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    Electronic-Devices-Circuits - PDF - Google Drive

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    NileshIndulkar
    The document provides information on electronics, electronic components, and semiconductor diodes. It defines electronics as the movement and control of electrons in devices like transistors and integrated circuits. It describes common electronic components like capacitors, resistors, and transistors. It also defines semiconductors as materials with electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. Semiconductor diodes allow current to pass in one direction by using the properties of intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic semiconductors have equal numbers of electrons and holes, while extrinsic ones are doped to create more electrons (n-type) or holes (p-type).

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    Electronic-Devices-Circuits - PDF - Google Drive

    Uploaded by

    NileshIndulkar
    150 views5 pages
    The document provides information on electronics, electronic components, and semiconductor diodes. It defines electronics as the movement and control of electrons in devices like transistors and integrated circuits. It describes common electronic components like capacitors, resistors, and transistors. It also defines semiconductors as materials with electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. Semiconductor diodes allow current to pass in one direction by using the properties of intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic semiconductors have equal numbers of electrons and holes, while extrinsic ones are doped to create more electrons (n-type) or holes (p-type).

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    Electronic-Devices-Circuits.pdf - Google Drive

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    The document provides information on electronics, electronic components, and semiconductor diodes. It defines electronics as the movement and control of electrons in devices like transistors and integrated circuits. It describes common electronic components like capacitors, resistors, and transistors. It also defines semiconductors as materials with electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. Semiconductor diodes allow current to pass in one direction by using the properties of intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic semiconductors have equal numbers of electrons and holes, while extrinsic ones are doped to create more electrons (n-type) or holes (p-type).

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    150 views5 pages

    Electronic-Devices-Circuits - PDF - Google Drive

    Uploaded by

    NileshIndulkar
    The document provides information on electronics, electronic components, and semiconductor diodes. It defines electronics as the movement and control of electrons in devices like transistors and integrated circuits. It describes common electronic components like capacitors, resistors, and transistors. It also defines semiconductors as materials with electrical conductivity between conductors and insulators. Semiconductor diodes allow current to pass in one direction by using the properties of intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic semiconductors have equal numbers of electrons and holes, while extrinsic ones are doped to create more electrons (n-type) or holes (p-type).

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    Page

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    98
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    Page 1 of 98
    ELECTRON

    It is a stable elementary particle with a charge of negative electricity, found in all atoms

    and acting as the primary carrier of electricity in solids.

    ELECTRONICS

    Electronics is the movement of electrons in a vacuum, gas, semiconductor, etc., in

    devices in which the flow is controlled and utilized.

    Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as

    vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection

    technologies.

    ELECTRON DEVICES

    An electronic component is any physical entity in an electronic system used to affect the

    electrons or their associated fields in a manner consistent with the intended function of the

    electronic system. Components are generally intended to be connected together, usually by being

    soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function

    (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may be packaged singly, or

    in more complex groups as integrated circuits. Some common electronic components are

    capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes, transistors, etc. Components are often categorized as

    active (e.g. transistors and thyristors) or passive (e.g. resistors and capacitors).

    ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

    Circuits and components can be divided into two groups: analog and digital. A
    particular device may consist of circuitry that has one or the other or a mix of the two types.

    Material Provided by JNTU World

    Page 2 of 98
    Analog circuits are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits.

    Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage as opposed to discrete levels as in digital

    circuits. The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a

    'circuit' can be defined as anything from a single component, to systems containing thousands of

    components.

    Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Digital

    circuits are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra, and are the basis of all

    digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are

    interchangeable in the context of digital circuits.

    UNIT I SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE

    SEMICONDUCTOR

    A semiconductor is a material which has electrical conductivity to a degree between that

    of a metal (such as copper) and that of an insulator (such as glass). Semiconductors are the

    foundation of modern electronics, including transistors, solar cells, light-emitting diodes (LEDs),

    quantum dots and digital and analog integrated circuits.

    DIODE

    Diode – Di + ode

    Di means two and ode means electrode. So physical contact of two electrodes is known

    as diode and its important function is alternative current to direct current.

    REVIEW OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS

    INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR
    An intrinsic semiconductor is one, which is pure enough that impurities do not

    appreciably affect its electrical behavior. In this case, all carriers are created due to thermally or

    optically excited electrons from the full valence band into the empty conduction band. Thus

    equal numbers of electrons and holes are present in an intrinsic semiconductor. Electrons and

    holes flow in opposite directions in an electric field, though they contribute to current in the

    same direction since they are oppositely charged. Hole current and electron current are not

    necessarily equal in an intrinsic semiconductor, however, because electrons and holes have

    different effective masses (crystalline analogues to free inertial masses).

    The concentration of carriers is strongly dependent on the temperature. At low

    temperatures, the valence band is completely full making the material an insulator. Increasing the

    Page 3 of 98
    temperature leads to an increase in the number of carriers and a corresponding increase in

    conductivity. This characteristic shown by intrinsic semiconductor is different from the behavior

    of most metals, which tend to become less conductive at higher temperatures due to increased

    phonon scattering.

    Both silicon and germanium are tetravalent, i.e. each has four electrons (valence

    electrons) in their outermost shell. Both elements crystallize with a diamond-like structure, i.e. in

    such a way that each atom in the crystal is inside a tetrahedron formed by the four atoms which

    are closest to it. Each atom shares its four valence electrons with its four immediate neighbours,

    so that each atom is involved in four covalent bonds.

    EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR

    An extrinsic semiconductor is one that has been doped with impurities to modify the

    number and type of free charge carriers. An extrinsic semiconductor is a semiconductor that has

    been doped, that is, into which a doping agent has been introduced, giving it different electrical
    properties than the intrinsic (pure) semiconductor.

    Doping involves adding dopant atoms to an intrinsic semiconductor, which changes the

    electron and hole carrier concentrations of the semiconductor at thermal equilibrium. Dominant

    carrier concentrations in an extrinsic semiconductor classify it as either an n-type or p-type

    semiconductor. The electrical properties of extrinsic semiconductors make them essential

    components of many electronic devices.

    A pure or intrinsic conductor has thermally generated holes and electrons. However these

    are relatively few in number. An enormous increase in the number of charge carriers can by

    achieved by introducing impurities into the semiconductor in a controlled manner. The result is

    the formation of an extrinsic semiconductor. This process is referred to as doping. There are

    basically two types of impurities: donor impurities and acceptor impurities. Donor impurities are

    made up of atoms (arsenic for example) which have five valence electrons. Acceptor impurities

    are made up of atoms (gallium for example) which have three valence electrons.

    The two types of extrinsic semiconductor

    N-TYPE SEMICONDUCTORS

    Extrinsic semiconductors with a larger electron concentration than hole concentration are

    known as n-type semiconductors. The phrase 'n-type' comes from the negative charge of the

    electron. In n-type semiconductors, electrons are the majority carriers and holes are the minority

    carriers. N-type semiconductors are created by doping an intrinsic semiconductor with donor

         
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