermal c o n t r o l and a f i l m
of t h i s amount may not be apparent t o t h e crew.

Folding back one, or b o t h , f l a p s during r e s t periods w a s t o r e s u l t

i n cooling of t h e r e c e i v e r by r a d i a t i o n of heet energy t o deep space.
With normal system e f f i c i e n c y , and t h e experiment turned o f f , opening t h e
t a b A cover ( f i g . 15-20) at t h e end of the f i r s t extravehicular a c t i v i t y
should have r e s u l t e d i n t h e predicted temperature drop t o about minus
14' F by t h e s t a r t of t h e second e x t r a v e h i c u l u a c t i v i t y . Opening both
t h e A and B f l a p s was provided f o r contingencies r e q u i r i n g more rapid
cooling. This procedure w a s used throughout t h e remainder of t h e mis-
sion when t h e l u n a r roving vehicle w a s not i n notion.

Cover design depended upon Velcro s t r q s a d pads t o hold t h e Kapton

f l a p s t i g h t l y closed t o keep out dust and s m l i g h t ( f i g . 15-20). The

- .

.
.-.
.
:
& Kapton covers-
. .
..... .... / \ Velcro hook tab

T
Velcro hook tab

mirror

switch

. .
..
....- -. -
. ...
.. ..
_.
. .
Kapton bag
LVelcro pile patches
(came off bag)

Figure 15-20.- Surface e l e c t r i c a l properties experiment receiver.

 .. .
. . ..
- . .. ...,:.. / --.-;
. . 8 .

:. .. = . . .,
... . . 15-29
. < _

Velcro p i l e pad w a s bonded t o t h e Kapton bag and t h e Velcro hook s t r a p

w a s bonded t o t h e Kapton f l a p s . The bond of the Velcro pads f o r both
f l a p s had already f a i l e d before t h e Lunar Hodule P i l o t configured t h e
r e c e i v e r at t h e end of t h e f i r s t extravehicular a c t i v i t y , thus r e s u l t i n g
i n dust accumulation on t h e mirror surface under both f l a p s . The bond
of t h e Velcro pads t o t h e Kapton f a i l e d , leaving no t r a c e of t h e adhesive
on t h e Kapton, and t h e pads remained attached t o t h e s t r a p s . The poly-
urethane FR-127 A and B bonding m a t e r i d used w a s acceptable and recom-
mended f o r bonding Velcro t o Kapton. The f a i l u r e most l i k e l y r e s u l t e d
from a weak bond caused by improper bonding preparation or procedure.
The mixing and timing of t h e bonding application and mating are c r i t i c a l ,
as well as maintaining t h e surface f r e e of contamination.

This experiment i s not scheduled for a f u t u r e mission; however, s i m -

i l a r bonding configurations w i l l require s t r i n g e n t q u a l i t y c o n t r o l of t h e
bonding process.

This anomaly i s closed.

15.4.3 Lunar E j e c t a And Meteorite Experiment

Temperature High

The temperature if t h e l u n a r e j e c t a znd meteorite experiment w a s

higher than p r e d i c t e d ' d u r i n g t h e f i r s t a d second lunar days ( f i g . 15-21).
The high temperatures occurred with a l l combinations of experiment modes:
on, o f f , and standby, with all dust cov2rs on, with only t h e sensor covers
on, and with all covers o f f . Whenever the experiment w a s i n t h e "operate-
on" mode, t h e science d a t a i n d i c a t e d n o m d operation of t h e experiment.
The m a x i m u m allowable temperature for s w v i v a l of the e l e c t r o n i c compo-
nents has not been exceeded, however, it was necessary t o command t h e ex-
periment from "operate-on" t o "off" a t a sun angle of about 153 degrees
during t h e f i r s t l u n a r day and at a sun m g l e of about 16 degrees during
t h e second lunar day. Following sunrise of t h e second l u n a r day, t h e tem-
p e r a t u r e rose from 0' F at 0' sun angle t o about 1-68' F a t 15' sun angle
( f i g . 15-21). The instrument w a s commcl?ded t o standby and then t o off
because t h e temperature continued t o r i s e . I n t h e off mode, with no power
t o t h e instrument, t h e temperature r i s e r a t e was lower.

The experiment temperature was cooler during t h e morning of t h e t h i r d

l u n a r day as compared t o t h e second. T h i s could be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e pro-
cedural change which turned t h e experiment off f o r 11/2 hours through
. .
. . .. . s u n r i s e and sunset. Data from t h e suprsthermal ion detector and charged
. . p a r t i c l e l u n a r environment experiments, deployed on previous Apollo mis-
s i o n s , i n d i c a t e t h a t a f l u x of -100 t o -750 v o l t s can occur near t h e op-
t i c a l terminator (before o p t i c a l sunrise and a f t e r o p t i c a l s u n s e t ) . Dur-
i n g t h e l u n a r day, t h e surface i s s t a b l e with photo e l e c t r o n l a y e r i n g at
.. .-.
- ....
, . . .
. . ...,'
 .. ... . . . . . ~ . .-. . . . . .... . . .. .. .. ..

15-30

200

180

160

140

y 120
E!
Y

2
Q
5
I-
100

80

60

40

20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Sun angle, degrees

Figure 15-21.- Lunar e j e c t a and meteorites experiment

._ temperature datz.
-. .
-” .._
.. +10 t o +20 v o l t s . It i s postulated t h a t when t h e experiment i s on (sen-
.. .
sor film at -3 v o l t s and suppressor g r i d at -7 v o l t s ) , the charge d i f f e r -
e n t i a l observed at these t i m e s may r e s u l t i n an accretion of lunar dust
on t h e east and west sensors. Based on t h i s , the experiment was turned
o f f each sunset and sunrise a f t e r t h e second lunar day. The presence of
dust on t h e sensor film and g r i d would degrzde the thermal control system
and r e s u l t i n higher experiment temperatures during the lunar day.

The current thermal p r o f i l e permits eqeriment operation f o r 100-per-

cent of t h e nighttime and 30 percent during the lunar day. If t h e thermal
p r o f i l e does not improve, consideration w i l l be given t o thermal t e s t i n g
on t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n u n i t t o a s c e r t a i n whether o r not t h e temperature
limits can be r a i s e d t o permit additional dzytime operation. Preliminary
 15-31

r e s u l t s from an examination of t h e science data i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e i n s t r u -

ment i s operating properly.

Since t h e experiment i s not scheduled f o r f'uture missions, no cor-

r e c t i v e actions w i l l be taken.

This anomaly i s closed.

15.4.4 Cask Dome Removd Was D i f f i c u l t

The Lunar Module P i l o t w a s not zble t o remove t h e cask dome with t h e

removal t o o l .

The socket on t h e removal t o o l c m engage t h e nut on t h e done before

t h e pins on t h e t o o l lock i n t o t h e recess i n the dome ( f i g . 15-22). The
Lunar Module P i l o t d i d not v e r i f y t h a t the pins were locked. I n t h i s
c o n f i g u r a t i o n , r o t a t i n g t h e t o o l clockwi,se w i l l r o t a t e t h e nut on t h e
dome. A 90-degree r o t a t i o n of t h e nut r e l e a s e s t h e dome r e t a i n i n g s t r a p s ,
as noted by t h e crew. This r e l e a s e allows t h e dome t o r o t a t e when t h e
t o o l i s r o t a t e d another 60 degrees, thus disengaging t h e threaded dome/
cask i n t e r f a c e . However, with t h e pins not locked i n t o t h e dome r e c e s s ,
t h e dome could be cocked, but not withdram. The dome w a s e a s i l y wedged
o f f t h e cask with t h e ] hammer. The sequence can be duplicated with e i t h e r
broken pins or by incomplete i n s e r t i o n and locking of t h e t o o l p i n s .

No f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n w i l l be performed since t h e cask w i l l not

be flown on f'uture missions.

This anomaly i s closed.

15.4.5 Background Noise i n the Lunar Atmospheric

Composition Experiment Data

A zero o f f s e t was noted i n p a r t of the lunar atmospheric composition

experiment d a t a on t h e mid-mass and low-.ass channels ( f i g . 15-23), and
occasionally on t h e high mass channel. This o f f s e t was t h e r e s u l t of
background noise i n t h e d e t e c t o r system. The condition i s s t a b l e and
has caused no l o s s of data. However, it w i l l require a d d i t i o n a l proces-
s i n g during d a t a reduction.

Analysis of t h e d a t a and t h e sensor c i r c u i t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e o f f -

set i s ' t h e r e s u l t of e l e c t r o n i c noise coupling between t h e unshielded high
voltage wires ( f i g . 15-24) and t h e unshielded c o l l e c t o r s i n t h e sensor
package. *Commands t o e i t h e r of t h e sensor ion sources o r t h e sensor elec-
t r o n i c m u l t i p l i e r s does not a f f e c t a change i n t h e o f f s e t ; however , t h e
presence o f t h e o f f s e t i s a f f e c t e d by t h e voltage l e v e l t o t h e sensors
( f i g . 15-23).
 15-32

.. ., ..

...
._.
.
.
.. -

. .
, .
..
.
.
..'......_
.
-I

..
,~.:..-.
. *

._.. _- .
.. -?:.-.
1

- 5

. -. Figure 15-22.- Fuel cask dome release mechanism.

I..
..
:.-. ._.,
..
- ._ :
. .. Since t h e d a t a are usable and t h e o f f s e t i s a s t a b l e condition, no
corrective action i s necessary.

This anomaly i s closed.

. . ,.
I.
i . ,,

"
..,. . .
. .,
..._ ..
I -
. ./i
.. .......
..
-.. . -
.-.. _._
.,..
.
15-33

High-mass channel
110 to 27 atomic mass units

.- ..
. -.
- -.. ~.
,_ . .
. .
..I

. - ,

...; . .. . . .
.
:
i . . _ .
..
..-: ....-_ ...~.
, .. . I
'I

.:'.. ..
.>-. Mid-mass channel
I 48 to 12 atomic mass units

Low-mass channel
4 to 1 atomic mass units

Ion source sweep voltage

Steps 1to 1350

Figure 15-23.- Zero offset i n lunar atmospheric

composition e x p e r b e n t data.
 15-34

Figure 15-24 .- Lunar atmospheric composition experiment detection system.

15.5 ORBITAL EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT ANOMALIES

15.5.1 Panoramic Camera Velocity/Altitude Sensor

Operated E r r a t i c a l l y

. Telemetry data from t h e second panoramic camera pass on revolution 13

indicated t h a t t h e v e l o c i t y / a l t i t u d e sensor output w a s e r r a t i c . The ve-
l o c i t y / a l t i t u d e sensor measured t h e rate of t r a v e l of t h e spacecraft r e l -
a t i v e t o t h e lunar surface. The output signal from the sensor ( f i g . 15-25)
controls t h e cycling r a t e of t h e camera and the forward motion compensa-
t i o n , as w e l l as t h e exposure since the width of t h e exposure s l i t i s de-
pendent upon t h e scanning r a t e of t h e lens. The sensor operates i n the
:. - range from 45 t o 80 miles a l t i t u d e . An override switch i n t h e spacecraft
.. -
., .
provides t h e c a p a b i l i t y f o r locking out the sensor and s u b s t i t u t i n g pre-
s e t voltages which correspond t o rates f o r the 55- and &-mile a l t i t u d e s .
. . I n accordance with t h e f l i g h t plan, t h e v e l o c i t y / a l t i t u d e sensor w a s
not used during t h e first panoramic camera operating period; instead, t h e c .
.-
YZ. :
 . ,.-.

15-35

+12v

i
I
I
Command Module

High altitude 5
I
I
I
L I
. .
..
. .
-- .
; *--.:;
~

'
I
+28Vl-MOff '
I
I
. .--.
T
.
-,,-it:
-. .
I Low altitude Q I
I I
I I I
L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -I_ '
I
I +12v

Forwtld motion
conpnsation
scaling

-
.
..I..;. .
I
:
Lens drive control
:. - .
-
1
Film metering control

P Lens, metering,
frame, exposure
Framing control 4 4) scaling

Exposure control 1

Figure 15-25 .- Velocity/altitude output circuitry.

 override switch w a s used t o s u b s t i t u t e a preselected v e l o c i t y / a l t i t u d e
value and thereby achieve t h e d e s i r e d forward motion compensation. The
sensor w a s used i n t h e normal mode during t h e second camera operating
p e r i o d , but due t o an i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e normal mode was operating e r -
r a t i c a l l y , t h e override c a p a b i l i t y w a s used f o r t h e remainder of t h e
mission.

Data a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e e r r a t i c operation may have r e s u l t e d

from a downward s h i f t i n t h e s c a l i n g of t h e sensor output s i g n a l . If s o ,
t h e s h i f t was most l i k e l y caused by a component f a i l u r e within t h e sensor
c i r c u i t r y . Because t h i s w a s t h e l a s t mission f o r t h e panoramic camera,
no f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s necessary.

This anomaly i s closed.

15.5.2 Mapping Camera Exposure Pulse Absent A t Low Light Levels

One of t h e mapping camera telemetry chzmels incorporates a pulse

whose presence each time t h e film i s exposed confirms t h a t l i g h t has been
t r a n s m i t t e d through t h e metric l e n s and s h u t t e r t o t h e film. This expo-
s u r e pulse f a i l e d t o appear a t t h e lower l i g h t l e v e l s .
I

t
The pulse i s generated by a l i g h t sensor and associated a m p l i f i e r I .
,
.
'.
and a one-shot multivibrat'or ( f i g . 15-26). The l i g h t sensor c o n s i s t s of
f o u r photo diodes, with one near each edge of t h e 4-1/2 by 4-1/2 inch
p i c t u r e format ( f i g . 15-27). A l l f o u r diodes a r e connected i n s e r i e s .
. .,
-. .

Metric
exposure Telemetry
One shot
Gate I t
multivibrator '

. -
-. .,
. ...
.
.... . .
Figure 15-26 .- Light sensor c i r c u i t r y .
.. - -.
t

During Apollo 1 5 and 16, t h i s pulse WES absent only at t h e very l o w

l i g h t l e v e l s , thereby i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e Ayollo 17 discrepancy may have
been due t o a t h r e s h o l d s h i f t i n t h e l i g h t sensor c i r c u i t r y . A 50-foot
 15-37

Location of cells

13
outside of metric
film format

L Silicon photocells
Rotated 90" for clarity

Light +
Shutter (contra-

Figure 15-27.- Light e n e r g path t o photocells.

s t r i p of metric photography from revolution 62 was processed i n order t o

e s t a b l i s h whether t h i s w a s the case o r some o t h e r problem was a c t u a l l y
reducing t h e l i g h t being transmitted t o the film.

The t e s t s t r i p i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e f i l m had been properly exposed,

thus i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e l i g h t sensor c i r c u i t r y had indeed experienced
a t h r e s h o l d s h i f t . This s h i f t could hzve been t h e r e s u l t of a photo di-
ode f a i l u r e or a change i n t h e performmce of t h e amplifier, t h e one-shot
m u l t i v i b r a t o r , or t h e c i r c u i t r y between these two elements.

Since t h i s w a s t h e l a s t mission f o r t h i s camera, no f'urther analysis

i s necessary.

This anomaly i s closed.

 1 .
.: ...-. _... .".. . < ."., . I . .. . ,

15-38

15.5.3 Panoramic Camera Gimbal Drive Failure

The panoramic camera l o s t i t s s t e r e o capability 8 minutes p r i o r t o

completion of i t s f i n a l photographic pass i n lunar o r b i t .

Stereo photography i s achieved by gimbaling t h e l e n s assembly fore

and a f t between exposures so t h a t one picture of a s t e r e o p a i r i s taken
with t h e ' l e n s viewing ahead of t h e nadir and the other p i c t u r e i s taken
with t h e l e n s pointing behind t h e nadir. Two independent telemetry points
indicated t h a t t h e l e n s assembly had ceased t o gimbal ( f i g . 15-28). These
were t h e forward motion compensation tachoneter voltage and the automatic
exposure command voltage. Monographic photography continued, but it was
degraded somewhat by the associated l o s s of forward motion compensation
t h a t i s achieved by slowly gimbaling the l e n s during film exposure.

. i l
amplifier motor
I I
r

Tachometer

Velocity feedback
--
To Telemetry

Figure 15-28.- Panoramic camera gimbal drive system.

This i n a b i l i t y t o gimbal the l e n s system was apparently the r e s u l t

of a failure i n e i t h e r t h e gimbal drive motor o r t h e e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t r y
t h a t provides power t o the motor. Most l i k e l y , t h e motor f a i l e d since
t h e motor brushes a r e l i m i t e d - l i f e items.

Since t h i s w a s t h e l a s t mission f o r t h i s camera, no f u r t h e r analysis

will be performed.

This anomaly i s closed.

. "
 15-39

15.5.4 Ultraviolet Spectrometer Temperature Measurement Failures

Both u l t r a v i o l e t spectrometer i n t e r n a l temperature measurements

( e l e c t r o n i c s and motor) f a i l e d simultaneously near the end of t h e mission
at approximately 282:20. A t the same time, the input current t o t h e spec-
trometer increased about 1 0 milliamps (qproximately 4 percent ). Since
these temperatures were f o r housekeeping purposes and t h e i r c i r c u i t r y i s
independent of t h e s c i e n t i f i c data c i r c u i t r y , t h e i r failure did not af-
f e c t t h e performance of t h e u l t r a v i o l e t spectrometer science mission. An
e x t e r n a l temperature measurement attached t o t h e instrument case continued
t o provide thermal s t a t u s a f t e r the l o s s of the i n t e r n a l measurements.

A block diagram of t h e temperature sensing c i r c u i t s i s shown i n f i g -

ure 15-29. Each thermistor temperature sensor i s connected t o i t s own
I
bridge network which i n t u r n drives a d-c operational amplifier whose 0-
t o 5-volt output i s then telemetered. Both temperature c i r c u i t s are iden-
. . ..
t i c a l and independent except t h a t : (1)they share common r e t u r n s , ( 2 ) they
share common 215 v o l t power supplies, and ( 3 ) each bridge network i s bi-
ased with a common plus 1-volt precision s t a b l e reference. The plus 1-volt
reference i s derived via a temperature-stabilized Zener diode and an in-
v e r t i n g d-c amplifier powered from the minus 15-volt supply.

A t t h e time of f a i l u r e , t h e temperature indications changed dramat-

i c a l l y i n a 1-second i n t e r v a l . Such a change was not consistent with the
thermal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e u l t r a v i o l e t spectrometer. Since the p r i -
..

. .. *
mary indications were the f a i l e d temperature channels coupled with t h e
s l i g h t increase i n input c u r r e n t , the f a i l u r e most l i k e l y occurred i n
one of t h e c i r c u i t s common t o t h e temperature signal conditioners.

Further analyses and t e s t i n g with the prototype u l t r a v i o l e t spectrom-

e t e r i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e anomaly was the r e s u l t of a f a i l u r e of a component
o r a s h o r t i n t h e c i r c u i t wiring i n t h e 1-volt reference voltage o r the
minus 15-volt supply voltage.

. - Since t h i s w a s the only mission f o r t h i s instrument, no f u r t h e r

analysis w i l l be accomplished.

T h i s anomaly i s closed.

15.5.5 Mapping Camera Deploy/Retract Times Were Excessive

The first and t h i r d extensions of the mapping camera were nominal,

but a l l other deploy and r e t r a c t times were longer than expected. The
behavior was q u i t e s i m i l a r t o t h a t during t h e Apollo 15 and 16 missions.

The cause of t h e Apollo 15 and 16 anomalies has not been i d e n t i f i e d ,

but as a result of extensive investigations, several precautionary f i x e s
 .., . . .. . .....__,. . . _ I _ . . . ..
... ~

15-40

I 1 1
Electronic
housing Bridge Telemetry
thermistor network

1 D C amplifier

+1v
reference

-. ,
.... .
_./..
1
. i.i
._.i
..?
....
.......
..-..

r DC amplifier

Motor
thermistor

Figure 15-29.- Block diagram of u l t r z v i o l e t spectrometer

. . .- temperature sensing c i r c u i t s .

had been implemented, such as removal of the no-back device, improved con-
tamination covers, and a change i n t h e lubricant on t h e drive screw -
a l l apparently t o no a v a i l .

Dynamic t e s t i n g i n support of t h e Apollo 15 and 16 investigations

included thermal-vacuum and simulated zero-g t e s t s . These t e s t s provided
no clues t o explain t h e sluggish behavior of t h e deployment mechanism.
E i t h e r t h e s e t e s t s were not capable of s u f f i c i e n t l y simulating the scien-
t i f i c instrument module bay environment o r m o t h e r , as y e t unknown, fac- *+
..'v.*
t o r was involved.
1
%.TI

. . %
-
*: .
>.
 15-41

Other anomalies have occurred with s c i e n t i f i c instrument module bay

equipments, t h u s s u g g e s t i n g a common f a c t o r . The mapping camera r e a c t i o n
c o n t r o l system plume s h i e l d d i d not p r o p e r l y c l o s e on Apollo 1 5 and 17,
and t h e mapping camera s t e l l a r g l a r e shade f a i l e d t o r e t r a c t on Apollo 16.
The l u n a r sounder h i g h frequency antenna e x h i b i t e d s l u g g i s h deployment on
Apollo 17. I n a l l c a s e s , some degree of s l i d i n g between metal s u r f a c e s
w a s - r e q u i r e d . It i s , t h e r e f o r e , conceivable t h a t t h e f r i c t i o n between
t h o s e s u r f a c e s may have been s i g n i f i c m t l y i n c r e a s e d by t h e e f f e c t s of a
h a r d vacuum t h a t i s unobtainable i n ground t e s t i n g .

Since t h i s w a s t h e l a s t mission f o r t h i s device, no f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s

w i l l be performed on t h i s s p e c i f i c device. However, t h e g e n e r a l problem
a r e a i s b e i n g s t u d i e d f o r Skylab and f u t u r e missions and a treatment of
t h e s u b j e c t w i l l be covered i n a sepz-rate r e p o r t .

This anomaly i s c l o s e d .

.
.-

..
. ..
..
-.
. ...
L

. -.:
..
.’

_...
. -
.. . .
 , . . . . , .. . . . . . . . . I .......;..:..

16-1

16.0 CONCLUSIONS

A l l f a c e t s of t h e Apollo 17 mission were conducted with s k i l l , pre-

c i s i o n , and r e l a t i v e ease because of e q e r i e n c e d personnel and excellent
.... - performance of equipment. The following conclusions a r e drawn from t h e
. .._
.. .
. .. -1
information contained i n t h i s report.
. ...
-
.._
.. .
.. -p
I .
1. The Apollo 1 7 mission was the most productive m d trouble-free
manned mission. This represents t h e cdmination of continual advance-
ments i n hardware, procedures , t r a i n i n g , planning , operations , and scien-
t i f i c experiments.

2. The Apollo 17 f l i g h t demonstrrted t h e p r a c t i c a l i t y of t r a i n i n g

s c i e n t i s t s t o become q u a l i f i e d astronmxLs and yet r e t a i n t h e i r e x p e r t i s e
and knowledge i n t h e s c i e n t i f i c f i e l d .

3. S t a r s and t h e horizon are not v i s i b l e during night launches ,

:
. ..

t h e r e f o r e out-of-the-window alignment techniques cannot be used f o r at-

t i t u d e reference.

4. The dynamic ,environment within the cabin during the e a r l y phases

of launch i s such t h q t system troubleshooting or corrective actions by
t h e crew are not p r a c t i c a l . Therefore, e i t h e r t h e ground control o r auto-
mation should be r e l i e d upon f o r syster? troubleshooting and, i n some c a s e s ,
corrective actions.

5. As a result of problems on t h i s and other missions, f’urther re-

search i s needed t o increase t h e dependability of mechanisms used t o re-
peatedly extend and r e t r a c t equipment i n the space environment.

One Apollo program record and fear World c l a s s records were exceeded
on t h e Apollo 17 mission. The collected samples o f 110.40 kilograms
(243 pounds) e s t a b l i s h e d a new Apollo orogram record f o r t o t a l weight of
returned lunar samples. Pending approval of t h e formal application, t h e
following items w i l l c o n s t i t u t e new World records:

1. The t o t a l t i m e of 21 hours 49 minutes and 24 seconds f o r one

crewmm o u t s i d e t h e spacecraft on a s i n g l e mission.
.-..
. ..
2. The t o t a l time of 147 hours 41 minutes and 1 3 seconds i n lunar
-_
..
. .
.. - .’ .-_.
. . orbit

~
.
- T
. 3. The maximum radial distance oI” 7370 meters traveled away from a
.. . .. spacecraft on t h e l u n a r surface.
. .
.~ .

4. The elapsed t i m e of 301 hours 51 minutes and 59 seconds f o r t h e

t o t a l duration o f a l u n a r mission.
 11-1

APPENDIX A - VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION

1
T h i s appendix c o n t a i n s t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n changes t o t h e s p a c e c r a f t
and t h e e x t r a v e h i c u l a r systems s i n c e t h e Apollo 16 mission. I n a d d i t i o n ,
t h e s c i e n t i f i c experiment equipment and equipment flown f o r t h e f i r s t
t i m e i n t h e Apollo program i s d e s c r i b e d .

The Apollo 17 command and s e r v i c e nodule (CSM-114) w a s o f t h e b l o c k

I1 c o n f i g u r a t i o n , b u t w a s modified t o e s s e n t i a l l y t h e Apollo 1 5 config-
u r a t i o n t o c a r r y o u t a g r e a t e r range of l u n a r o r b i t a l s c i e n c e a c t i v i t i e s
t h a n had been programmed on missions p r l o r t o Apollo 15. The laurlch es-
cape system and s p a c e c r a f t / l a u n c h v e h i c l e a d a p t e r were unchanged. The
l u n a r module (LM-12) w a s modified, as were t h e Apollo 15 and 16 l u n a r
modules, t o i n c r e a s e t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e s t a y t i m e and r e t u r n a l a r g e r s c i -
e n t i f i c payload. The S a t u r n V launch v i h i c l e used f o r t h i s mission w a s
AS-512, and t h e s i g n i f i c a n t c o n f i g u r a t i o n changes f o r t h a t v e h i c l e are
given i n r e f e r e n c e 2.

Many minor changes were made because of problems which occurred dur-
i n g t h e Apollo 16 mission. Not a l l of t h e d e t a i l s of t h e s e changes a r e
d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n o f t h e r e p o r t as t h e anomaly summary of t h e
Apollo 16 m i s s i o n r e p o r t ( r e f e r e n c e 7) c o n t a i n s d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n s o f
t h e s e m o d i f i c a t i o n s . j T h i s r e f e r e n c e should be used i f t h e d e t a i l e d i n -
formation i s r e q u i r e d .

A.l COMMAND AND SERVICE MODULE3

..

Four p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r s were added t o t h e i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n system

t o p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l d a t a d u r i n g prelaunch checkout and lunar o r b i t i n -
s e r t i o n o p e r a t i o n s . Two of t h e s e t r a n s d u c e r s were added i n t h e l i n e s
between t h e helium check v a l v e s and proDellant tanks of t h e comuand mod-
ule r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l system. These t r m s d u c e r provided d a t a f o r d e t e r -
mining d i f f e r e n t i a l p r e s s u r e a c r o s s t h e t a n k b l a d d e r s d u r i n g prelaunch
checkout.

The remaining two p r e s s u r e t r a n s d u c e r s were added t o t h e s e r v i c e

p r o p u l s i o n system manifold t o p r o v i d e redundant p r e s s u r e r e a a n g s d u r i n g
t h e lunar o r b i t i n s e r t i o n f i r i n g .

An automatic r e l i e f valve w a s added i n series with t h e e x i s t i n g man-

ual v e n t valve t o t h e e n t r y battery manifold overboard dump l i n e as a re-
sult o f t h e h i g h b a t t e r y manifold p r e s s u r e s experienced on t h e Apollo 16
mission. The manual v e n t valve was l e f t open during t h e mission.
 . . , .. . , .. .. - . . . .

A-2

A n o r t h o s t a t i c countermeasure garment was provided for use by t h e

Command Module P i l o t during e n t r y and recovery operations. The garment's
intended use was t o evaluate i t s effectiveness i n preventing o r lessening
t h e e f f e c t s of p o s t f l i g h t o r t h o s t a t i c problem t h a t may r e s u l t from ex-
tended space f l i g h t .

Additionally, t h e length of t h e pressure garment assembly stowage

bag i n t h e command module w a s increased 9 inches t o ease suit handling
when placing them i n t h e bag. Also, t h e e x t r a length w i l l reduce t h e
p o s s i b i l i t y of suit damage when placing t h e suits i n t h e bag.

A.2 LUNAR MODULE

The lower edge of t h e thermal shields on the aft equipment rack w a s

redesigned t o prevent exhaust gases from entering the cavity behind t h e
s h i e l d s , and a d d i t i o n a l vents were added t o the thermal blankets t o i n -
crease venting during e a r t h launch. This modification resulted from t h e
loose thermal s h i e l d s noted i n t h e Apollo 1 6 mission.

A.3 LUNAR SURFACE MOBILITY SYSTEMS

I

A.3.l Extravehicular Mobility Unit

The extravehicular mobility u n i t was modified t o improve i t s opera-

t i o n a l c a p a b i l i t y . S i g n i f i c a n t changes were as follows :

a. The zipper r e s t r a i n t patches on the pressure garment assemblies

were strengthened t o preclude t e a r i n g , as noted during p o s t f l i g h t inspec-
t i o n of t h e Apollo 1 6 s u i t s .

b. A piece of Velcro w a s added t o t h e feedport on t h e inside of t h e

.. Commander's helmet t o a c t as a nose scratcher.

c. The lanyard on t h e purge valve w a s shortened and s t i f f e n e d t o

preclude inadvertent removal as occurred on t h e Apollo 16 mission. As
an added precaution, t h e i n t e r n a l spring, which forces t h e valve open
upon actuation , w a s removed.

d. A removable cap was added t o t h e i n - s u i t drink-bag port and t h e

tilt valve stem w a s reclocked t o prevent s p i l l a g e of l i q u i d as noted on
t h e Apollo 16 mission.

._ e. D u s t covers were added t o t h e wrist rings on t h e pressure gar-

. ..
ment assemblies.
 A- 3

A hook was added t o t h e p r e s s u r e garment assembly z i p p e r as a

f;
donning a i d .

g . One s p a r e o q g e n purge system antenna w a s packed i n t h e buddy

secondary l i f e support system bag on t h e l u n a r roving v e h i c l e . This ad-
d i t i o n a l antenna will e n a b l e t h e antenna t o be changed, i f breakage such
as experienced on Apollo 16 s h o u l d occur.
- . h . Spring-loaded c l i p s were added t o t h e t o p o f t h e svnple c o n t a i n e r
L
bag h o l d e r and a spring-loaded hook t o t h e bottom. Also, t h e p u l l f o r c e
r e q u i r e d t o a c t u a t e t h e q u i c k - r e l e a s e shackle has been i n c r e a s e d .

i. One of t h e two s e t s o f s p a c e r s , which were s u b j e c t t o g a l l i n g

from d u s t , were removed from t h e l u n a r e x t r a v e h i c u l a r v i s o r assembly.

j . The cover gloves t h a t are worr. over t h e e x t r a v e h i c u l e r gloves

were modified t o p r o v i d e b e t t e r hand mobility.

A.3.2 Lunar Roving Vehicle

The t h i r d l u n a r Foving v e h i c l e was e s s e n t i a l l y unchanged f r o m t h e

l u n a r r o v i n g v e h i c l e .(2) flown on Apollo 16. Fender extension s t o p s were
added t o each f e n d e r %o p r e v e n t l o s s of t h e fender e x t e n s i o n , and a s i g -
n a l cable w a s added t o p r o v i d e n a v i g a t i o n information from t h e lunar rov-
i n g v e h i c l e n a v i g a t i o n system t o t h e s u r f a c e e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t y e x p r i -
ment t a p e r e c o r d e r . I n a d d i t i o n , a decal was added t o t h e a f t c h a s s i s t o
a i d t h e crew i n l o c a t i n g t h e p r o p e r hole i n which t o p l a c e t h e p a l l e t s t o p
tether.
. ...,_.
?.

.'.. -. -
:
i_l>
...

......
..:2.
=.
. .
.: .
....
-
E x t e n s i v e changes were made t o t h e e q e r i m e n t p a l l e t c a r r i e d on t h e
l u n a r r o v i n g v e h i c l e t o accomodate t h e Apollo 17 unique experiments. Also,
.. . .-
: ... an i n d e x r i n g was added t o t h e low-gain antenna alignment d i a l t o f a c i l -
..v.'-.
.. ,

....
..
I
i t a t e azimuth p o i n t i n g .
1

A.4 EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT

A. 4 . 1 Lunar Surf ace Science Equipment

The l u n a r s u r f a c e s c i e n c e complement contained e l e v e n experiments.

:
Seven of t h e s e experiments were flown f o r t h e f i r s t time on Apollo 17.
These were t h e lunar s e i s m i c p r o f i l i n g experiment, t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e gra-
vimeter experiment, t h e l u n a r atmospheric composition experiment, t h e lu-
n a r e j e c t a and m e t e o r i t e s experiment, t h e s u r f a c e e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s
experiment, t h e l u n a r n e u t r o n probe experiment, and t h e traverse gravim-
- ...,J
.
. ...-..-
'
. ..
.- e t e r experiment.
.. . . ....
.. .:,,. :

\
'
 .: . .. .. . . . ~ ... . . .

, .. :-

% . ..
..-..
..
A- 4

The f o u r remaining Apollo 17 l u n a r surface experiments plus t h e l u n a r

surface t o o l s were flown previously.

S i x of t h e experiments were performed by t h e crew while on t h e l u n a r

surface. The o t h e r f i v e experiments contained i n t h e Apollo lunar sur-
face experiments package will remain on the l u n a r surface i n an operative
s t a t e t o c o l l e c t d a t a f o r about two years. These l a t t e r five experiments
were deployed and configured f o r a c t i v a t i o n by ground command.

Lunar geology and s o i l mechanics experiments.- The hardware used t o

perform t h e l u n a r geology and s o i l mechanics experiments w a s stowed i n
a vacuum-tight container t o p r o t e c t t h e contents from t h e e a r t h environ-
ment p r i o r t o launch and on r e t u r n t o e a r t h . A t a b u l a t i o n of t h e hard-
ware used i n performing t h e s e experiments ard a b r i e f description of each
i s contained i n t h e following paragraphs.

Apollo l u n a r sample r e t u r n container: The Apollo lunar sample r e t u r n

container was made of aluminum with e x t e r i o r dimensions of 19.0 inches i n
l e n g t h , 11.5 inches i n width, and 8.0 inches i n height ( f i g . A - 1 ) . The
i n t e r i o r volume w a s approximately 1000 cubic inches. The major components
of t h e container were t h e handle and l a t c h p i n s , s e a l s , s e a l p r o t e c t o r s ,
York-mesh l i n e r , and s t r a p - l a t c h system. T’ne two l a t c h pins operated from
a c e n t r a l l e v e r which also served as a carrying handle f o r t h e container. *.
l
The pins and linkage syst{m supported t h e container i n t h e l u n a r module
and command module stowage compartments under all v i b r a t i o n and g-force
conditions. A t r i p l e - s e a l arrangement maintained a vacuum during trans-
l u n a r and t r a n s e a r t h f l i g h t . S e a l p r o t e c t o r s were a l s o provided t o pre-
vent l u n a r dust from g e t t i n g on t h e s e a l s . The strap-latch system con-
s i s t e d of f o u r s t r a p s and two cam l a t c h e s . When closing the container,
t h e crewman engaged t h e cam l a t c h e s , thus t i g h t e n i n g t h e s t r a p s over t h e
lid.

Sample c o l l e c t i o n bags: The sample c o l l e c t i o n bags ( f i g . A-1) were

constructed of vulcanized Teflon sheets having a consistency of heavy o i l
c l o t h . Each bag had a full-opening f l i p - t p e cover f o r i n s e r t i o n of bulk
samples and a diagonal s l i t i n t h e cover f o r i n s e r t i o n of s m a l l s i n g u l a r
samples. Three i n t e r i o r pockets were incorporated f o r holding t h e d r i v e
tubes. E x t e r i o r pockets were provided t o hold t h e s p e c i a l environmental
sample container and a d r i v e tube cap dispenser. Two s t r a p s on t h e f r o n t
of t h e bag f a c i l i t a t e d handling t h e bag. Three r e s t r a i n t points were pro-
vided on t h e back of t h e bag f o r attachment on t h e s i d e of t h e portable
l i f e support system and t h e Apollo l u n a r hvld t o o l c a r r i e r o r lunar roving
vehicle p a l l e t .

S p e c i a l environmental sample container: The s p e c i a l environmental

sample container ( f i g . A-1) was a thin-walled s t a i n l e s s - s t e e l can with a
k n i f e edge machined i n t o t h e t o p r i m . A griy assist w a s attached t o t h e
bottom of t h e container body t o a i d i n generating s u f f i c i e n t torque f o r
 ._ .
Special environmental
sample container
Documented sample
bag dispensers
Apollo lunar sample return container

Saiiiplc collcctioii I)aq Corc saiiiplc

Drive tubes and tube cap
vacuum container

Figure A-1. - L u n a r geology and s o i l mechanics hardware.

 ....
..-i

. .

A-6

s e a l i n g . A three-legged p r e s s assembly was a t t a c h e d t o t h e l i d and used

t o e x e r t a f o r c e between t h e l i d and t h e body. A machined groove i n t h e
l i d w a s f i l l e d w i t h an Indium-Silver a l l o y gasket i n t o which t h e k n i f e
edge c u t t o e f f e c t a s e a l f o r e a r t h r e t u r n . During stowage, both t h e l i d
and t h e k n i f e edge were p r o t e c t e d by Teflon s e a l p r o t e c t o r s . Each o f t h e s e
p r o t e c t o r s had a t a b s t i c k i n g out t o f a c i l i t a t e removal upon completion of
t h e sample c o l l e c t i o n .
...-..
.._
Core sample vacuum c o n t a i n e r : The core s a p l e vacuum container
- .....
.
I
( f i g . A-1) c o n s i s t e d o f t h e t o p p o r t i o n of t h e s p e c i a l environmental sample
. .- c c n t a i n e r t h a t w a s t a p e r e d t o accomodate a &rive tube without t h e adapter
plug. The c o n t a i n e r had an i n s e r t t h a t h e l d t h e k n w l e d s e c t i o n of d r i v e
tube and provided l a t e r a l and l o n g i t u d i n a l r e s t r a i n t .

-. . .
. ......
.~
.. .
Documented sample bag d i m e n s e r : The docmented s m p l e bag dis-oenser
.i .
:. ... . ( f i g . A-1) c o n s i s t e d o f 20 Teflon bags and a mounting bracket. Each bag
WES 7.5 inches wide and 8.0 i n c h e s high and 7 8 s designed t o c o n t a i n a
= . _
. .. .
. . 4.5-inch diameter rock sample. The bags were pre-iiumbered t o i d e n t i f y
-. .
t h e sample and had two Teflon tabs. One t a b was a t t a c h e d t o t'ne dispen-
.... . . s e r and w a s t o r n when t h e f l a t bag w a s p u l l e d open. The o t h e r w a s used
-.:..:
. --
. -'
by t h e crewmen t o p u l l open t h e bag. After sample c o l l e c t i o n , t h e r i m
.
...
of t h e bag w a s r o l l e d down and Z-crimped t o r e t a i n t h e samples.
I

Drive t u b e s : The d r i p t u b e s ( f i g . A - l ) c o n s i s t e d of t h r e e major

components ; t h e d r i v e t u b e , d r i v e tube t o o l , and cap dispenser. The d r i v e
tube was a hollow aluminum tube 16 inches long and 1.75 inches i n diam-
e t e r with an i n t e g r a l coring b i t . The tube could be attached t o t h e t o o l
extension t o f a c i l i t a t e sampling. A deeper core sample w a s o b t a i n a b l e
by j o i n i n g t h e tubes i n s e r i e s . The d r i v e tu5e t o o l w a s used t o p o s i t i o n
t h e d r i v e t u b e keeper a g a i n s t t h e c o r e samgle t o preserve sample integ-
r i t y . A cap d i s p e n s e r , which mounts on t h e Apollo l u n a r hand t o o l car-
r i e r , c o n t a i n s t h r e e Teflon caps t o s e a l t h e tube a f t e r sample c o l l e c t i o n .

Organic sampler: The o r g a n i c sampler ( f i g . A-2) c o n s i s t e d of s i x

rolls of York mesh packing m a t e r i a l i n a Teflon bag which-served as a
g u a n t i t a t i v e c o l l e c t o r of hydrocarbons and o t h e r organic compounds during
t h e mission. There were two i d e n t i c a l samplers used. One w a s analyzed
and s e a l e d as a q u a n t i t a t i v e measure of contamination before f l i g h t . The
second sampler w a s placed i n t h e sample r e t u r n c o n t a i n e r and handled l i k e
o t h e r sample bags, i n t h a t it w a s taken o u t on t h e lunar s u r f a c e , s e a l e d ,
and r e t u r n e d t o t h e c o n t a i n e r . The sampler bag w a s s e a l e d when t h e con-
t a i n e r w a s f i r s t opened on t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e t o prevent lunar d u s t from
g e t t i n g on t h e s i x r o l l s .

Round documented sample bag: Each round documented sample bag (cup)
( f i g . A-3) was 3.25 inches i n diameter and 5.25 inches deep with 1 2 bags
. . t o a group and 4 groups or 48 bags t o t a l . The i n d i v i d u a l bags were packed
i n a t e l e s c o p e m a n n e r with a Teflon spacer between each group. Each bag
 A-7

Figure A-2.- Organic sampler.

had an aluminum supported rim t o f a c i l i t a t e s e a l i n g a f t e r the sample had

been c o l l e c t e d from the l u n a r surface.

Lunar geolopy and soil mechanics t o o l s : The geological t o o l s used t o

sample o r probe t h e l u n a r surface a r e l i s t e d . A notation of t h e s p e c i f i c
design c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of each i s contained i n t h e following paragraphs.

Hammer: The hammer ( f i g . A-3) head was made of t o o l s t e e l suitable

f o r impact use and coated with vacuum-deposited aluminum t o minimize s o l a r
heating. The handle w a s made of aluminn. The end of the hammer head
opposite t h e s t r i k i n g surface was shaped f o r use as a pick or c h i s e l , and
when attached t o t h e t o o l extension, as a hoe f o r trenching o r digging.

Lunar rake: The rake ( f i g . A-3) was adjustable for stowage and sample
c o l l e c t i o n . The s t a i n l e s s - s t e e l t i n e s were formed i n the shape of a scoop.
An aluminum handle, approximately 1 0 inches long, was attached t o the t o o l
extension f o r sample collectfon.
 Lunar surface rake d
Spring scale
- 32-inch tongs

Adjustable
Hand tool extension handle

FFP
u
sampling scoop

Lunar roving vehicle

Gnomon/color II soil sampler
U
-
patch assembly Lunar surface drill Core tubes
and associated equipment

Figure A-3.- L u n a r geology and s o i l mechanics tools.

I
 A- 9

Sample s c a l e : The sample s c a l e ( f i g . f l - 3 ) had graduated markings i n

increments of 5 pounds. Maximum weight capacity of the'sample s c a l e w a s
80 pounds. The sample s c a l e w a s stowed i n t h e l u n a r module ascent s t a g e
where it w a s used t o weigh lunar samples.

Adjustable sample scoop: The a d j u s t a b l e sample scoop ( f i g . A-3) w a s

about.11-3/4 i n c h e s l o n g . The pan of t h e scoop had a f l a t bottom, f l a n g e d
on both s i d e s w i t h a p a r t i a l cover on t h e t o p . It was used t o r e t r i e v e
l u n a r samples t o o s m a l l f o r t h e t o n g s . The pan w a s a d j u s t a b l e from 0'
( h o r i z o n t a l ) t o 55' for scooping and t o 90' f o r t r e n c h i n g . The handle
had a t o o l e x t e n s i o n a d a p t e r . The pan a d a d j u s t i n g mechanism were made
of s t a i n l e s s s t e e l and t h e handle w a s made of aluminum.

Tongs: There were two p a i r of tongs ( f i g . A-3) and each c o n s i s t e d o f

a s e t o f opposing spring-loaded f i n g e r s z t t a c h e d t o a 28-inch handle. The
t i n e s were made of s t a i n l e s s s t e e l and t h e handle of aluminum. The tongs
o p e r a t e d by squeezing t h e handles t o a c t u a t e t h e c a b l e t h a t opened t h e
fingers.

Tool e x t e n s i o n s : The t o o l e x t e n s i o n ( f i g . A-3) provided 30 i n c h e s of

_ . l e n g t h t o t h e h a n d l e s of v a r i o u s t o o l s . The lower end of t h e t o o l exten-
._.
I

-,.
L.: ---
_

- 3 -
,
s i o n had a quick-disconnect mount and l o c i f o r a t t a c h i n g t h e scoop, hamner,
d r i v e t u b e s , and r a k e . The upper end w%s f i t t e d w i t h a s l i d i n g "T" bar t o
assist w i t h t o r q u i n g o p e r a t i o n s . There xere two t o o l extensions.

Gnomon: The gnomon ( f i g . A-3) was a s t a d i a rod mounted on a t r i p o d .

It w a s c o n s t r u c t e d such t h a t t h e rod rig'nted i t s e l f and p o i n t e d t o t h e ver-
t i c a l when t h e l e g s were p l a c e d on t h e lrunar s u r f a c e . The gnomon i n d i c a t e d
t h e g r a v i t a t i o n a l v e c t o r , and provided accurate v e r t i c a l r e f e r e n c e and
c a l i b r a t e d l e n g t h f o r determining t h e s i z e and p o s i t i o n of o b j e c t s i n near-
f i e l d photographs. It w a s p a i n t e d i n shades of gray ranging i n r e f l e c -
t i v i t y from 5 t o 35 p e r c e n t i n 5-percent increments, and a c o l o r s c a l e
of b l u e , orange, and green. The c o l o r s c d e provided a means f o r accur-
a t e l y d e t e r m i n i n g c o l o r s i n c o l o r photograghs. The rod was 18 inches
l o n g , and t h e t r i p o d base f o l d e d f o r congact stowage.

Lunar r o v i n g v e h i c l e s o i l sampler: The lunar roving v e h i c l e s o i l sam-

p l e r ( f i g . A-3) c o n s i s t e d of a r i n g t h a t holds twelve p l a s t i c cups. The
r i n g could be a t t a c h e d t o t h e u n i v e r s a l handling t o o l . The s o i l sampler,
w i t h t h e u n i v e r s a l h a n d l i n g t o o l a t t a c h e d on a handle, allowed t h e crew-
men t o t a k e samples from t h e l u n a r s u r f a c e without g e t t i n g o f f t h e l u n a r
roving v e h i c l e . A s each sample was t a k e n , t h e cup c o n t a i n i n g t h e sample
w a s removed from t h e s t a c k of twelve i n d i v i d u a l l y s e a l a b l e cups.

S u r f a c e e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s (S-204).- The equipment used t o conduct

t h e s u r f a c e e l e c t r i c a l p r o p e r t i e s experiaent c o n s i s t e d of two u n i t s - a
f i x e d - l o c a t i o n t r a n s m i t t e r , and a t r a n s p o r t a b l e r e c e i v e r and r e c o r d e r capa-
... -. - b l e o f b e i n g mounted on t h e l u n a r roving v e h i c l e . The experiment w a s per-
, ._
. / formed by s e q u e n t i a l l y t r a n s m i t t i n g (from @ f i x e d l o c a t i o n on t h e lunar
 A-10 i

s u r f a c e ) a series of multiple wavelength signals at each of s i x d i f f e r e n t

t r a n s m i t t i n g frequencies , and a l t e r n a t e l y r o t a t i n g t h e energy plane 90'
by means of two standard dipole transmitting antennas t h a t were l y i n g at
r i g h t angles t o each other on t h e lunar surface. The receiver, mounted
on t h e lunar roving vehicle, received two radiated energy p a t t e r n s - one
from t h e ground wave transmitted along the lunar surface, t h e other from
t h e r e f l e c t i o n of t h e transmitted energy from any subsurface layering.
An operational configuration of t h i s experinent i s shown i n figure A-4.
Any moisture present was e a s i l y detected by t h i s experiment because even
minute amounts of water i n rocks or t h e subsoil can change t h e e l e c t r i c a l
conductivity by several orders of magnitude. The receiver (at any given
point i n t h e t r a v e r s e ) received , through three orthogonally arranged
loop antennas , energy at varying phase relationships , amplitudes , and
d e n s i t i e s . Using s i x d i f f e r e n t channels (corresponding t o t h e s i x trans-
mitting frequencies) , the receiver t r a n s l a t e d these varying s i g n a l l e v e l s

. -
. .

Figure A-4 .- Surface e l e c t r i c a l properties

experiment (operational
configuration on lunar surface).
 A-11

i n t o a 300- t o 3000-hertz audio tone t h z t v a r i e s i n accordance with t h e

s i g n a l s t r e n g t h . The r e s u l t a n t audio output w a s recorded along with the
l o c a t i o n of t h e l u n a r roving vehicle on magnetic tape mounted i n t h e re-
ceiver u n i t . The lunar roving v e h i c l e ' s navigation system provided posi-
t i o n d a t a t o t h e data storage assembly. A t the end of the experiment,
t h e recorder/storage unit was removed from the receiver housing and re-
turned t o e a r t h f o r subsequent data analysis.

Lunar neutron probe experiment ( S - 2 2 9 ) .-

The lunar neutron probe ex-
periment consisted of a c y l i n d r i c a l probs shown i n figure A-5 t h a t was in-
s e r t e d i n t h e core stem hole on the 1une.z surface. The instrument action
within t h e probe provided data from which the r a t e of neutron capture i n
l u n a r materials can be c a l c u l a t e d , and veriations of the capture r a t e with
t h e depth beneath t h e surface could be &termined, as well as information
.
..
. on t h e l u n a r neutron energy spectrum.

...: .*. . .
- - .
,
."
.
The 2-centimeter diameter, 2.3-meter long probe was made up of two
.
. _
. s e c t i o n s , which when assembled by the crew, were lowered i n t o the core
stem hole.

The lower section had a point at the bottom end ( f i g . A-5). The cap
w a s removed from t h e top of the lower section and inverted and used as a
t o o l t o r o t a t e t h e exposed end of t h e i m e r rod f o r activation o r deactiv-
1
a t i o n of t h e section. The upper section had a handle at the top which
could be used f o r t h e same purpose.

Each rod s e c t i o n had a 12-station inner rod, a 12-station r i b cage

cylinder over t h e inner rod with windows a t each s t a t i o n , and a protec-
t i v e o u t e r cylinder.

Boron-10-coated semi-cylinders of t e n t a l u m were bonded t o 23 of the

s t a t i o n s on t h e i n n e r rods s t a r t i n g at the bottom of the lower section.
Cellulose t r i a c e t a t e film covered all 2h s t a t i o n s on the rib-cage cylin-
ders t o record t h e alpha p a r t i c l e t r a c k s r e s u l t i n g f-romthe neutron boa-
bardment of t h e boron t a r g e t s when t h e boron w a s aligned with the cage
windows i n t h e a c t i v e p o s i t i o n ( f i g . A-5).

Two mica sheets were bonded at each of eight s t a t i o n s o n ' t h e inner

rod on t h e opposite s i d e from t h e boron 1 0 t a r g e t s . Uranium 235 f o i l ,
bonded t o t h e cage cylinders at these s t a t i o n s , covered the windows. The
windows wer8 aligned with the mica when the inner rod was r o t a t e d t o t h e
a c t i v e p o s i t i o n ( f i g . A-5).

The boron 1 0 c e l l u l o s e t r i a c e t a t e provided t h e most accuracy i n t r a c k

d e n s i t i e s i n t h e range above 103/cm2. However, degradation of the d a t a
occurs above 70' C , s o four temperature sensors were mounted on t h e inner
rod, one on t h e opposite s i d e from t h e boron t a r g e t s , one at t h e bottom,
. .. and one at t h e middle and t o p of t h e probe.
.-....... ....
..
.
... - .
- .
 A-12
7 r 4 . 5 centimeters

Outer
Cellulose cylinder

film

.... .. ..
..
1.23

. .-.
..
. ..,.
.,
..

diameter
Stowed configuration Deployed configuration
. ...-
. .......
.i -Outer cylinder

/Cage cylinder

-
- Off
\-Mica sheet

r U r a n i u m 235 foil

. r A l u m i n u m foil

. .
. .. ...
. -_.
..- ..
.. . - :
Neutron probe typical
. .. stations (active position)
. .
.*.
.. -,.:
. ....
. k
Or,
. .
Relative positions of sensors before and after activation
,
i:..
. -

Figure A-5 .- L u n a r neutron probe.

 . I
- . . . . ,.i .... ~ .. T_

A-1 3

The mica-uranium 235 provided more accurate data f o r t r a c k d e n s i t i e s

i n t h e range of lo2 t o 103/cm2 because the f i s s i o n fragment data tracks
i n t h e mica a r e e a s i e r t o identi* and count.

Three uranium 238 wagers, mounted zt three s t a t i o n s on t h e same side

of t h e inner rod as t h e boron t a r g e t s , yrovided an alpha p a r t i c l e r e f e r -
ence ( f i g . A-5).

Three n i c k e l capsules, containing potassium bromide , were mounted i n

t h e bottom end of t h e i n n e r rod of the lower s e c t i o n , i n the bottom end of
t h e i n n e r rod of t h e upper s e c t i o n , m d i n the handle. These capsules pro-
vided a measure of t h e neutron f l u x i n the 30 t o 300 eV range by analysis
of t h e krypton produced by t h e reaction of the neutrons with the p o s a s s i m
bromide; whereas, t h e boron 1 0 t a r g e t s respond t o neutrons below 1 0 eV.
The capsule i n t h e handle served as a. control sample t o correct f o r kryp-
t o n produced by neutrons from t h e radioisotope thermoelectric generator
and t h e l u n a r module.

The lower s e c t i o n of t h e experiaect was activated by r o t a t i n g t h e in-

ner rod 180° from o f f t o on, after which the two sections were mated and
t h e upper s e c t i o n was a c t i v a t e d by r o t a t i n g the inner rod 180° from o f f
t o on. Following a c t i v a t i o n the probe was lowered i n t o the core stem
hole. I

To r e t r i e v e t h e !experiment , the ssembly i s withdrawn from the hole ,

t h e two s e c t i o n s separated, and each deactivated.

Traverse gravimeter experiment (S-199 ) .- The traverse gravimeter ex-

periment ( f i g . A-6) w a s a portable self-contained gravimeter t h a t was a l s o
lightweight and operated automatically , once activated on the lunar surface.
Power f o r experiment operation w a s provided by a 7.5-volt b a t t e r y located
i n s i d e t h e experiment package. The emeriment provided measurements of
l o c a l g r a v i t y at various s t a t i o n s along t h e t r a v e r s e and i n the immediate
area of t h e l u n a r module. A l l gravity readings were made by the crew and
relayed by voice communications t o the earth-bound s c i e n t i s t s .

Cosmic ray d e t e c t o r ( s h e e t s ) emeriment .-

The cosmic ray detector
experiment consisted of a t h i n aluminurz box with a s l i d i n g , removable cover.
Four p a r t i c l e d e t e c t o r sheets , consisting of platinum, aluminum, glasses ,
and mica were attached t o t h e bottom of the box. Two platinum s t r i p s were
mounted on t h e s i d e s of t h e box. Fear p a r t i c l e detector sheets consisting
of platinum, g l a s s e s , p l a s t i c , and micz were attached t o t h e inner surface
of t h e cover. P u l l r i n g s mounted on the opposite ends of t h e cover and box
were uti’lized t o s l i d e the cover f r o m t h e box. Figure A-7 shows the inner
surfaces of t h e box and cover.
 . ..
.
. .
.
. ~. .
. . . '_. ..-T.._.M-*" il.<-- c_-_.__....._..-... .. . . .. ...

. . ..
..
.. <'
I
. ..
...
.. c
._:.'.- .
.. .
.. .. .
A-14

. .-
..

. . .-..
.. .. -
__. .
.,.;. ..,
:

... ..
:..-...
; ,. .-
-. . ...
..
.. ..
..
.- ...
%_ .-
.... .-
.- ..

Figure A-6 .- Traverse gravimeter experiment.

The experiment was stowed i n t h e lunar module and deployed during
t h e f i r s t extravehicular a c t i v i t y period. The crew removed t h e cover and
using t h e Velcro s t r a p , hung t h e box on a s t r u t of t h e landing gear, ori-
ented s o t h a t t h e detector sheets faced d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e sun with mini-
mum obstruction t o t h e f i e l d of view. The cover w a s hung i n a location
t h a t w a s shaded from t h e sun at d l times and oriented s o t h a t the ex-
posed d e t e c t o r sheets faced away from t h e sun with a v i e w of t h e dark sky
..
. .
 A-15

5 glass
strips

Cover

5 glass strips

Figure A-7.- Cosmic ray detector sheets.

and with minimum obstruction t o t h e f i e l d of v i e w . The experiment was re-

t r i e v e d and placed i n a p r o t e c t i v e bag f o r transport back t o e a r t h f o r
analysis

Apollo l u n a r surface experiments pzckage.- The Apollo lunar surface

experiments package w a s divided i n t o two subpackages which contained f i v e
experiments and t h e c e n t r a l s t a t i o n . A description of t h e c e n t r a l s t a -
t i o n and experiments i s contained i n the following paragraphs.

Central s t a t i o n : The c e n t r a l s t a t i o n ( f i g . A-8) was e s s e n t i a l l y sub-

package no. 1 without t h e experiments mounted on it. The c e n t r a l s t a t i o n
consisted of t h e d a t a subsystem, h e l i c e l antenna, power conditioning u n i t ,
and experiment e l e c t r o n i c s . There were provisions for thermal control of
t h e e l e c t r o n i c s , f o r alignment of t h e antenna, f o r e l e c t r i c a l connections
t o t h e experiments and t h e radioisotope thermoelectric generator, and f o r
t h e a c t i v a t i o n switches. A more d e t a i l e d description of t h i s subpackage
i s i n appendix A of reference 6.
 , ,_ ? . . .. . . , , .I . . .. . . . . ., . . . . ...

A-16

Active seismic

Experiment mounting brackets

..
. - . ...
._

..

: .

. -

Thermal reflector

Astronaut switches

Figure A-8.- Central s t a t i o n deployed.

 .. . . -

A-17

Heat flow experiment ( S - 0 3 7 ) : The mjor components of t h e heat flow

experiment ( f i g . A-9) were two heat f l o a probes and an e l e c t r o n i c s pack-
age. The probes were f i b e r g l a s s tubular s t r u c t u r e s which supported t h e
temperature sensors , h e a t e r s , and associated e l e c t r i c a l wiring. Each
probe s e c t i o n contained two gradient sensors , one l o c a t e d at each end,
t h a t were wired i n a d i f f e r e n t i a l bridge configuration. Each of t h e gra-
d i e n t sensors w a s surrounded by a 1000-o’m h e a t e r c o i l t h a t could be ac-
t i v a t e d on command from e a r t h . I n addition, two smaller r i n g sensors f o r

Middle radiation shield

-
Solid faced bit

Figure A-9.- Heat-flow probe deployment configuration.

. .

. ,
. -
 measuring thermal conductivity were located 1 0 centimenters from each end
of t h e probe section. Four thermocouples, located i n t h e cable connecting
t h e e l e c t r o n i c s t o t h e probes, measure t h e absolute temperature as a func-
t i o n of t i m e i n t h e upper portion of the bore hole.

Placement of t h e heat flow e l e c t r o n i c s package required about 9 me-

t e r s separation from the Apollo l u n a r surface experiments package c e n t r a l
s t a t i o n , ' and alignment i n an east-west direction. The separation required
. .. .
f o r t h e two bore holes f o r t h e heat flow probes w a s a minimum of 9 meters
and no l e s s than 5 meters from t h e electronics package.
I .

. .
Lunar seismic p r o f i l i n p experiment (S-203) : The lunar seismic p r o f i l -
.. .. i n g experiment hardware ( f i g s . A-10 and A-11) consisted of four geophones - - ,
.. . marker f l a g s , a geophone mod.ule with marker f l a g , and an e l e c t r o n i c s pack:
. .
age i n t h e Apollo lunar surface experiment package c e n t r a l s t a t i o n , a
t r a n s m i t t e r antenna, and e i g h t explosive packages.

The four geophones sensed the seismic signals as each of t h e eight

explosive packages were detonated, and the signals were telemetered back
t o e a r t h through t h e c e n t r a l s t a t i o n along with timing data.

All experiment components w i t h t h e exception of t h e explosive pack-

ages were deployed during :the f i r s t extravehicular a c t i v i t y . The explo- 3
s i v e packages consisted of a receiving antenna, a receiver, an explosive ' r

t r a i n , a s i g n a l processor: and a f i r i n g pulse generator. These were de-

ployed a t designated s i t e s during t h e three lunar surface t r a v e r s e s . The
packages were detonated by e a r t h command at a designated time s h o r t l y af-
:. .
t e r t h e crew l e f t t h e lunar surface.
.. ..
..

Lunar surface gravimeter (S-027): The lunar surface gravimeter

( f i g . ,A-12)experiment w a s a spring-mass type of t h e gravity sensor t h a t
required f i n e l e v e l i n g f o r proper operation. Also t h e experiment tempera-
ture w a s maintained within very close l i m i t s . The gravimeter was mounted
i n t h r e e containers, one i n s i d e another. The three containers were an
i n n e r h e a t e r box , a pressurized intermediate instrument housing container ,
qnd an outer case. The intermediate box was suspended i n t h e sealed in-
strument housing t h a t was evacuated and back f i l l e d with nitrogen t o a
pressure of 1 0 t o r r . This provided the damping necessary f o r operating
of t h e sensor and servo systems. The electronics package was mounted on
top of t h e instrument housing.

The t o t a l instrument housing and electronics assembly was suspended

from a gimbal f o r self-leveling. For f i n e edjustment, t h e center of grav-
- -
i t y of t h e gimbal-suspended m a s s w a s adjusted by driving s m a l l , weighted
. . . motors attached t o t h e h e a t e r box along a screw t o a new position. Clear-
> . :
. ..
. ..
ance between t h e instrument housing and the outer container permitted a
. .. ..
.
swing of s l i g h t l y more than 3 degrees i n all directions.
.... .
I .

.. '.
. ...
'.

: .
 A-19

Geophone
flags (sto

Geophone cable reels

(geophones stowed in
reel center cavity)

Geophone module.
(cover removed)
\
+
Figure A-10.- Lunar seisrtic p r o f i l i n g experiment 6geophone module.
 . . . . .*.

A- 20

Antenna extended -+

Grip ring

Explosive \
I- packages (4)

Explosive package

Figure A-11 .- Lunar seismic p r o f i l i n g e q e r i m e n t e x p l o s i v e package.

 .

A-21

Figure A-12.- Lunar surface gravimeter experiment.

. .
The container t h a t enclosed t h e e n t i r e suspended mass w a s composed of
i n s u l a t i o n between two aluminum s h e l l s . Four l e g s , used f o r lunar surface
emplacement, projected from t h e bottom of the container. The top had a
cavity t h a t contained the thermal radiator and t h e gimbal-actuator mech-
anism. Located on t h e top of t h e u n i t w a s a bubble l e v e l , the handling
t o o l socket, t h e sun s h i e l d with i t s tilt mechanism, t h e tilt i n d i c a t o r s ,
and detents f o r locking i n a t i l t e d pcsition. A ribbon cable intercon-
nected t h e wit with t h e c e n t r a l s t a t i o n . The u n i t required alignment
t o within 23 degrees of t h e sun l i n e using t h e sunshield shadow.
 - . . .. .. :__: . .. -. . ... ' , ., . .,.. . . . .
i ....

A-22

Lunar atmospheric composition experiment (S-205) : The lunar atmos-

p h e r i c composition experiment equipment ( f i g . A-13) was composed of two
primary systems - t h e gas analyzer and t h e e l e c t r o n i c s package with
h e a t e r s . The e l e c t r o n i c s system was contained i n a t h e m a l bag, covered
by a second-surface-mirror r a d i a t o r p l a t e t o provide thermal control and
maintain t h e e l e c t r o n i c s system temperature between 0' F ( l u n a r n i g h t ) and
150' F (Lunar day). The gas analyzer s y s t e l contained no thermal control
and was s u b j e c t t o t h e lunar temperature r z g e of -300' F t o +250° F.

Gas molecules entered t h e gas analyzer and were ionized i n t h e ion

source, drawn out of t h e source, focused i n t o m ion beam, and accelerated
through a s l i t assembly l e a d i n g t o t h e d r i f t tube. I n t h e d r i f t tube, t h e
ions were d e f l e c t e d by a permanent magnet ei+?d collected by t h r e e e l e c t r o n
m u l t i p l i e r s (Neir-typ 90-degree magnetic-sector field-mass analyzers ) a t
t h r e e e x i t - s l i t l o c a t i o n s . The mass s p e c t r m was scanned by varying t h e
i o n a c c e l e r a t i n g voltage i n t h e ion source i n a stepwise manner and count-
i n g t h e number of ions impinging on each detector at each voltage s t e p .
The magnitude of t h e count determined t h e concentration of each constitu-
e n t of t h e gas sample i n t h e ion source, and the voltage s t e p n u h e r w a s
c a l i b r a t e d t o i d e n t i f y t h a t constituent.

. _ a

Figure A-13.- Lunar atmospheric composition experiment.

 .. ~._ . o _ -. .

A-2 3

A vent valve w a s provided t o allow t h e escape of the Krypton gas with

which t h e experiment w a s f i l l e d on earth. The experiment required l e v e l -
ing within 215 degrees and power was received from the c e n t r a l s t a t i o n .
The dust cover w a s closed on deployment f o r release by e a r t h command a t
an appropriate time a f t e r l u n a r module zscent stage l i f t - o f f .

. Lunar e j e c t a and meteorites e x p e r b e n t (S-202) : The experiment hard-

ware ( f i g . A-14) consisted of a deployz'ole unit with detector p l a t e s elec-
t r i c a l l y connected t o t h e c e n t r a l s t a t i o n . Approximately 20 percent of
the exposed o u t e r surface of t h e u n i t wzs opened t o admit microparticles
through t h e top e a s t and west sensors. Two of the three sensors had d u d -
f i l m assemblies t o measure the t i m e h i s t o r y of t h e p a r t i c l e f l i g h t . The
t h i r d has a r e a r array only. One of the dual-film sensors faced up when
deployed on the lunar surface and the o-lher faced eastward. The single-
f i l m sensor faced westward. When a p z r t i c l e struck the front f i l m of any
sensor with s u f f i c i e n t momentum, it penetrated t h e very t h i n f i l m and con-
t i n u e d on toward t h e r e a r impact p l a t e . A s t h e metallized t h i n film w a s
penetrated, an ionized plasma was produced and the p a r t i c l e l o s t some of
i t s k i n e t i c energy. The p o s i t i v e ions a d electrons i n the plasma were
c o l l e c t e d by t h e e l e c t r i c a l l y biased f i b s and g r i d s , respectively, pro-
ducing two coincident pulses. These were individually amplified and proc-
. -.... essed i n t h e experiment e l e c t r o n i c s t o i d e n t i f y the area of impact, t o
.. ..- .. ,:...,
..:_
,
: i n i t i a t e time-of-fligpt measurement, an5 t o analyze the pulse height of
.
.
.. .. ...
1 , '
. ..
..,I
_, t h e p o s i t i v e film s i g n a l (which i s r e l c t e d t o t h e p a r t i c l e energy loss).
Some of t h e p a r t i c l e s ' t h a t penetrate the front film intercepted t h e r e a r
film a l s o , depending on t h e i r t r a j e c t o r y angle, and generated a plasma
and a microphone pulse. These coincidezt s i g n a l s were individually am-
p l i f i e d and processed i n the experiment electronics f o r t r a n s m i t t a l
through t h e c e n t r a l s t a t i o n back t o earth.

The experiment required positioning so t h a t no objects were above a

10-degree azimuth from a horizontal p l m e through the detector p l a t e s .
Leveling and alignment of t h e u n i t was Ferformed with a bubble l e v e l ,
shadowgraph, and gnomon. The detector o l a t e s were shielded by a dust
cover t h a t w a s opened by e a r t h command z f t e r lunar l i f t - o f f .

* _
-~
- , A.4.2 Medical Eqeriments

Two medical experiments were flown. One was flown previously on

Apollo 16 and t h e o t h e r was flown f o r the first time on Apollo 17.

.-
Biostack experiment (M-211) The biostack experiment w a s flown on
Apollo 16 and no change was made i n the experiment hardware f o r Apollo 17
however, two b i o l o g i c a l specimens and one radiation detector were added.
The b i o l o g i c a l specimens added were colooda cucullus (protozoa cycts -
u n i c e l l u l a r organisms ) and tribolium castaneum (eggs of a f l o u r b e e t l e ) .
The r a d i a t i o n d e t e c t o r was a salt substence made of silver chloride.
 ,:
.-
..:. -
-
.
i
. .;
A-24

Central station
interface bracket

Jcture

Cable to central

Universal hand tool

Figure A-14. - Lunar e j e c t a and meteorites experiment.

. .
 .... . .
_ I . . . . > . . ....

A-25

B i o l o g i c a l cosmic r a d i a t i o n experiment (M-212) .-

The b i o l o g i c a l cos-
mic r a d i a t i o n experiment ( f i g . A - 1 5 ) , flown f o r t h e f i r s t time, w a s a ra-
d i a t i o n experiment u s i n g mice. The hardware c o n s i s t e d of a hermatically
s e a l e d , c y l i n d r i c a l aluminum c a n i s t e r t h a t contained seven p e r f o r a t e d ,
c y l i n d r i c a l t u b e s . Attached t o one end of t h e c a n i s t e r were redundant
p r e s s u r e r e l i e f valves and two manually c o n t r o l l e d purge valves. S i x of
t h e seven t u b e s were arranged around t h e i n s i d e w a l l of t h e c a n i s t e r . The
seventh tube w a s c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d i n t h e six-tube c i r c u l a r arrangement.
Five of t h e s i x t u b e s contained a mouse and i t s food supply. The s i x t h
tube w a s flown empty because t h e oxygep generating c a p a b i l i t y of t h e en-
vironmental c o n t r o l system i n d i c a t e d a margin& supply of oxygen f o r 6
mice. The t u b e i n t h e c e n t e r contained potassium superoxide granules
f o r l i f e support and o p e r a t e d by converting t h e carbon dioxide from t h e
mice i n t o oxygen. A r a d i a t i o n dosimeter w a s implanted beneath t h e s c a l p
of each mouse, and a s e p a r a t e dosimeter was included i n t h e stowage l o c k e r

Figure A-15.- B i o l o g i c a l cosmic r a d i a t i o n experiment hardware.

 A-26

next t o t h e hardware. Two self-recording temperature sensors were loca-

t e d i n two of t h e mouse tube end caps.

Perbgnathus longimembris ( l i t t l e pocket mice) were selected as the

animal species because of t h e i r s m a l l s i z e , no requirement f o r water, and
t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of a l a r g e quantity of background data. Five mice, from
a l a r g e number of mice having s u r g i c a l l y i-lanted subscalp radiation do-
simeters, were s e l e c t e d f o r f l i g h t specimens three days p r i o r t o launch
and loaded i n t o t h e c a n i s t e r . The canister w a s placed aboard t h e command
module 30 hours p r i o r t o l i f t - o f f . The eqeriment was completely passive
and required no crew p a r t i c i p a t i o n .

The experiment w a s secured i n the comnmd module with i t s longitudi-

n a l axis perpendicular t o t h e t h r u s t a x i s &.ring launch and entry. Loca-
t i o n of t h e experiment w a s i n an area shielded no more than 50 gm/cm2.

P o s t f l i g h t analysis of the subscalp dosimeters w i l l provide informa-

t i o n t h a t w i l l p e d t sectioning of the mouse brain and eyes i n such a
manner as t o maximize t h e p r o b a b i l i t y of loczting abnormalities ( l e s i o n s )
caused by heavy cosmic p a r t i c l e s . The subsczlp dosimeters w i l l indicate
t h e type , i n t e n s i t y , and t r a j e c t o r y of hezry cosmic p a r t i c l e s traversing
_- ..
, .,. and stopping i n t h e animals' brains and eyes. The self-recording tempera-
-. .
;.
6 . -.
.-,- t u r e sensors t h a t were located i n the experinent hardware and t h e radia-
:.
,
.- .."..
.. t i o n dosimeter l o c a t e d i n / t h e locker will p--ovide environmental data nec-
. .
.. - essary f o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e data provided by examination of the mouse
. ...
. . tissues.
.. .- .
. .

A.4.3 I n f l i g h t Science

The s c i e n t i f i c instrument module experiments, excluding the panoramic

and mapping cameras and l a s e r altimeter flown on Apollo 1 5 and 16, were
replaced by t h r e e new experiments. The three new experiments, which were
t h e u l t r a v i o l e t spectrometer, i n f r a r e d scanning radiometer, and the lunar
sounder , c o l l e c t e d data on t h e physical progerties and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of
t h e moon. The u l t r a v i o l e t spectrometer was used t o measure the moon's
atmospheric density and composition. The i n f r a r e d scanning radiometer
mapped t h e i n n e r surface thermal c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e lunar sounder's
developed a geological model of t h e lunar surface. The S-band transponder
t h a t used t h e command and s e r v i c e module communications system w a s not
changed. Descriptions of t h e equipment used for each o f these experiments
are contained i n t h e following paragraphs.

Far u l t r a v i o l e t spectrometer.- The far u l t r a v i o l e t spectrometer was

an electro-optical device t h a t detected u l t r a v i o l e t energy i n the 1180 Ang-
stroms region a f t e r being re-radiated from p a r t i c u l a t e i n the lunar atmos-
phere. The spectrometer measured t h e i n t e n s i t y of r a d i a t i o n as a f'unction
of t h e wavelength. The instrument ( f i g . A-16) w a s a 0.5-meter focal-length
 _ - ..
I' I

A-27

Photomultiplier

.. 'I .,- '

. ...
-
. ......
, _..
. .
. . -
-. .- 3
+,:..:
.
P -
-
. .
310
...iL:.-
.. Entrance slit Ebert
I .

Baffle mirror

Figure A-16 .- !Schematic of far u l t r a v i o l e t spectrometer.

Ebert spectrometer whose o p t i c a l components consisted of an external

b a f f l e , entrance s l i t , Ebert mirror, scvlning d i f f r a c t i o n grating, e x i t
s l i t mirrors, e x i t s l i t , and photoelectric sensor (photomultiplier t u b e ) .

The e x t e r n a l b a f f l e was a multiple-angled horn that greatly attenu-

a t e d t h e l i g h t o r i g i n a t i n g from sources outside the specified f i e l d of
view.

The Ebert mirror collimated the radiation admitted by t h e entrance

s l i t and r e d i r e c t e d the r a d i a t i o n onto the d i f f r a c t i o n grating. The mir-
r o r a l s o refocused the d i f f r a c t e d radiation onto the e x i t s l i t . The spec-
i f i e d entrance and e x i t s l i t dimensions and the Ebert mirror dimensions
were designed t o maximize the energy transmission. The inclusion of t h e
e x i t s l i t mirrors reduced t h e o p t i c a l vignetting v i r t u a l l y t o zero. The
d i f f r a c t i o n g r a t i n g had an area of 100 square centimeters w i t h 3600 grooves
per millimeter.

The d i f f r a c t i o n grating was cycled through t h e 1180 Angstroms t o

1680 Angstroms wavelength range by a grating mechanism consisting of a
motor, gear reducer d r i v e , cam, cam follower, grating housing, and fidu-
c i a l mark generator. A synchronous motor and gear reducer unit drove t h e
cam i n one d i r e c t i o n at a uniform r a t e t o repeat the wavelength scan cycle
once p e r 1 2 seconds. As t h e cam rotated, the cam follower t i l t e d t h e
g r a t i n g back and f o r t h within t h e spectrum l i m i t s . A f i d u c i a l mark was
 A-28

generated by passing l i g h t from a gallium ersenide diode through a s m a l l

hole i n t h e cam t o a photodiode d e t e c t e r . The f i d u c i a l mark indicated
t h e end of scan and i t s output synchronize6 the d a t a word format.

The photomultiplier tube produced an e l e c t r i c a l s i g n a l t h a t w a s re-

l a t e d t o t h e i n t e n s i t y of t h e incident l i g h t . The e l e c t r i c a l s i g n a l w a s
processed by t h e e l e c t r o n i c s module f o r t e l e n e t r y . The electronics module
contained a pulse a m p l i f i e r and discriminzkor, a high-voltage supply f o r
t h e photomultiplier tube , a low-voltage dc/dc converter, pulse counting
c i r c u i t r y , and telemetry preconditioning c i r c u i t r y .

A p r o t e c t i v e cover over t h e entrance of the e x t e r n a l b a f f l e shielded

t h e p h o t o e l e c t r i c sensor from d i r e c t sunlight ixpingement and contamination
from s p a c e c r a f t e f f l u e n t sources and reaction control system exhaust prod-
u c t s . The cover was opened and closed fro= t h e command module.

I n f r a r e d scanning radiometer.- The h f r a r e d scanning radiometer basic-

a l l y consisted of a telescope with an e l e c t r o n i c thermometer at i t s f o c a l
p o i n t . The device measured-energy radiated from a given spot on the l u n a r
surface. Hardware components of t h e syste-. were a continuously r o t a t i n g ,
time-referenced beryllium scan mirror; a Cmsegrain telescope; a s i l i c o n
hyperhemispheric immersion l e n s ; a thermistor balometer ( s e n s i t i v e ther-
mometer) ; t h r e e b u f f e r amFlifiers ; and t h e zttendant s i g n a l conditioning . -.
6
i
- I
. .
. ..
equipment. I '. -
. -. .:
.:r
, .
.-.
. . Light e n t e r e d t h e telescope from a moter-driven mirror. The mirror
r o t a t e d s o t h a t t h e spot on t h e moon's surfEce, as seen by t h e telescope,
w a s scanned across t h e ground t r a c k of the spacecraft. The l i g h t passed
through t h e various mirrors, b a f f l e s , and lens of t h e telescope t o the
thermistor ( d e t e c t o r ) . The d e t e c t o r , which w a s a s o l i d state thermometer,
r e l a t e d t h e r a d i a n t energy t o an e l e c t r i c z l s i g n a l t h a t w a s amplified, t e l -
emetered, and recorded f o r post-mission conversion t o l u n a r surface tempera-
t u r e data. The r e l a t i o n s h i p of the o r b i t h a spacecraft t o the area scanned
by t h e experiment i s shown i n f i g u r e A-17.

The f i e l d of view of t h e telescope wzs such t h a t t h e surface resolu-

t i o n of t h e n a d i r w a s approximately 2 k i l o n e t e r s , temperatures were recorded
over a range of -213' C t o +l2To C with an zccuracy of one degree.

A sensor p r o t e c t i v e cover, operated from t h e command module when re-

quired, provided p r o t e c t i o n t o t h e o p t i c a l scanning u n i t from d i r e c t sun-
.
.....
..
. . ..
I.: l i g h t impingement and spacecraft contamination sources such as e f f l u e n t
l i q x i d s and r e a c t i o n c o n t r o l system products.

Lunar sounder.- The l u n a r sounder equipment ( f i g . A-18) consisted

of a coherent s y n t h e t i c a p e r t u r e radar system t h a t operated at e i t h e r
5 MHz, 15 MHz, or i n the very high frequency band of 150 MHz and trans-
mitted a s e r i e s of swept frequency pulses.
 .- - ..

A-29

Scanning
Collecting
Motor

Direction /-
of travel

I
I
I
I
I Local
<vertical
I (nadir)
I
I
I
I
I

pattern

Figure A-17.- Scanning r e l a t i o n for t h e i n f r a r e d scanning radiometer.

 A- 30

. -
..

Coherent synthetic
._ , .

- 1

Figure A-18.- Lunar sounder experiment.

The l u n a r sounder transmitted electromagnetic pulses from the space-

c r a r t during l u n a r o r b i t . A s m a l l p a r t of the pulse energy was r e f l e c t e d
from t h e lunar surface and subsurface f e a t u r e s , and subsequently detected
by a r e c e i v e r on t h e spacecraft. The o p t i c z l recorder recorded t h e radar
video output from t h e receiver on film. The film c a s s e t t e was r e t r i e v e d
during t h e t r a n s e a r t h extravehicular a c t i v i t y . The recordings were time
referenced f o r l a t e r data reduction and analysis. The shape, amplitude,
and t i m e of arrival of t h e detected pulses r e l a t i v e t o t h e shape, ampli-
.. .... tude, and time of transmission provided data which may be i n t e r p r e t e d i n
terms of t h e t h r e e dimensional d i s t r i b u t i o n of s c a t t e r i n g centers. T h i s
. -.
information together with calculated electromagnetic parameters will be
...i used t o produce a s t r u c t u r a l model of t h e moon t o a depth of one kilometer.
. .
..
. .
-
._....
..
. . .. - ... :,., . ~ .. .. ' _ . .. . . . _ _ . , .:. .: .. . .

A- 31

Two r e t r a c t a b l e antennas were used by the high-frequency radar and

a Y a g i antenna w a s used by the very high frequency radar. The high-fre-
quency antenna assembly w a s deployed at the moldline of the service module
s o t h a t t h e antennas, when deployed, werc a t 90' t o the service module
center axis and 180° a p a r t . The overall span of both antennas, when de-
ployed, w a s 80 f e e t . The time required f o r deployment or r e t r a c t i o n was
approximately 2 minutes. The very high frequency antenna was mounted on
t h e a f t s h i e l d and consisted of a spring-loaded 274-centimeter boom with
seven cross-bars. I n t h e deployed position, the antenna extended beyond
t h e s e r v i c e module moldline and a t r i g h t angles t o the service module ten-
t e r a x i s . Deployment occurred automaticiLly when the spacecraft/launch ve-
.- h i c l e adapter panels were j e t t i s o n e d .

Mapping camera and laser altimeter.- Iqrovements t o the mapping

camera and l a s e r a l t i m e t e r equipment weri made t o correct anomolous per-
formances experienced on previous f l i g h t s . The abnormal behavior of the
mapping camera deployment mechanism was corrected by modifying the gear
box s e a l and removing t h e locking r o l l e r s and excess l u b r i c a n t s . The
degraded performance of t h e l a s e r altimeter (low output power) was cor-
rected by using a b e t t e r grade of quartz i n the f l a s h tube and changing
t h e pulse forming voltage. Contamination of o p t i c a l surfaces within the
l a s e r module w a s reduqed by placing a cover over t h e drive mechanism a d
using l u b r i c a n t impre nated bearings.
I
Heat flow and convection demonstretion .- A heat flow and convection
demonstration device w a s flown. The apgzratus was similar i n operation
and design t o the one flown on Apollo 14. Crew p a r t i c i p a t i o n and photo-
graphic coverage w a s required.

A.5 PHOTOGRAPHIC TASKS -9ND EQUIPMENT

The majority of t h e mission a c t i v i t i e s required photographic coverage.

Cameras were l o c a t e d i n t h e service modde , command module , lunar module,
and on t h e lunar surface t o accomplish munerous t a s k s . Table A-I l i s t s
t h e cameras, l e n s , and films used t o accomplish t h e s p e c i f i c t a s k s of most
photographic a c t i v i t i e s .

~ . 6MASS PROPERTIES

Mass p r o p e r t i e s for t h e Apollo 17 d s s i o n are summarized i n t a b l e

A-11. These data represent the conditions as determined from p o s t f l i g h t
analyses of expendable loadings and u s q e during t h e f l i g h t . Variations
i n t h e command and s e r v i c e module and luaar module mass properties a r e
 _.,..
,,. ....:
I

. . .. .
.

A- 32 ,

TABLE A-I.- PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMEXI!

:amera type Film type

Subject Lens
(a) (b)

S c i e n t i f i c Instrument Module PC 2L inch LBW

photographic t a s k s
MC 3 inch Bw (3400)
sc 3 inch BW (3401)
S o l a r and Lunar s u r f a c e photo- KEC 80-nrn VHBW
graphic t a s k s from t h e DAC l8-E.UU VHBW
command module 35 55-rrm VHBW
HEC 250-m VHBW
HEC 250-m CEX
Lunar sounder CRT 12.3 cm TVBW
ALSEP/central s t a t i o n KEDC 60-RU!l HCM
Radioisotape t h e r m o e l e c t r i c HEDC 60-ZRD HCEX
generator
Heat flow IIEDC 60-nun HCEX
Lunar geology HEDC 60-nun BW (3400
HEDC 60-nun BW (3401
S o i l Mechanics HEDC 60-DRII BW (3410
HEDC c;O-?lI@l HCEX
Traverse gravimeter i HEDC 60-DRII HEX
~ u n a re j e c t a and m e t e o r i t e s HEDC ~O-ERR HCEX
Lunar s u r f a c e e l e c t r i c a l HEDC 60-DRII HCEX
properties
Lunar seismic p r o f i l i n g HEDC 60-~;rm HCEX
Lunar atmospheric composition HEDC 60-nun XCEX
Lunar s u r f a c e gravimeter KEDC 60-m HCEX

a
Camera nomenclature :

PC Panoramic canera
MC Mapping camera
SC S t e l l a r camer
HEC E l e c t r i c camera
HEDC E l e c t r i c d a t a camera
DAC Data a c q u i s i t i o n canera
35 35-nun camera
ORCRT O p t i c a l r e c o r d e r cathode r a y tube

bFilm nomenclature :

LBW Low speed b l a c k and white

BW Medium speed black and white (3400 en.6 3h01)
VHBW Very high speed black and white .
CEX Color e x t e r i o r
TVBW T e l e v i s i o n b l a c k and white
HCEX High-speed c o l o r e x t e r i o r

. ..-.
.. .

...
:.
. ..
. I

i .I
 A-33

TABLE A-11.- MASS PROPERTIES

Lift-Of f
-
-Conmand
.16 265
--
and service MC

843.2 3.1 2.5 1 2 3 8 778 1 239 235 4232

-
0 20:

Earth o r b i t i n s e r t i o n .07 161 804. 5 3.3 2.7 768 200 768 679 6487 1 58:
Transposition end dockirg:
C o r m a d k s e r v i c e modLt &5. 533 931.1 5.0 4.5 83 2ei 82 004 -2083 171
Lunar zodule 36 29L 1233.1 -0.7 0.3 26 237 27 lh) -517 221

T o t a l dcsked .03 167 1oi1.0 3.0 3.1 576 019 578 692 -11 35 -57ii:

Lunar o r b i t i n s e r t i o n .02 639 10-1.6 2.9 3.5 574 LO> 577 170 -11 17. -599i

Descent o r b i t i n s e r t i o r . 76 358 10?!4.0 1.9 2.1 hh2 736 448 763 -870.3 ->h6!

Separarian 74 7.52 ioa3.2 1.8 2.0 434 027 439 371 -7924 -17j1

C o z a a z d md s e r v i c e m0d.L- 37 $60 9LL.1 3.8 3.1 60 3 5 6h 736 -2419 125:

circvlari ration

Co-rd and s e r v i c e m0elle 37 :ilr 94L.4 3.8 3.L 60 13h 64 466 -2L27 12ii
pla-e change
Docking:
C o m e a d and s e r v i c e =dale: 36 035 9h5.8 3.6 3.: 59 726 63 h33 -23k9 125;
Ascen: stage 5378 1165.7 h.8 .2.E 230h 2690 -101 -17
T o t a l after docking:
Ascect s t a g e w n e d 41 9l4 916.6 3.8 2.5 114 843 118 899 -2140 -261
Ascezt s t a j e unnannea L1 696 91L.4 3.5 2.3 110 225 llh 2& -2590 -c.

After 21i2.3t stase j e t t l s z n 36 619 9%. 6 3.7 3.: 59 725 63 k65 -22Q 135s

Tr&xearl.h i n j e c t i o n 36 338 9L6.7 3.8 3.: 59 638 63 352 -2260 lCE6

T r m s e a r h er.ravehicu1e.- 25 933 971.7 1.1 3.: 65 505 4h 626 -8hl i91

activity

Convlld &Id s e r v i c e noella 26 659 972.4 1.1 3.3 44 977 44 214 -773 7%
p r i o r t o separation

After s e g a r a t i o n :
Service n d d e 13 507 907.7 2.3 2.: 14 95A 14 724 -364 4ji
COZm.Lld nodule 13 152 1033.8 -0.2 5.9 5239 47% 56 -305

htry 13 1LO 1033.8 -0.2 5.e 5282 4767 56 -333

Main pa-achute d e p l o p e z t 12 567 1037.3 .0.2 5.: “79 4h36 57 -331

Ladins
-
12 120 1035.4
- --
-0.2 6.3 4553 h092 55
-
-337

-
.u1ar W t L ’

Earth l i f t - o f f 36 277 1Sh.2 0.4 27 352 26 201 63

Segars’.ion 36 771 135.2 0.4 28 574 27 28j 56

Second teescent o r b i t 36 7-6 1Sj.l 0.5 2a 529 27 23: 57

inserzios

Powered descent i n i t i a t i o n 36 656 lE5.0 o.h 28 401 27 0% 59

Lunar l a ? d i n a 19 3 5 209.5 0.6 16 661 17 973 16

LUTar l i f t - o f f 10 991 243.7 0.0 3415 5935 66
Orsit i n s e r t i o n . 60L2 256.6 0.0 2917 2116 66
Terminal phase i n i t i a t i o r . 5970 256.3 0.0 290k 2076 66

Docking 5378 256.1 0.0 2685 2016 66

Jettison
-
5277
-
255.3
- .0.4 276: 1953 77
.;
~ ;: 72- :. ..,.r*r.-.i. .. .,, , . , . . . I,.. . , . . - . . .. C.

A-34

determined f o r each s i g n i f i c a n t mission phase from l i f t - o f f through land-

ing. Expendables usage are based on reported real-time and p o s t f l i g h t
d a t a as presented i n other sections of t h i s report. The weights and
center-of-gravity of t h e individual modules (command, service, ascent
s t a g e , and descent stage) were measured p r i o r t o f l i g h t and i n e r t i a values
were calculated. A l l changes incorporated zfter t h e a c t u a l weighing were
monitored, and t h e mass properties were updzted.
 .... . .. . . .- . ._ . _... , . ,.... : -
._

B-1

APPENDIX B - SPACECFJ-3' HISTORIES

The h i s t o r y of command and service module (CSM-114) operations at

t h e manufacturer's f a c i l i t y , Downey, C d i f o r n i a , i s shown i n figure B-1,
and t h e operations at Kennedy Space CeErLer, Florida i n figure B-2.

The h i s t o r y of t h e lunar module (2C12) a t t h e manufacturer's f a c i l -

i t y , Bethpage, New York, i s shown i n fF,cure B-3, and t h e operations a t
Kennedy Space Center, Florida, i n f i g w e B-4.

.. ..-.
..--.-.
~.
+ '.
. _...
. .. .. _
..-..__. ..
.~.
<I,_
.. .
.....
i...

.._-
>-

..-.. . .

'.. _..
 1971 1972
ebruary March April May June July August September October November December January February March

Individual and combined systems checkout

-Retest and individual tests
- -Data
=I review
Integrated systems test
Demate
-
?ressure vessel and reaction control system checkout
Interior closeout and equipment fit checks-
-
Panel rework and lunar sounder modifications-
Preparations for storage=
Command
module Storage
Top deck buildup =
- Weight and b a l a n c e l
Thermal paint applicationm
Preparation for shipment and s h i p 6
-
jervice propulsion system function test
Lunar sounder modifications-
Preparations for storage-
Servict Storage
module
Modifications and sector I and E rework

-
- Thermal paint application
=1
Weight and balance!
Preparation for shipment and s h i p 1

Figure B-1.- Checkout flow for command and service module 114 at contractor's facility.

.', !
". '. ,. ,:
 . . . .
. . .... - . . - . . ~ .... , . I - .~

B- 3

4
u)
a!
r
S
.-
Y

4
2
s
u) 4.J
Ld
E
U
8
I
0
-0,
E
0
u

cn
.-
U
Y

U a,
-
W
U
3
5
f
E rl
rl

(u
r-
3a
Q.
r(
2
U
m
E

-3
m
8

E
E
0
V

W
Y
0
z

-... -I
 . ...

B-4
 April I May I June 1 July I August I September I October I November I December

ImmEquipment installation and checkout

= Altitude chamber runs

u-E<pet%ment equipment Fit and Functional checks

I Lunar roving vehicle installation

ILunar module/adapter mate
= Cotiibinctl systems test

Mission simulation and Flight readiness test 1

Spacecraft propulsion leak checks and propelland loading a
Coutdown demonstration test I
Couiitdown
Note: Lunar modiile shipped to I<enncdy Space
Center June 14, 1971. Vehicle in
storage t~tttllApril 17, 1072. LrrilllCll

Figure B-4.- Lunar module 1 2 checkout h i s t o r y a t Kennedy Space Center.

 c-1

APPENDIX C - POSTFLIGHT TESTING

P o s t f l i g h t t e s t i n g and inspection of t h e command module and crew

equipment f o r evaluation of t h e i n f l i g h t performance and investigation of
t h e f l i g h t i r r e g u l a r i t i e s were conducted at t h e contractor's and vendor's
f a c i l i t i e s and at t h e Manned Spacecraft Center i n accordance with approved
Apollo Spacecraft Hardware U t i l i z a t i o n Requests (ASHUR's 1. The t e s t s per-
formed as a r e s u l t of i n f l i g h t problems a r e described i n t a b l e C - I and dis-
cussed i n t h e appropriate systems perfommce secitons of t h i s r e p o r t .
Tests being conducted f o r o t h e r purposes i n accordance with other ASHUR's
and t h e b a s i c contract a r e not included.

. .
 TABLE C-I.- POSTFLIGHT TESTING SUMMARY

TABLE C-I.- POSTFLIGHT TESTING SUMMARY

ASHUR no. I Purpose I T e s t s performed I Results

114015 Determine cause of unexplained accelerom- Perform bench t e s t s and a n a l y s i s . Bench t e s t i n g d i d not r e v e a l any malfunc-
114508 e t e r b i a s s h i f t s i n t h e e n t r y monitor t i o n . The i n f l i g h t problem could not be
system. duplicated.

E l e c t r i c a l Power

114016 Determine cause of p a n e l 306 mission Perform f u n c t i o n a l t e s t s . Timer operated normally during all t e s t -
t i m e r being 15 seconds slow. i n g , maintaining c o r r e c t t i m e t o t h e sec-
ond.
114017 Determine cause of spurious master Perform f u n c t i o n a l t e s t s i n command module. T e s t s i n command module d i d d u p l i c a t e t h e
alarms without accompanying matrix l i g h t Remove panel and i n s p e c t wiring, s o l d e r anomaly. I n s p e c t i o n of w i r i n g and connec-
l i g h t and momentary main A undervolt j o i n t s , connectors, and switches. Disas- t o r s and examination o f suspect switches
light. semble and i n s p e c t suspect switches and d i d not d i s c l o s e any abnormal conditions.
oxygen p r e s s u r e meter f o r contamination. Testing is not complete.

Communications

114020 Determine cauue f o r louu of ucvcrnl R ~ n c t i o n u l l yt c u t t.hc pul uc codc moAihrr- Sprwccrnl'L tcuLn d i d not r c v c n l t h e cnuec.
inotnimcntntion purumctcru durl rig u Llo n cqutpmcnl I n Lhc comrnund ntodulc. Re- 'I'cuLLne i u noL complcte.
two-minute period. move aseembly from command modulc and t c u t
f o r prencnce of conLnminntiori.

114018 Determine cause f o r gray t a p e not Perform p u l l t e s t i n g on tape from same l o t Bonding p r o p e r t i e s were w i t h i n s p e c i i i c a -
s t i c k i n g properly. a s t h a t on Apollo 17. tion.
114021 Determine why s e t screws on 18-m l e n s Examine r e t u r n e d hardware. Examination i s not complete.
i n t e r f e r r e d with mounting 16-mr~ camera
on r i g h t angle mirror.
 D-1

.. ..
..
. APPENDIX D - DATA AVAILABILITY
... ..-,
.>

....

There was no d a t a processed f o r A p o l l o 17 f o r postmission evalua-

t i o n . The following t a b l e contains t h e times t h a t experimental data were
made a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p r i n c i p a l investigctors f o r s c i e n t i f i c analysis.

Time, h r :min
From To

81:23 104:lO
110:51 115 :40
120:25 132:30
136 :36 161 :15
187 :41 192 :25
193:30 194:25
195 :51 208 :35
212 :10 227 :42
229 :11 253 :37
-.-...-
. 256 :35 299 :32
i
 E-1

APPENDIX E - MISSION FEPORT SUPPLEIBPTS

Table E-I contains a l i s t i n g o f all r e p o r t s t h a t supplement t h e

Apollo 7 through Apollo 17 mission r e p o r t s . The t a b l e i n d i c a t e s t h e
present s t a t u s o f each r e p o r t not y e t completed and t h e publication date
of t h o s e which have been published.

I
E-2

TABLE E-I.- MISSION REPORT SUPPLEMENTS

Supplement Public a t ion

Title
number date /s t atus

Trajectory Reconstruction and Analysis May 1969

Communication System Performance June 1969
Guidance, Navigation, and Control System November 1969
Performance Analysis
Reaction Control System Performance August 1969
Cancelled
Entry P o s t f l i g h t Analys i s December 1969

Apollo 8

1 Trajectory Reconstruction and Analysis December 1969

2 Guidance , Navigation, and Control System November 1969
Performance and Analysis
3 Performance of Command and Service Module
Reaction Control System
4 Service PropulBion System Final Flight September 1970
Evaluation I

6.
Cancelled
Analysis of Apollo 8 Photography and
Visual Observations
I December 1969

7 Entry P o s t f l i g h t Analysis December 1969

Trajectory Reconstruction and Analysis November 1969

Command and Service Module Guidance, Navi- November 1969
g a t i o n ¶ and Control System Performance
Lunar Module'Abort Guidance System Perform- November 1969
ance dndysis
Performance of Command and Service Module April 1970
Reaction Control System
Service Propulsion System Final Flight . December 1969
Evaluation
Performance of Lunar Module Reaction August 1970
Control System
Ascent Propulsion System Final Flight December 1970
Evaluation
Descent Propulsion System Final Flight December 1970
Evaluat ion
Cancelled
 Supplement Publi cation
Title
number date /st atus

10 Stroking Test Analysis December 1969

11 Communications System Performance December 1969
12 Entry P o s t f l i g h t Analysis December 1969

1 Trajectory Reconstruction and Analysis March 1970

2 Guidance , Navigation, and Control System December 1969
Perf ormanc e Analysis
3 Performance of Command and Service Module August 1970
f

..I
.. ....
... Reaction Control System
4 Service Propulsion System Final Flight September 1970
Evaluation ,
5 Performance of Lunar Module Reaction August 1970
Control System
6 Ascent Propulsion System Final Flight January 1970
Evaluation
7 Descent qropulsion System Final Flight January 1970
Evaluation
a Cancelled
9 Analysis of Apollo 1 0 Photography and August 1971
Visual Observations
10 Entry P o s t f l i g h t Analysis Decenber 1969
11 Communications System Performance
~ ~~

Apollo 11

Trajectory Reconstruction and Analysis May 1970

Guidance, Navigation, and Control System September 1970
Performance Analysis
Performance of Command and Service Module December 1971
Reaction Control System
Service Propulsion System Final Flight October 1970
Evaluation
Performance of Lunar Module Reaction December 1971
Control System
Ascent Propulsion System Final F l i g h t September 1970
Evaluation
Descent Propulsion System Final Flight September 1970
Evaluation
Cancelled
Apollo 31 Preliminary Science Report December 1969
E- 4

TABLE E-I .- MISSION REPORT SUPPLEGNTS (Continued)

Supplement P u b l i c a t i on
Title
number d a t e/s t z t u s
~~~

10 Communications System Performance January 1970

11 . Entry P o s t f l i g h t Analysis A p r i l 1970

Apollo 1 2

T r a j e c t o r y Reconstruction and Pns?lysis September 1971

Guidance , Navigation, and Control System September 1971
Performance Analysis
S e r v i c e Propulsion System F i n a l F l i g h t December 1971
Evaluat i o n
Ascent Propulsion System F i n a l F l i g h t Publication
Evaluation
Descent Propulsion System F i n a l F l i g h t Publi c a t i o n
Evaluation
Apollo 1 2 Preliminary Science Report July 1970
Landing s i t e S e l e c t i o n Processes F i n a l Review
. .
I

I Apollo 13

1 Guidance, Navigation, and Control System September 197(

Performance Analysis
2 Descent Propulsion System F i n a l F l i g h t October 1970
Evaluation
3 Entry P o s t f l i g h t Analysis Cancelled

Apollo 14
~~ ~ ~~~

1 Guidance, Navigation, and Control System January 1972

Performance Analysis
2 Cryogenic Storage System Perfomance March 1972
Analys i s
3 S e r v i c e Propulsion System F i n a l F l i g h t May 1972
Evaluation
4 Ascent Propulsion System F i n a l F l i g h t May 1972
Evaluation
5 Descent Propulsion System F i n a l F l i g h t Publication
Evaluation
6 Apollo 14 Preliminary Science Report June 1971
7 Analysis of I n f l i g h t Demonstrations January 1972
a Atmospheric E l e c t r i c i t y Experiments on January 1972
Apollo 13 and 1 4 Launches
 E-5

.
TABLE E-I .- MISSION REPORT SWPLEMENTS (Continued)

Supplement P u b l i c at i o n
Title d a t e /s t atus
number

Apollo 15
~ -~

Guidance, Navigation and Control System October 1972

P e r f orman c e Analy si s
S e r v i c e P r o p u l s i o n System F i n a l F l i g h t Preparation
Evaluation
Ascent P r o p u l s i o n System F i n a l F l i g h t October 1972
Evaluat i on
Descent P r o p u l s i o n System F i n a l F l i g h t October 1972
Evaluation
Apollo 1 5 P r e l i m i n a r y Science Report A s r i l 1972
P o s t f l i g h t A n a l y s i s of t h e E x t r a v e h i c u l a r January 1972
Commimications System - Lunar Module
Communications Link
Analysis o f Command Module Color Tele- Cancelled
v i s i o n Camera

Apollo 16
~

I
Guidance, Navigation and Control System Noveaber 1972
Performance Analysis
S e r v i c e P r o p u l s i o n System F i n a l F l i g h t Preparation
Evaluation
Ascent P r o p u l s i o n System F i n a l F l i g h t Preparation
Evaluation
Descent P r o p u l s i o n System Fin23 F l i g h t Preparation
Evaluation
Apollo 16 P r e l i m i n a r y Scieace Report Preparation
Microbial Response and Space Environment Preparation
Experiment (S-191)
Analysis of F l u i d E l e c t r o p h o r e s i s Preparation
Demonstration

Apollo 17 P r e l i m i n a r y Science Report Preparation

Cosmic R a d i a t i o n E f f e c t s on B i o l o g i c a l Preparation
Systems Exposed on Apollo 16 and 17
F u r t h e r Observations on t h e Pocket Mouse Preparation
Experiment (BIOCORE-M212)
Results of Apollo Light Flash Inves- Preparation
ti g a t ions
E-6

TABLE E-I .- MISSION REPORT SUPPLET4ENTS (Concluded)

__
Supplement
number I ~ -~
Title

Results of Apollo 17 Heat Flow and Con-

Publicat ion
dat e / s t at us

Prep ar a t ion
5
vect i on Demon s t r a t i on
6 ' Apollo 17 Calibration Results f o r Gamma Preparation
I R a y Spectrometer S i l v e r Iodide Crystal
I 7 Meteorological Observation and Forecasting P r epar at ion
During t h e Apollo 17 Mission

- .
. -.
. .
-'
 F-1

APPENDIX F - GLOSSARY

Ackermann s t e e r i n g A type of linkage t h a t provides a high wheel re-

sponse f o r a small s t e e r i n g motion.

Agglutinate A deposit of o r i g i n a l l y molten e j e c t a .

Albedo Relative brightness, defined as t h e r a t i o of ra-

d i a t i o n r e f l e c t e d from a surface t o t h e t o t a l
amount incident e o n it.

Aldosterone A s t e r o i d hormone extracted from t h e adrenal cor-

t e x t h a t i s very zctive i n regulating the salt
and water balance i n t h e body.

Anorthositic gabbro A granular %extured igneous rock regarded as hav-

i n g s o l i d i f i e d a t considerable depth. It i s com-
posed almost e n t i r e l y of a soda-lime feldspar.

Ant i d i u r e ti c Suppressing the secretion of urine.

Arrhythmia :Any v a r i a t i o n f r o 2 the normal rhythm of the h e a r t

;beat.

Atomic Having i t s atoms i n an uncombined form (atomic

hydrogen ) .
Basalt Any fine-grained dark-colored igneous rock t h a t
i s t h e extrusive equivalent of gabbro.

Benard A c i r c u l a t i o n phenomenon associated with convec-

t i v e heating i n l i q u i d flow.

Bimodal Possessing two s t t r t i s t i c a l modes.

Bouguer c o r r e c t i o n s Empirical adjustnents t o r e l a t i v e g r a v i t y values

f o r v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e density of material from
t h e d e n s i t y of material from t h e reference point
( l u n a r module s i t e ) .

B r e c c i as A rock consisting of sharp fragments embedded i n

a five-grained matrix.

Bungee A l a t c h loading mechanism f o r locking t h e docking

ring latches.
. ..
. ..--.. Bungee s t r a p E l a s t i c i z e d cord used BS a fastener.
.. .
I _

. . ;:

. . .
-. _
.

. .
 GLOSSARY - Continued
Clast A d i s c r e t e fragment of rock or mineral included
i n a l a r g e r rock. -'
Competent lava A mass s t r o n g enough t o transmit t h r u s t e f f e c t i v -
e l y and s u s t a i n t h e weight of overlying strata.

Continuum of Continuous charges i n geological and topographi-

morphologies c a l structure.

Cort i c o i d s A term applied t o hormones of t h e s t e r o i d adrenal

convex or any other n z t u r a l or synthetic compound
having a s i m i l a r a c t i v i t y .

Cortisone A c o l o r l e s s c r y s t a l l i n e s t e r o i d hormone of t h e
adrenal cortex.

Crat e r l e t s L i t t l e craters.

Dacite domes Mounds present i n volcvlic fields formed by t h e "

volcanic extrusion of d a c i t e , a type of rock t h a t .- f

i s / h i g h l y viscous.

Dikelet A s m a l l dike 2 t o 3 centimeters i n width.

Down-sun I n t h e same d i r e c t i o n as the s o l a r vector and used .

i n specifying l u n a r surface photography require-
ments.

Earthshine Illumination of t h e coon's surface by sunlight

r e f l e c t e d from t h e e a t h ' s surface and atmosphere.

Ecliptic The g r e a t c i r c l e of t h e c e l e s t i a l sphere t h a t i s

. t h e apparent path of the sun among t h e stars or
of t h e e a r t h as seen f r o m t h e sun.

Ejecta Material thrown out from volcanic action or me-

t e o r o i d impact.
I .

.... . . Endocrine S e c r e t i n g i n t e r n a l l y ; applied t o organs whose func-

_ .. t i o n i s t o s e c r e t e i n t o t h e blood.
..
..
. :...- Ephemeris A table of t h e computed positions of c e l e s t i a l
.
. I

..
. bodies at r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s .

Euthanat i z e d Put t o death i n a p a i n l e s s humane fashion.

 . ...

<-.-..
F-3

GLOSSARY - Continued

Feldspar A group of m i n e r d s , c l o s e l y r e l a t e d i n c r y s t a l -
l i n e form, t h a t e r e t h e e s s e n t i a l c o n s t i t u e n t s
of n e a r l y all c r y s t a l l i n e rocks. They have a
g l a s s y l u s t e r and break r a t h e r e a s i l y i n two di-
r e c t i o n s at approximately r i g h t angles t o each
other
.
Fillet Debris ( s o i l ) p i l e d a g a i n s t a rock.

c Fissure Crack

F1at ulen ce O f o r having g s i n t h e stomach o r i n t e s t i n e s .

Free air c o r r e c t i o n Adjustments t o r e l a t i v e g r a v i t y values f o r d i s -

t a n c e s above t h e reference l e v e l ( l u n a r module
site).

Herpetic An inflammatory v i r u s d i s e a s e of t h e s k i n .

Homeost a t i c S t a b i l i t y i n t h e normal body s t a t e s of t h e organism.

Hornfelsic Resembling a fine-grained s i l i c a t e rock.

Hummocks Low rounded h i l l s o r knolls.

Hypogravic P e r t a i n i n g t o lo-< g r a v i t y , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e low

g r a v i t y experienced i n space.

Ilmenite .A mineral, r i c h i n t i t a n i u m and i r o n , and u s u a l l y

b l a c k with a subr?etallic l u s t e r .

In situ I n i t s o r i g i n a l ?lace o r n a t u r a l l o c a l e .

I n s e n s i b l e water Not appreciable 'by or p e r c e p t i b l e t o t h e senses.

Irradiated The a p p l i c a t i o n of r a y s , such as u l t r a v i o l e t r a y s ,

t o a substance t o i n c r e a s e i t s vitamin e f f i c i e n c y .

Isophote A l i n e o r surfzce on a c h a r t forming t h e l o c a l i t y

o f p o i n t s of e q u d i l l u m i n a t i o n or l i g h t i n t e n s i t y
from a given source.

J-Mis sion A c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of Apollo l u n a r e x p l o r a t i o n s m i s -

s i o n s f o r which provisions were made f o r extended
lunar surface s t z y t i m e , surface vehicular m o b i l i t y
and communications, and more extensive science data
a c q u i s i t i o n . A;cllo 15 , 16, and 17 were o f t h i s
.-
classification.
 I ,
.’ ...
...
F-4 1

GLOSSARY - Continued

Krytox o i l Fluorinated hydrocarbon lubricant.

Libration Any of several phenomena by which an observer on

e a r t h , over a period of time, can observe more
than one hemisphere of the moon.

Limb The outer edge of the apparent disc of a c e l e s t i a l

body such as t h e moon or e a r t h , o r a portion of t h e
edge.

Lineament The distinguishing topographic or c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

f e a t u r e of a mass.

Lithic Stone l i k e .

Lithology The character of a rock formation or of rock found

i n a geological area expressed i n terms of i t s
physical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

Lunation The, period of one revolution of t h e moon about

t h e , e a r t h with respect t o t h e sun. A period of - 1

29 /lays 1 2 hours 44 r5nutes 2.8 seconds. _.

Magnetite Black isometric mineral of t h e s p i n e l group. An

non-important i r o n ore t h a t i s strongly a t t r a c t e d
by a magnet and somethes possesses p o l a r i t y .

Mantle The i n n e r p a r t of a t e r r e s t r i a l - l i k e planet lying

between t h e c r u s t and the core.

Mascon Large mass concentrations beneath t h e surface of

t h e moon.

Maskelynit e A feldspar found i n n e t e o r i t e s .

Massif A l a r g e fault block of mountainous topography dis-

placed as a u n i t without i n t e r n a l change.

Microdens it omet r y An instrument t h a t measures o p t i c density.

Morphology The e x t e r n a l structure of rocks i n r e l a t i o n t o

t h e development of erosional forms or topographic
features.

Mottled Marked with blotches o r spots of d i f f e r e n t colors

o r shades. I
. .

F- 5

GLOSSARY - Continued

Nadir The point on the c e l e s t i a l sphere t h a t i s v e r t i -

c a l l y downward from the observer.

Newton r i n g s Colored rings due t o l i g h t interference e f f e c t s

from r e f l e c t e d or transmitted l i g h t rays t h a t a r e
seen about the contact of a convex l e n s with a
plane surface, o r of two lenses d i f f e r i n g i n
curvature.

Nori t e A v a r i e t y of grsllular igneous rock composed essen-

t i a l l y of a calcim-sodium s e r i e s t h a t usually
contains a ferronagnesium mineral.

Orthopyroxene A non-metallic n i n e r a l (see pyroxene).

O r t hos t at i c Pertaining t o or caused by standing e r e c t .

Penumbra A p a r t i a l l y i l l u n a t e d region on e i t h e r s i d e of
a completely dark shadow cast by an opaque body
, such as a planet o r s a t e l l i t e .
i
P e r i st al s i s l Wavelike motion of the w a l l s of hollow organs con-
s i s t i n g of a l t e r n a t e contractions and d i l a t i o n s
of transverse and longitudinal muscles.

P1agi oclas e A feldspar minerzl composed of varying amounts

of sodium and calcium with aluminum s i l i c a t e .

Platelets Small f l a t t e n e d masses.

Potassium gluconate A salt o f c r y s t d l i n e acid.

r
Pre-Imbrian Older than the s t r a t i g r a p h i c t i m e of Imbrian age.

P-wave A d e f l e c t i o n i n an electrocardiographic t r a c i n g
t h a t represents euricular appendix a c t i v i t y of
the heart.

Pyroxene A mineral occurring i n s h o r t , t h i c k prismatic

c r y s t a l s o r i n square cross s e c t i o n ; o f t e n lamin-
a t e d ; and varying i n color from white t o dark
green o r black ( r a r e l y blue).

Radon atmosphere A radioactive gaseous environment of radon formed

by t h e radioactive decay of radium.
 F-6

GLOSSARY - Concluded

Ubiquitous The s t a t e , f a c t or capzcity of being everywhere

at t h e same time.

Vagotoni a A hypertension c o n d i t i o l i n which t h e vagus nerve

dominates t h e general functioning of t h e body
organs.

Vagus nerve A wandering nerve. I t s length and wide d i s t r i b u -

t i o n a r e i n t h e brain.
."...
. . ..
Ve si c l e s A snall c a v i t y i n a mineral or rock, o r d i n a r i l y
produced by expansion of vapor i n a molten mass.

Ves i c u l a r A mineral or rock c o n t d n i n g s m a l l c a v i t i e s pro-

duced o r d i n a r i l y by the e q a n s i o n of vapor i n t h e
molten mass.

Vestibular Inner e a r cavity.

Vignetting P e r t a i n i n g t o t h e progressive reduction i n t h e

i n t e n s i t y of illumination f a l l i n g on a photo-
graphic f i l m toward the edges of t h e frame due
t o t h e obstruction of oblique l i g h t beams.

A s m a l l c a v i t y i n a rock.

Zap p i t t i n g Impacts from p a r t i c l e s t r a v e l i n g at extremely

high v e l o c i t i e s t h a t lezve small glass-lined de-
pressions i n rocks.

Zodiacal l i g h t A f a i n t glow extending zround t h e e n t i r e zodiac,

but showing most prominently i n t h e a r e a of t h e
Sun.
 R-1

1. Johnson Space Center: Apollo 17 Preliminary Science Report. (To

be p u b l i s h e d as a NASA S p e c i a l P u b l i c z t i o n . )

2. Marshall Space F l i g h t Center: Satllrn V Launch Vehicle F l i g h t E v a -

u a t i o n Report -
AS-512 Apollo 17 Mission. MPR -SAT-FE-73-1. February
28, 1973.

3. Boeing Company: AS-512 F i n a l P o s t f l i g h t T r a j e c t o r y . Unnumbered doc-

ument ( t o be p u b l i s h e d ) .

4. NASA Headquarters: Mission Implenentation Plan f o r Apollo 17 Mission.

Unnumbered document. Revision 3. October 1972.

5. Manned S p a c e c r a f t C e n t e r : Mission Requirements SA-512/CM-114/LM-12,

5-3 Type Mission. MSC-05180 , Chaage D. March 1 6 , 1972 ( r e p r i n t e d
September 18, 1 9 7 2 ) .

6. Manned S p a c e c r a f t C e n t e r : Apollo 1 5 Mission Report. Bc-05161.

December 1971.
I

7. Manned S p a c e c r a f i Center: Apollo 16 Mission Report. Y6C-07230.

I
August 1972.

.. . .
_
.._
. .-
I : .

..:... ...:._
..,.. ...
,

'..
I
2
.

.,._
,.
.

1
.

-
NASA J S C