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7 Interlining, Fusing

The document discusses manufacturing processes for interlinings. It describes the major functions of interlinings as producing and retaining aesthetic appearance and improving garment performance. It then covers various characteristics of interlinings including fiber content, weight, and fabrication methods. The document also discusses different types of interlining applications like sew-in and fusible interlinings. It provides details on fusible interlining materials, coating systems, machinery used, and potential quality problems.

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ARYAN RATHORE
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
309 views54 pages

7 Interlining, Fusing

The document discusses manufacturing processes for interlinings. It describes the major functions of interlinings as producing and retaining aesthetic appearance and improving garment performance. It then covers various characteristics of interlinings including fiber content, weight, and fabrication methods. The document also discusses different types of interlining applications like sew-in and fusible interlinings. It provides details on fusible interlining materials, coating systems, machinery used, and potential quality problems.

Uploaded by

ARYAN RATHORE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Session 

Manufacturing Process 1
Types of resins & substrate

2
Interlining 
Materials that are fused or sewn to 
specific areas on the inside of garment or 
garment parts
They provide shape, support, 
stabilisation, reinforcement, hand and 
improved performance for garments.
A.k.a. interfacings
3
Major function of Interlining 

To produce & retain the desired aesthetic 
appearance
To improve garment performance

4
Aesthetics

General appearance 
Hand, stability, durability, resiliency

*An interlining may be stiff but lightweight 
w/o a lot of bulk

5
Performance 

Evaluation is done from two perspectives
1. performance during production
2. performance in the  finished garments

6
Performance 
Use interlining in small areas to reinforce 
points of stress and weakness (yokes, 
necklines, welt pockets, buttons, button 
holes)
Use interlining in larger areas to provide 
body, improve resiliency & durability(whole 
front of jackets)
7
Characteristics of interlining
Factors that contribute to aesthetics & 
performance of interlining are 
1.Fiber content
2.Weight
3.Fabrication 

8
1. Fiber content
a. PES & Nylon Æ used in fiber webs, 
wovens & knits to contribute strength, 
stability and resiliency w/o adding bulk 
& weight
b. Monofilament nylon Æ light wt. with 
little bulk – provides stiffness & 
resiliency – w/b of skirts & slacks
9
1. Fiber content
c. Cotton & rayon Æ mainly for softness 
and handle
d. Wool & hair Æ resiliency & 
compatibility with woolen fabrics

10
2. Weight

9 0.4 to 4.0 oz/sq.yd
9 Thumb rule : Heavy interlining for heavy 
garments

11
3. Fabrication

9 Fiber webs
9 Wovens
9 Knits
9 Foam laminates

12
Interlining applications

Two basic means of applying interlinings
1. Sew in 
2. Fusing 

13
Sew‐in Interlining

Sewn directly to the garment or garment 
component
Require extra handling & manipulation 
during sewing process (more cost, skill) 
More flexible, less boardy, have fewer 
performance problems than fusibles
14
Sew‐in Interlining
Interlining may be attached at different 
stages 
1.Before construction
2.During construction
3.Inserting the interlining after the 
component is nearly completed (center 
front of shirts)
15
Fusible interlining

Fusible interlining is a base fabric having 
a deposit of thermoplastic resin (usually on 
one side only) which can be bonded to 
another fabric by heat and pressure

16
Fusible interlining
Fusing technology is concerned with….
Base cloths (substrate)
Resins
Coating systems
Machinery and equipment
Control of quality

17
Base cloths
thermoplastic resin is coated, sprayed or 
printed
Can be woven, knitted or non‐woven 
Can be natural or synthetic

18
Base cloths
Base cloth influences the following 
characteristics in the finished garment:
Handle and bulk
Shape retention
Shrinkage control
Crease recovery 
Appearance in wear
Appearance after dry‐cleaning or washing
Durability
19
Base cloths

The final cost of the garment is influenced 
by the type and amount of fusibles used in 
its construction

20
Resins

Applied to base cloth
Thermoplastic 
Resin when cold is not adhesive
On application of heat, resin penetrates into 
the top cloth, solidifies upon cooling, forming a 
bond between base fabric and top fabric
Polyamides, polyester, PVC

21
Equipments used for fusing
operation

22
Coating systems
Coating Æ applying resin to substrate
Coating methods 
Scatter coating 
Dry‐dot coating
Preformed 

23
Coating methods
Scatter coating 
Electronically controlled scattering head deposits 
the resin on to the moving substrate
Dry‐dot coating
Resin is printed on the substrate by a roller 
engraved with small indentations which hold the 
resin powder

24
Coating methods
Preformed 
Resin is heat‐processed to form a net which is 
then laminated to base cloth by heat & pressure. 
During heating, net melts & leaves a minute dot 
pattern on the base cloth.

25
Machinery & Equipment
Mechanical medium required for fusing is a 
press, and the three basic types of press are:
Steam press
Flat bed press
Continuous fusing press
Roller presses

26
Steam press
Regular steam press
Used by factories which cannot invest
Limitations
Unable to reach the required heat levels
Uneven pressure application
Time element completely dependent on the 
operator
Resin is originally activated by steam heat, what’ll 
happen when garments are pressed again?! 27
Flat bed press
Purpose‐built fusing machine
Small table models ÅÆlarge, floor‐standing 
machines
Manual or mechanical loading & take‐off 
systems
Consists of padded top and bottom bucks with 
heating elements
Bottom buck – static
28

top buck – raised/lowered to open/close press


Flat bed press
Can have single or double trays

Tray  is  moved 


automatically  from 
loading  position 
through  fusing  and 
cooling  processes 
and  returns  to  the 
operator  for 
unloading

Carousel fusing press 29
Continuous bed press
Operates on same principle as flat bed press
Transports the assembly for fusing through all 
the processes on a powered conveyor belt
Two types:
1.End‐to‐end feed
2.Return feed

30
Continuous bed press
1. End‐to‐end feed
9 Parts are conveyed from loading area at one 
end of machine, via fusing & cooling areas, to 
the take‐off area at the opposite end of the 
machine
9 Different sets of operators for loading and 
unloading

31
Conveyor fusing press
32
Continuous bed press
2. Return feed
9 Belt system returns the fused components to 
the same end of the machine at which they 
were loaded
9 Upper belt transports the parts through fusing 
process, Lower belt returns the fused parts
9 Same operator for loading and unloading

33
Continuous bed press

9 Continuous fusing presses are also available 
for special purposes such as the fusing of 
trouser and skirt waistbands or other narrow 
components which can be fused in continuous 
tape form

34
Roller press

9 Used for fusing interlinings to piece goods 
prior to cutting
9 Also used for small parts
9 More consistent in heat, time and pressure 
than normal irons

35
9 Fusing is labour‐intensive operation
9 Some major developments which have 
substantially reduced the manual labour
content: (1) modular stacker, (2) robotics

36
Modular stacker
9 This apparatus is positioned at the exit of the 
continuous fusing press
9 Has 4 modules
9 Operating area of each module is one quarter 
of the conveyor belt width
9 Stacker is activated by photocells(it can sense 
the position of the parts)
9 Parts are removed by grasping mechanism
37
Robotics
9 Operator places the cloth component on the 
conveyor belt
9 Robotics system with visual capability picks up 
and places the fusible on the top cloth
9 Successful only with small components

38
Quality problems associated
with fusing process

39
Problems
9 Boardiness
9 Bubbling 
9 Colour change
9 Delamination
9 Shrinkage
9 Strike back
9 Strike through

40
Boardiness
9 Occurs due to inappropriate selection of 
adhesives
9 Resins liquefy and form a resin coating i/o 
being retained in dotted manner
9 Stiff hand is produced
9 Reasons : over fusing, too much adhesive, 
application of excessive heat and/or pressure 

41
Bubbling 
9 Occurs when the face fabric or interlining 
becomes puckered from delamination, poor 
bonding, differential shrinkage, uneven 
temperatures or pressure, and inconsistent 
use of resin

42
Colour change
9 Temporary or permanent discolouration
caused by high temperatures and resins used 
in the fusing process

43
Delamination
9 Loss of bond between the interlining & shell
9 When resin migrates towards heat, becomes 
embedded in the interlining substrate i/o shell 
fabric, thereby preventing an effective bond
9 Shell fabric appears ‘bubbled’
9 Reasons : underfusing, overfusing, not enough 
cooling time, incompatibility of resin & shell

44
Shrinkage
9 When one garment part shrinks because of 
application of fusible interlining and adjoining 
pieces don’t
9 High temp. needed for fusing causes the fabric 
to shrink Æ
9 accurate seaming becomes difficult
9 Creates puckered seams
9 Causes puckered surfaces of shell fabric
45
Strike back
9 Penetration of resin through the interlining 
substrate
9 Causes resin to stick to fusing press, conveyor 
belt, shuttle tray
9 Reason : too much resin for the type of fabric, 
too much pressure

46
Strike through
9 Penetration of resin through the face of the 
shell fabric
9 Reason : too much pressure, too high fusing 
temp., too long fusing time
9 Generally occurs in case of sheer, lightweight, 
non‐absorbent fabrics, microfiber fabrics 
because of construction and weight

47
Quality control of fusing

48
9 Fusible interlinings are precision products
9 It’s important to use the correct equipment 
under strict control
Factors that influence fusing quality are:
1. Temperature
2. Time
3. Pressure
4. Peel‐strength
5. Dry‐clean and/or wash
49
Temperature
9 There is a limited range of temperatures 
effective for each resin
9 check heat applied with thermal test papers –
narrow strips of paper calibrated in increments 
of 2oC

50
Time
9 Flat bed press – mechanical timer
9 Continuous bed press – conveyor belt speed

51
Pressure
During fusing it is necessary to apply equal 
pressure all over the component in order to 
ensure that:
9 An intimate contact is effected between the 
top cloth and the interlining
9 The heat transfer is optimum
9 There is a controlled and even penetration of 
the resin points into the fibers of the top cloth 
52
Peel‐strength test
9 Peel strength : force required to pull apart the 
top cloth and interlining 
9 To check the strength of the bond between 
top cloth and the interlining, tensometer or a 
spring balance is used
9 Test is usually performed on a fused strip 
about 70cm(warp) x 5cm

53
Dry‐clean and/or wash
9 Production garments s.b. subjected to 
appropriate cleaning methods
9 One garment in each cloth and fusible 
combination s.b. tested at least once every 
two working weeks

54

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