7 Interlining, Fusing
7 Interlining, Fusing
Manufacturing Process 1
Types of resins & substrate
2
Interlining
Materials that are fused or sewn to
specific areas on the inside of garment or
garment parts
They provide shape, support,
stabilisation, reinforcement, hand and
improved performance for garments.
A.k.a. interfacings
3
Major function of Interlining
To produce & retain the desired aesthetic
appearance
To improve garment performance
4
Aesthetics
General appearance
Hand, stability, durability, resiliency
*An interlining may be stiff but lightweight
w/o a lot of bulk
5
Performance
Evaluation is done from two perspectives
1. performance during production
2. performance in the finished garments
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Performance
Use interlining in small areas to reinforce
points of stress and weakness (yokes,
necklines, welt pockets, buttons, button
holes)
Use interlining in larger areas to provide
body, improve resiliency & durability(whole
front of jackets)
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Characteristics of interlining
Factors that contribute to aesthetics &
performance of interlining are
1.Fiber content
2.Weight
3.Fabrication
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1. Fiber content
a. PES & Nylon Æ used in fiber webs,
wovens & knits to contribute strength,
stability and resiliency w/o adding bulk
& weight
b. Monofilament nylon Æ light wt. with
little bulk – provides stiffness &
resiliency – w/b of skirts & slacks
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1. Fiber content
c. Cotton & rayon Æ mainly for softness
and handle
d. Wool & hair Æ resiliency &
compatibility with woolen fabrics
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2. Weight
9 0.4 to 4.0 oz/sq.yd
9 Thumb rule : Heavy interlining for heavy
garments
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3. Fabrication
9 Fiber webs
9 Wovens
9 Knits
9 Foam laminates
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Interlining applications
Two basic means of applying interlinings
1. Sew in
2. Fusing
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Sew‐in Interlining
Sewn directly to the garment or garment
component
Require extra handling & manipulation
during sewing process (more cost, skill)
More flexible, less boardy, have fewer
performance problems than fusibles
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Sew‐in Interlining
Interlining may be attached at different
stages
1.Before construction
2.During construction
3.Inserting the interlining after the
component is nearly completed (center
front of shirts)
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Fusible interlining
Fusible interlining is a base fabric having
a deposit of thermoplastic resin (usually on
one side only) which can be bonded to
another fabric by heat and pressure
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Fusible interlining
Fusing technology is concerned with….
Base cloths (substrate)
Resins
Coating systems
Machinery and equipment
Control of quality
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Base cloths
thermoplastic resin is coated, sprayed or
printed
Can be woven, knitted or non‐woven
Can be natural or synthetic
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Base cloths
Base cloth influences the following
characteristics in the finished garment:
Handle and bulk
Shape retention
Shrinkage control
Crease recovery
Appearance in wear
Appearance after dry‐cleaning or washing
Durability
19
Base cloths
The final cost of the garment is influenced
by the type and amount of fusibles used in
its construction
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Resins
Applied to base cloth
Thermoplastic
Resin when cold is not adhesive
On application of heat, resin penetrates into
the top cloth, solidifies upon cooling, forming a
bond between base fabric and top fabric
Polyamides, polyester, PVC
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Equipments used for fusing
operation
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Coating systems
Coating Æ applying resin to substrate
Coating methods
Scatter coating
Dry‐dot coating
Preformed
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Coating methods
Scatter coating
Electronically controlled scattering head deposits
the resin on to the moving substrate
Dry‐dot coating
Resin is printed on the substrate by a roller
engraved with small indentations which hold the
resin powder
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Coating methods
Preformed
Resin is heat‐processed to form a net which is
then laminated to base cloth by heat & pressure.
During heating, net melts & leaves a minute dot
pattern on the base cloth.
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Machinery & Equipment
Mechanical medium required for fusing is a
press, and the three basic types of press are:
Steam press
Flat bed press
Continuous fusing press
Roller presses
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Steam press
Regular steam press
Used by factories which cannot invest
Limitations
Unable to reach the required heat levels
Uneven pressure application
Time element completely dependent on the
operator
Resin is originally activated by steam heat, what’ll
happen when garments are pressed again?! 27
Flat bed press
Purpose‐built fusing machine
Small table models ÅÆlarge, floor‐standing
machines
Manual or mechanical loading & take‐off
systems
Consists of padded top and bottom bucks with
heating elements
Bottom buck – static
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Carousel fusing press 29
Continuous bed press
Operates on same principle as flat bed press
Transports the assembly for fusing through all
the processes on a powered conveyor belt
Two types:
1.End‐to‐end feed
2.Return feed
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Continuous bed press
1. End‐to‐end feed
9 Parts are conveyed from loading area at one
end of machine, via fusing & cooling areas, to
the take‐off area at the opposite end of the
machine
9 Different sets of operators for loading and
unloading
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Conveyor fusing press
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Continuous bed press
2. Return feed
9 Belt system returns the fused components to
the same end of the machine at which they
were loaded
9 Upper belt transports the parts through fusing
process, Lower belt returns the fused parts
9 Same operator for loading and unloading
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Continuous bed press
9 Continuous fusing presses are also available
for special purposes such as the fusing of
trouser and skirt waistbands or other narrow
components which can be fused in continuous
tape form
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Roller press
9 Used for fusing interlinings to piece goods
prior to cutting
9 Also used for small parts
9 More consistent in heat, time and pressure
than normal irons
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9 Fusing is labour‐intensive operation
9 Some major developments which have
substantially reduced the manual labour
content: (1) modular stacker, (2) robotics
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Modular stacker
9 This apparatus is positioned at the exit of the
continuous fusing press
9 Has 4 modules
9 Operating area of each module is one quarter
of the conveyor belt width
9 Stacker is activated by photocells(it can sense
the position of the parts)
9 Parts are removed by grasping mechanism
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Robotics
9 Operator places the cloth component on the
conveyor belt
9 Robotics system with visual capability picks up
and places the fusible on the top cloth
9 Successful only with small components
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Quality problems associated
with fusing process
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Problems
9 Boardiness
9 Bubbling
9 Colour change
9 Delamination
9 Shrinkage
9 Strike back
9 Strike through
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Boardiness
9 Occurs due to inappropriate selection of
adhesives
9 Resins liquefy and form a resin coating i/o
being retained in dotted manner
9 Stiff hand is produced
9 Reasons : over fusing, too much adhesive,
application of excessive heat and/or pressure
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Bubbling
9 Occurs when the face fabric or interlining
becomes puckered from delamination, poor
bonding, differential shrinkage, uneven
temperatures or pressure, and inconsistent
use of resin
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Colour change
9 Temporary or permanent discolouration
caused by high temperatures and resins used
in the fusing process
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Delamination
9 Loss of bond between the interlining & shell
9 When resin migrates towards heat, becomes
embedded in the interlining substrate i/o shell
fabric, thereby preventing an effective bond
9 Shell fabric appears ‘bubbled’
9 Reasons : underfusing, overfusing, not enough
cooling time, incompatibility of resin & shell
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Shrinkage
9 When one garment part shrinks because of
application of fusible interlining and adjoining
pieces don’t
9 High temp. needed for fusing causes the fabric
to shrink Æ
9 accurate seaming becomes difficult
9 Creates puckered seams
9 Causes puckered surfaces of shell fabric
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Strike back
9 Penetration of resin through the interlining
substrate
9 Causes resin to stick to fusing press, conveyor
belt, shuttle tray
9 Reason : too much resin for the type of fabric,
too much pressure
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Strike through
9 Penetration of resin through the face of the
shell fabric
9 Reason : too much pressure, too high fusing
temp., too long fusing time
9 Generally occurs in case of sheer, lightweight,
non‐absorbent fabrics, microfiber fabrics
because of construction and weight
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Quality control of fusing
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9 Fusible interlinings are precision products
9 It’s important to use the correct equipment
under strict control
Factors that influence fusing quality are:
1. Temperature
2. Time
3. Pressure
4. Peel‐strength
5. Dry‐clean and/or wash
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Temperature
9 There is a limited range of temperatures
effective for each resin
9 check heat applied with thermal test papers –
narrow strips of paper calibrated in increments
of 2oC
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Time
9 Flat bed press – mechanical timer
9 Continuous bed press – conveyor belt speed
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Pressure
During fusing it is necessary to apply equal
pressure all over the component in order to
ensure that:
9 An intimate contact is effected between the
top cloth and the interlining
9 The heat transfer is optimum
9 There is a controlled and even penetration of
the resin points into the fibers of the top cloth
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Peel‐strength test
9 Peel strength : force required to pull apart the
top cloth and interlining
9 To check the strength of the bond between
top cloth and the interlining, tensometer or a
spring balance is used
9 Test is usually performed on a fused strip
about 70cm(warp) x 5cm
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Dry‐clean and/or wash
9 Production garments s.b. subjected to
appropriate cleaning methods
9 One garment in each cloth and fusible
combination s.b. tested at least once every
two working weeks
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