1.

What is:
a) the conjugate base of HBr?
b) the conjugate acid of ammonia?
c) the conjugate base of water?
d) the conjugate acid of K2HPO4?

(i) the conjugate base of HBr?

The formula for conjugate base can be derived by removing a proton (H +) from an
acid.
HBr H+ + Br -
acid conjugate base

(ii) the conjugate acid of ammonia?

The formula for conjugate acid can be derived by adding a proton (H+) to a base.
NH3 + H+  NH4+
base conjugate acid

(iii) the conjugate base of water?

H2O  H+ + OH-
acid conjugate base

(iv) the conjugate acid of K2HPO4?

HPO42- + H+  H2PO4-
base conjugate acid

2. What is the formula of the conjugate Bronsted-Lowry acid for:

a) CrO42-
b) F-

CrO42- + 2H+  H2CrO4

F- + H +  HF

3. What is the formula of the conjugate Brønsted-Lowry base for:

a) H2SO4
H2SO4  H+ + HSO4-

b) HClO3
HClO3  H+ + ClO3-
 c) HCO3-
HCO3-  H+ + ClO32-

4. Determine which species are the Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases from the
reaction:
a) HClO2 (aq) + NaIO (aq)  HIO (aq) + NaCIO2 (aq)
NaClO2 (aq) – base
b) HS- (aq) + OH- (aq)  S2- (aq) + H2O (l)
S2- (aq) - base
c) HNO3 (aq) + H2F2 (aq)  H2NO3+ (aq) + HF2- (aq)
H2NO3+ (aq) – acid
HF2- - base

5. If the H+ concentration in a certain tap-water sample is 2.6x10-7 M, what is the

OH- concentration? Determine the pH value of the water sample.

[H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14
[OH-] = 1 x 10-4/ [H3O+] = 1 x 10-14 / 2.6x 10-7 = 3.85 x 10-8 M
pH = - log [H3O+] = -log 2.6x 10-7 = 6.59

6. If the OH- concentration in a bottle of an ammonia based cleaner is 7.2x10 -5 M,

what is the H+ concentration and its pH.

[H3O+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14
[H3O+] = 1 x 10-14/ [OH-] = 1 x 10-14 / 7.2x 10-5 = 1.39 x 10-10 M
pH = - log [H3O+] = -log 1.39 x 10-10 = 9.86

7. What is the pH of a solution prepared by diluting 0.35 mol HCl to a volume of

750 mL?
HCl(aq) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + Cl -(aq)
0.35 mol
[H3O+] = [HCl] =
0.750 L
= 0.467 M
pH = - log [H3O+]
= - log 0.467 M
= 0.33
8. What is the concentration of [OH-] and [H3O+] ion in 0.1 M Ca(OH)2 at 25 C.

Ca(OH)2 (aq)  Ca2+(aq) + 2OH -(aq)

0.1M 0.1M 0.2M
+ - -14
[H3O ][OH ] = 1 x 10
[H3O+] = 1 x 10-14 / 0.2 = 5 x 10-4
pH = - log [H3O+] = -log 5 x 10-4 = 3.3

9. Calculate the pH of the solution if the concentration of [H 3O+] ion is 2.0x10-4 M at

25 C.

pH = - log [H3O+]
= -log 2.0 x 10-4 = 3.69

10. Calculate the pH of 0.100 M solution of HClO. Ka for HClO is 3.1 x 10-8.

HClO + H2O ⇌ ClO- + H3O+

I 0.100 M - -
C -x +x +x
E 0.100-x +x +x

[ H 3 O+ ] [ ClO− ]
K =
a
[ CHClO ]
( x ) ( x)
3 .1 x 10−8 =
( 0. 100−x )
x=√ 3 .1 x 10−9
x=5 .57 x 10−5 M
pH = - log [H3O+] = -log 5.57 x 10-5 = 4.25

11. Calculate the concentration of H+ ions in a 0.2 M HCN solution. The value of pKa
for HCN is 9.3.

HCN(aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + CN- (aq)

I 0.2 M - -
C -x +x +x
E 0.2-x +x +x

pKa = -log Ka
9.3 = - log Ka
 Ka = 5.0x10-10

Ka =
[ H3 O+] [ CN - ]
[ HCN]
( x )(x )
5 .0 x10 -10 =
(0.2-x)
X = √ 1 x 10−10
X= 1.0x10-5 M

[H3O+] = [H+] = 1.0x10-5 M

12. A 0.233 M solution of a weak monoprotic acid, HA, has a pH of 4.22. What is the
value of Ka?

HA(aq) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + A -(aq)

I 0.233 M - -
C -x +x +x
E 0.233-x +x +x

pH = - log [H3O+]
4.22 = - log [H3O+]
[H3O+] = 6.0x10-5 = x

Ka =
[ H3 O+] [ A- ]
[ HA]
(6.0 x 10¿¿−5)
= (6.0 x 10¿ ¿−5) ¿¿
0.233

= 1.55x10-8

13. What is the concentration of OH- of a 0.20 M solution of aniline, C 6H5NH2? Kb for
aniline 3.8 x 10-10.

C6H5NH2 + H2O ⇌ C6H5NH3+ + OH-

I 0.20 M - -
C -x +x +x
E 0.2-x +x +x

[ C 6 H 5 NH 3 ] [ OH− ]
+

Kb =
[ C 6 H 5 NH 2 ]
( x )( x )
3 .8 x 10−10 =
( 0 . 20−x )
x=√ 7 .6 x 10−11
x=8 .72 x 10−6 M
 [OH-] = 8.72x10-6 M

14. NH3(aq) + H2O(l)  NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

a. Calculate the pH of a 0.55 M solution of ammonia given that Kb= 1.8 x 10-
5
for ammonia.
b. What is the Kb value for 1.02 M NH3 solution with a pH of 9.56?

(a)
NH3(aq) + H2O(l)  NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
I 0.55 M - -
C -x +x +x
E 0.55-x +x +x

K b= ¿ ¿
−5 ( x ) (x)
1.8 x 10 =
(0.55−x)
x=√ 9.9 x 10−6
¿ 3.15x10-3 M

pOH = - log [OH-]

= -log 3.15 x 10-3 = 2.5
pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 -2.5 = 11.5

(b) pH + pOH = 14
pOH = 14 -9.56 = 4.44

pOH = - log [OH-]

4.4 = - log [OH-]
[OH-] = 3.63x10-5 = x

K b = ¿¿
( 3.63 x 10−5 ) (3.63 x 10−5)
¿
1.02
−9
¿ 1.29 x 10
Use the ionisation equation and some algebra to get the equilibrium concentration of the
solution at pH 11.37

From, pH + pOH = 14.00

pOH = 14.00 - pH
= 14.00 - 11.37
= 2.63

[OH -] = 10-pOH = 10-2.63 = 2.3 x 10−3 M

[NH+4 ¿=2.3 x 10-3 M

NH3(aq) + H2O(l)  NH +4 (aq) + OH - (aq)

Initial [ ] xM
Change - 2.3 x 10- + 2.3 x + 2.3 x
3
M 10-3 M 10-3 M
Equilibriu (x - 2.3 x 2.3 x 10-3 2.3 x 10-3
m [ ] 10-3) M M M

( 2.3 x 10-3 ) ( 2.3 x 10-3 )

1.8 x 10-5 =
( x - 2.3 x 10 -3 )
x = 0.30 M NH3

15. A solution of ammonia (0.15 M) has a hydroxide ion concentration of 1.6 x 10 -3

M. Calculate the Kb for this equilibrium.

[NH3+] = 0.15 M [OH-] = 1.6 x 10-3 M

NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH-
I 0.15M - -
-3
C - 1.6 x 10 +1.6 x 10 +1.6 x 10-3
-3

E 0.15-1.6 x 10-3 +1.6 x 10-3 +1.6 x 10-3

[ NH4 ] [ OH− ]
+

K =b
[ NH 3 ]
( 1 . 6 x 10−3 )( 1. 6 x 10−3 )
=
( 0. 15−1 . 6 x 10−3 )
¿ 1. 71 x 10−5

16. The weak acid HF has a K a = 6.8 x 10-4. Calculate the hydronium ion
concentration of a 0.24 M solution?
[HF] = 0.24 M Ka = 6.8 x 10-4 M
 HF + H2O ⇌ H3O+- + F-
I 0.24 M - -
C -x +x +x
E 0.24-x +x +x

[ H 3 O + ] [ F− ]
K= a
[ HF ]
( x) ( x )
6 . 8 x 10−4 =
( 0 . 24−x )
−4 2
6 .8 x 10 ( 0 . 24−x )=x
2
x=
√
−( 6 . 8×10−4 )± ( 6 . 8×10−4 ) −4 ( 1 ) (−1 .63×10−4 )
2( 1)
x=1. 3×10 and -1. 24×10-2
−2

−2
[H3O+] = 1.3×10 M

17. Write the equation for reaction of hydrofluoric acid and its conjugate base,
fluoride ion with water. Show that the equations add to give the auto ionisation
equilibrium for water, and that Ka x Kb = Kw.

HF + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + F-

[ H 3 O+ ] [ F− ]
K = a
[ HF ]
-
F + H2O ⇌ HF + OH-

[ HF ] [ OH− ]
K b=
[F−]

[ H 3 O+ ] [ F− ] [ HF ] [ OH− ]
Ka xK = b
[ HF ] [ F− ]
K a x Kb =K w

18. Calculate the concentration of NH3, NH4+ and OH- in a solution made by
dissolving 2.63 g of NH3 in water to give 786 mL of solution. (Kb of NH3 = 1.81 x
10-5)

Mole of NH3 = 2.63g/17 g/mol

Molarity of NH3 = 0.15 x 1000 / 786 = 0.19 = 0.2 M

NH3 + H2O ⇌ NH4+ + OH-

I 0.2M - -
C -x +x +x
E 0.2-x +x +x

NH4 ] [ OH ]
−

Kb =
[ +

[ NH 3 ]
( x ) (x )
1. 81 x 10−5 =
( 0 . 20−x )
x=0 . 0019
[NH3] = 0.2- 0.0019 = 0.198 M
[NH4+] = [OH-] = 0.0019 M

19. Determine whether the mixing of each pair of solutions results in a buffer.
a) 50.0 mL of 0.10 M HCl; 35.0 mL of 0.15 M NaOH
b) 75.0 mL of 0.10 M HF; 55.0 mL of 0.15 M NaF
c) 100.0 mL of 0.10 M NH3; 100.0 mL of 0.15 M NH4Cl
d) 50.0 mL of 0.15 M HF; 50.0 mL of 0.15 M KOH
e) 50.0 mL of 0.10 M CH3NH2; 120.0 mL of 0.10 M CH3NH3Cl
f) 50.0 mL of 0.15 M HClO; 150.0 mL of 0.12 M NaClO

(a) 50 mL 0.1 M HCl + 35mL 0.15 M NaOH -Not a buffer solution

(strong acid) (strong base)

(b) 75.0 mL of 0.10 M HF; 55.0 mL of 0.15 M NaF -an acid buffer solution
(weak acid) (salt of weak acid)

(c) 100.0 mL of 0.10 M NH3; 100.0 mL of 0.15 M NH4Cl - a base buffer

solution
(weak base) (salt of weak base)

(d) 50.0 mL of 0.15 M HF; 50.0 mL of 0.15 M KOH -Not a buffer solution
(weak acid) (strong base)

(e) 50.0 mL of 0.10 M CH3NH2; 120.0 mL of 0.10 M CH3NH3Cl

(weak base) (salt of weak base) - a base buffer
solution

(f) 50.0 mL of 0.15 M HClO; 150.0 mL of 0.12 M NaClO

(weak acid) (salt of weak acid) - an acid buffer solution

20. If you are given a solution containing 0.30 M formic acid and 0.20 M sodium
formate, what would the pH of the solution be? (Ka = 1.8 x 10-4).
 0.30 M HCOOH, 0.20 M HCOONa
Ka = 1.8 x 10-4

[conjugate base ]
pH= pKa+log
[acid]
(0.20)
¿−log 1.8 x 10− 4+ log
(0.30)
= 3.744 + (-0.176)
= 3.6

21. A buffer solution is made by mixing 300 mL of a 0.4 M ammonia solution with
200 mL of a 0.45 M ammonium chloride solution. What is the pH of this buffer
solution? (Kb for NH3 = 1.8 x 10-5)

Ka NH4+ 5.6 x 10-10

NH4+ 0.45 M (salt)
NH3 0.25 M (base)

[base]
pH= pKa+log
[ conjugate acid]
(0.25)
¿−log 5.6 x 10−10 + log
(0.45)
= 9.25 + (-0.25)
=9

22. Calculate the pH of a solution which is composed of 0.20 M NH3 and 0.40 M
NH4Cl. Kb for NH3 is 1.8 x 10-5.

NH4Cl(aq)  Cl-(aq) + NH4+(aq)

NH +4 ( aq ) + H2 O(l) H3 O+ ( aq ) + NH3 ( aq ¿
[ NH+4 ]
pO H = pK b + log
[ NH 3 ]
0. 2
pH = -log Kb + log
0.4
pOH = 4.74 + 0.3 = 5.04
pH =14.00 - 5.04 = 8.96
23. The fluids within cells are buffered by H 2PO4- and HPO42-. What is the
HPO42-]/[H2PO4-] ratio required to maintain a pH of 7.1 within a cell? The K a for
H2PO4- is 6.3x10-8.

H2PO4- - Ka = 6.3 x 10-8

H2PO4- ⇌ H+ + HPO4 2-

pH= pKa+log ¿ ¿ ¿
7=−log 6.3 x 10−8+ log ¿¿ ¿
log ¿ ¿ ¿
= 7 – 7.2
= - 0.2

¿¿¿

= 0.63

24. Write down the solubility product expressions for the following:
a) Ca(OH)2 b) Fe(OH)3 c) Ag2SO4 d) Al(OH)3
(a) Ca (OH)2
Ksp = [Ca2+] [OH-]2

(b) Fe (OH)3
Ksp = [Fe3+] [OH-]3

(c ) Ag2SO4
Ksp = [Ag+]2 [SO4 2-]

(d) Al (OH)3
Ksp = [Al3+] [OH-]3

25. The solubility product of Fe(OH)3 is 3.0 x 10-36. What is the solubility of Fe(OH)3
in mol L-1 and g L-1.

Fe(OH)3 , Ksp = 3.0 x 10 -36

Fe(OH)3 (s) ⇌ Fe 3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq)

s 3s

Ksp = [Fe3+] [OH-]3

3.0 x 10 -36 = (s) (3s)3
27s4 = 3.0x 10 -36
 s4 = 1.11 x 10-37
4 log s = log 1.11 x 10-37
s = 10-9.23 = 5.89 x 10-10 M

Fe(OH)3 = 107 mol/g

s = 5.89 x 10-10 mol/L x 107 mol/g
= 6.3 x 10-8 g/L

26. Will a precipitate form when 100 mL of 1.16 x 10 -4 M barium nitrate, is mixed
with 100 mL 0.010 M sodium sulphate? The K sp for barium sulphate, Ba(SO4), is
1.08 x 10-8.

100 mL 1.16 x 10-6 M Ba(NO3)2

100 mL 0.01 M Na2(SO4)
Ksp (BaSO4) = 1.08 x10-10
Concentration of Ba(NO3)2 and Na2(SO4) in the mixture,
[Ba2+] = 1.16 x10-6 x 100/200
= 5.8 x10-7 M
[SO42-] = 0.01 x 100/200
= 0.005 M
Q = [Ba2+] [SO42-] = 5.8 x10-7 x 0.005 = 2.9 x 10-9
Q > Ksp
BaSO4 precipitate formed.