Estates & Trusts Exam Statutory Supplement - Opel

Trusts and Estates Statutory Supplement
Uniform Parentage Act (2000) (Last Amended or Revised in 2002) ........................................................... 6

§ 201. Establishment of Parent-Child Relationship. ................................................................................. 6
§ 202. No Discrimination Based on Marital Status................................................................................... 6
§ 203. Consequences of Establishment of Parentage. ............................................................................... 6
§ 204. Presumption of Paternity. ............................................................................................................... 6
Uniform Probate Code ................................................................................................................................ 11
§ 1-107. [Evidence of Death or Status]. .................................................................................................. 11
§ 1-201. General Definitions. .................................................................................................................. 11
§ 2-101. Intestate Estate. ......................................................................................................................... 14
§ 2-102. Share of Spouse. ....................................................................................................................... 14
§ 2-103. Share of Heirs other than Surviving Spouse. ............................................................................ 15
§ 2-104. Requirement of Survival By 120 Hours; Individual in Gestation............................................. 15
§ 2-105. No Taker. .................................................................................................................................. 15
§ 2-106. Representation. ......................................................................................................................... 16
§ 2-107. Kindred of Half Blood. ............................................................................................................. 16
§ 2-109. Advancements. ......................................................................................................................... 16
§ 2-114. Parent Barred From Inheriting in Certain Circumstances......................................................... 16
§ 2-115. Definitions. ............................................................................................................................... 17
§ 2-116. Effect of Parent-Child Relationship.......................................................................................... 17
§ 2-117. No Distinction Based on Marital Status. .................................................................................. 17
§ 2-118. Adoptee and Adoptee's Adoptive Parent or Parents. ................................................................ 17
§ 2-119. Adoptee and Adoptee's Genetic Parents. .................................................................................. 18
§ 2-120. Child Conceived By Assisted Reproduction Other Than Child Born to Gestational Carrier. .. 18
§ 2-121. Child Born to Gestational Carrier. ............................................................................................ 20
§ 2-202. Elective Share. .......................................................................................................................... 21
§ 2-203. Composition of the Augmented Estate; Marital-Property Portion. .......................................... 21
§ 2-204. Decedent's Net Probate Estate. ................................................................................................. 22
§2-205. Decedent’s Nonprobate Transfers to Others. ............................................................................. 22
§2-206. Decedent’s Nonprobate Transfers to the Surviving Spouse. ..................................................... 23
§2-207. Surviving Spouse’s Property and Nonprobate Transfers to Others. .......................................... 24
§2-209. Sources from Which Elective Share Payable. ........................................................................... 24
§ 2-213. Waiver of Right to Elect and of Other Rights. ......................................................................... 25
§ 2-301. Entitlement of Spouse; Premarital Will. ................................................................................... 25
§ 2-302. Omitted Children. ..................................................................................................................... 26
§ 2-401. Applicable Law......................................................................................................................... 26
§ 2-402. Homestead Allowance. ............................................................................................................. 27
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§ 2-403. Exempt Property. ...................................................................................................................... 27
§ 2-404. Family Allowance..................................................................................................................... 27
§ 2-405. Source, Determination, and Documentation. ............................................................................ 27
§ 2-501. Who May Make Will. ............................................................................................................... 28
§ 2-502. Execution; Witnessed or Notarized Wills; Holographic Wills. ................................................ 28
§ 2-503. Harmless Error. ......................................................................................................................... 28
§ 2-504. Self-Proved Will. ...................................................................................................................... 28
§ 2-505. Who May Witness. ................................................................................................................... 30
§ 2-506. Choice of Law as to Execution. ................................................................................................ 30
§ 2-507. Revocation by Writing or by Act.............................................................................................. 30
§ 2-508. Revocation by Change of Circumstances. ................................................................................ 31
§ 2-509. Revival of Revoked Will. ......................................................................................................... 31
§ 2-510. Incorporation by Reference. ..................................................................................................... 31
§ 2-511. Testamentary Additions to Trusts. ............................................................................................ 31
§ 2-512. Events of Independent Significance. ........................................................................................ 31
§ 2-513. Separate Writing Identifying Devise of Certain Types of Tangible Personal Property. ........... 32
§ 2-514. Contracts Concerning Succession............................................................................................. 32
§ 2-515. Deposit of Will with Court in Testator's Lifetime. ................................................................... 32
§ 2-516. Duty of Custodian of Will; Liability. ....................................................................................... 32
§ 2-517. Penalty Clause for Contest........................................................................................................ 32
§ 2-601. Scope. ....................................................................................................................................... 32
§ 2-602. Will May Pass All Property and After-Acquired Property. ...................................................... 32
§ 2-603. Antilapse; Deceased Devisee; Class Gifts. ............................................................................... 32
§ 2-604. Failure of Testamentary Provision............................................................................................ 34
§ 2-605. Increase in Securities; Accessions. ........................................................................................... 34
§ 2-606. Nonademption of Specific Devises; Unpaid Proceeds of Sale, Condemnation, or Insurance;
Sale by Conservator or Agent. ................................................................................................................ 34
§ 2-607. Nonexoneration. ....................................................................................................................... 35
§ 2-608. Exercise of Power of Appointment........................................................................................... 35
§ 2-609. Ademption by satisfaction. ....................................................................................................... 35
§ 2-701. Scope. ....................................................................................................................................... 36
§ 2-702. Requirement of Survival by 120 Hours. ................................................................................... 36
§ 2-703. Choice of Law as to Meaning and Effect of Governing Instrument. ........................................ 37
§ 2-704. Power of Appointment; Meaning of Specific Reference Requirement. ................................... 37
§ 2-705. Class Gifts Construed to Accord With Intestate Succession; Exceptions. ............................... 37
§ 2-708. Class Gifts to “Descendants,” “Issue,” or “Heirs of the Body”; Form of Distribution if None
Specified. ................................................................................................................................................ 38
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§ 2-709. Representation; Per Capita at Each Generation; Per Stirpes. ................................................... 39
§ 2-711. Interests in “Heirs” and Like. ................................................................................................... 39
§ 2-802. Effect of Divorce, Annulment, and Decree of Separation. ....................................................... 39
§ 2-803. Effect of Homicide on Intestate Succession, Wills, Trusts, Joint Assets, Life Insurance, and
Beneficiary Designations. ....................................................................................................................... 40
§ 2-804. Revocation of Probate and Nonprobate Transfers by Divorce; No Revocation by other
Changes of Circumstances. ..................................................................................................................... 41
§ 2-805. Reformation to Correct Mistakes.............................................................................................. 43
§ 2-806. Modification to Achieve Transferor's Tax Objectives. ............................................................. 43
§ 2-901. Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities. ......................................................................................... 43
§ 2-903. Reformation. ............................................................................................................................. 44
§ 2-904. Exclusions from Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities............................................................... 44
§ 2-1105. Power to Disclaim; General Requirements; When Irrevocable. ............................................. 45
§ 2-1106. Disclaimer of Interest in Property........................................................................................... 45
§ 2-1107. Disclaimer of Rights of Survivorship in Jointly Held Property. ............................................. 46
§ 2-1113. When Disclaimer Barred or Limited. ..................................................................................... 46
§ 3-406. Formal Testacy Proceedings; Contested Cases. ....................................................................... 46
§ 3-902. [Distribution; Order in Which Assets Appropriated; Abatement]. ........................................... 46
Uniform Trust Code (2000) ........................................................................................................................ 50
§ 103. Definitions.................................................................................................................................... 50
§ 303. Representation by Fiduciaries and Parents. ................................................................................. 51
§ 304. Representation by Person Having Substantially Identical Interest. ............................................. 51
§ 305. Appointment of Representative. .................................................................................................. 51
§ 401. Methods of Creating Trust. .......................................................................................................... 51
§ 402. Requirements for Creation. .......................................................................................................... 51
§ 407. Evidence of Oral Trust. ................................................................................................................ 52
§ 408. Trust for Care of Animal. ............................................................................................................. 52
§ 409. Noncharitable Trust Without Ascertainable Beneficiary. ............................................................ 52
§ 410. Modification or Termination of Trust; Proceedings for Approval or Disapproval. ..................... 52
§ 411. Modification or Termination of Noncharitable Irrevocable Trust by Consent. ........................... 53
§ 412. Modification or Termination Because of Unanticipated Circumstances or Inability to Administer
Trust Effectively. .................................................................................................................................... 53
§ 414. Modification or Termination of Uneconomic Trust..................................................................... 53
§ 415. Reformation to Correct Mistakes. ................................................................................................ 54
§ 416. Modification to Achieve Settlor’s Tax Objectives....................................................................... 54
§ 417. Combination and Division of Trusts. ........................................................................................... 54
§ 503. Exceptions to Spendthrift Provision. ........................................................................................... 54
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§ 504. Discretionary Trusts; Effect of Standard...................................................................................... 54
§ 601. Capacity of Settlor of Revocable Trust. ....................................................................................... 55
§ 602. Revocation or Amendment of Revocable Trust. .......................................................................... 55
§ 701. Accepting or Declining Trusteeship. ........................................................................................... 55
§ 704. Vacancy in Trusteeship; Appointment of Successor. .................................................................. 56
§ 705. Resignation of Trustee. ................................................................................................................ 56
§ 706. Removal of Trustee. ..................................................................................................................... 56
§ 801. Duty to Administer Trust. ............................................................................................................ 57
§ 802. Duty of Loyalty. ........................................................................................................................... 57
§ 808. Powers to Direct. .......................................................................................................................... 58
§ 809. Control and Protection of Trust Property. .................................................................................... 58
§ 810. Recordkeeping and Identification of Trust Property. ................................................................... 58
§ 811. Enforcement and Defense of Claims. .......................................................................................... 58
§ 812. Collecting Trust Property. ............................................................................................................ 58
§ 813. Duty to Inform and Report. .......................................................................................................... 58
§ 814. Discretionary Powers; Tax Savings. ............................................................................................ 59
§ 1008. Exculpation of Trustee. .............................................................................................................. 59
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Uniform Parentage Act (2000) (Last Amended or Revised in 2002)
§ 201. Establishment of Parent-Child Relationship.
§ 202. No Discrimination Based on Marital Status.
§ 203. Consequences of Establishment of Parentage.
§ 204. Presumption of Paternity.
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Uniform Parentage Act (2000) (Last Amended or Revised in 2002)
§ 201. Establishment of Parent-Child Relationship.
(a) The mother-child relationship is established between a woman and a child by:
(1) the woman's having given birth to the child [, except as otherwise provided in [Article] 8];
(2) an adjudication of the woman's maternity; [or]
(3) adoption of the child by the woman [; or
(4) an adjudication confirming the woman as a parent of a child born to a gestational mother if the
agreement was validated under [Article] 8 or is enforceable under other law].
(b) The father-child relationship is established between a man and a child by:
(1) an unrebutted presumption of the man's paternity of the child under Section 204;
(2) an effective acknowledgment of paternity by the man under [Article] 3, unless the acknowledgment
has been rescinded or successfully challenged;
(3) an adjudication of the man's paternity;
(4) adoption of the child by the man; [or]
(5) the man's having consented to assisted reproduction by a woman under [Article] 7 which resulted
in the birth of the child [; or
(6) an adjudication confirming the man as a parent of a child born to a gestational mother if the
agreement was validated under [Article] 8 or is enforceable under other law].
§ 202. No Discrimination Based on Marital Status.

A child born to parents who are not married to each other has the same rights under the law as a child
born to parents who are married to each other.
§ 203. Consequences of Establishment of Parentage.

Unless parental rights are terminated, a parent-child relationship established under this [Act] applies for
all purposes, except as otherwise specifically provided by other law of this State.
§ 204. Presumption of Paternity.

(a) A man is presumed to be the father of a child if:
(1) he and the mother of the child are married to each other and the child is born during the marriage;
(2) he and the mother of the child were married to each other and the child is born within 300 days
after the marriage is terminated by death, annulment, declaration of invalidity, or divorce [, or after a
decree of separation];
(3) before the birth of the child, he and the mother of the child married each other in apparent
compliance with law, even if the attempted marriage is or could be declared invalid, and the child is born
during the invalid marriage or within 300 days after its termination by death, annulment, declaration of
invalidity, or divorce [, or after a decree of separation];
(4) after the birth of the child, he and the mother of the child married each other in apparent
compliance with law, whether or not the marriage is or could be declared invalid, and he voluntarily
asserted his paternity of the child, and:
(A) the assertion is in a record filed with [state agency maintaining birth records];
(B) he agreed to be and is named as the child's father on the child's birth certificate; or
(C) he promised in a record to support the child as his own; or
(5) for the first two years of the child's life, he resided in the same household with the child and openly
held out the child as his own.
(b) A presumption of paternity established under this section may be rebutted only by an adjudication
under [Article] 6.
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Uniform Probate Code
§ 1-107. [Evidence of Death or Status].
§ 1-201. General Definitions.
§ 2-101. Intestate Estate.
§ 2-102. Share of Spouse.
§ 2-103. Share of Heirs other than Surviving Spouse.
§ 2-104. Requirement of Survival By 120 Hours; Individual in Gestation.
§ 2-105. No Taker.
§ 2-106. Representation.
§ 2-107. Kindred of Half Blood.
§ 2-109. Advancements.
§ 2-114. Parent Barred From Inheriting in Certain Circumstances.
§ 2-115. Definitions.
§ 2-116. Effect of Parent-Child Relationship.
§ 2-117. No Distinction Based on Marital Status.
§ 2-118. Adoptee and Adoptee's Adoptive Parent or Parents.
§ 2-119. Adoptee and Adoptee's Genetic Parents.
§ 2-120. Child Conceived By Assisted Reproduction Other Than Child Born to Gestational
Carrier.
§ 2-121. Child Born to Gestational Carrier.
§ 2-202. Elective Share.
§ 2-203. Composition of the Augmented Estate; Marital-Property Portion.
§ 2-204. Decedent's Net Probate Estate.
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§ 2-205. Decedent’s Nonprobate Transfers to Others.
§ 2-206. Decedent’s Nonprobate Transfers to the Surviving Spouse.
§ 2-207. Surviving Spouse’s Property and Nonprobate Transfers to Others.
§ 2-209. Sources from Which Elective Share Payable.
§ 2-213. Waiver of Right to Elect and of Other Rights.
§ 2-301. Entitlement of Spouse; Premarital Will.
§ 2-302. Omitted Children.
§ 2-401. Applicable Law.
§ 2-402. Homestead Allowance.
§ 2-403. Exempt Property.
§ 2-404. Family Allowance.
§ 2-405. Source, Determination, and Documentation.
§ 2-501. Who May Make Will.
§ 2-502. Execution; Witnessed or Notarized Wills; Holographic Wills.
§ 2-503. Harmless Error.
§ 2-504. Self-Proved Will.
§ 2-505. Who May Witness.
§ 2-506. Choice of Law as to Execution.
§ 2-507. Revocation by Writing or by Act.
§ 2-508. Revocation by Change of Circumstances.
§ 2-509. Revival of Revoked Will.
§ 2-510. Incorporation by Reference.
§ 2-511. Testamentary Additions to Trusts.
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§ 2-512. Events of Independent Significance.
§ 2-513. Separate Writing Identifying Devise of Certain Types of Tangible Personal

Property.
§ 2-514. Contracts Concerning Succession.
§ 2-515. Deposit of Will with Court in Testator's Lifetime.
§ 2-516. Duty of Custodian of Will; Liability.
§ 2-517. Penalty Clause for Contest.
§ 2-601. Scope.
§ 2-602. Will May Pass All Property and After-Acquired Property.
§ 2-603. Antilapse; Deceased Devisee; Class Gifts.
§ 2-604. Failure of Testamentary Provision.
§ 2-605. Increase in Securities; Accessions.
§ 2-606. Nonademption of Specific Devises; Unpaid Proceeds of Sale, Condemnation, or

Insurance; Sale by Conservator or Agent.
§ 2-607. Nonexoneration.
§ 2-608. Exercise of Power of Appointment.
§ 2-609. Ademption by satisfaction.
§ 2-701. Scope.
§ 2-702. Requirement of Survival by 120 Hours.
§ 2-703. Choice of Law as to Meaning and Effect of Governing Instrument.
§ 2-704. Power of Appointment; Meaning of Specific Reference Requirement.
§ 2-705. Class Gifts Construed to Accord With Intestate Succession; Exceptions.
§ 2-708. Class Gifts to “Descendants,” “Issue,” or “Heirs of the Body”; Form of

Distribution if None Specified.
§ 2-709. Representation; Per Capita at Each Generation; Per Stirpes.
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§ 2-711. Interests in “Heirs” and Like.
§ 2-802. Effect of Divorce, Annulment, and Decree of Separation.
§ 2-803. Effect of Homicide on Intestate Succession, Wills, Trusts, Joint Assets, Life
Insurance, and Beneficiary Designations.
§ 2-804. Revocation of Probate and Nonprobate Transfers by Divorce; No Revocation by

other Changes of Circumstances.
§ 2-805. Reformation to Correct Mistakes.
§ 2-806. Modification to Achieve Transferor's Tax Objectives.
§ 2-901. Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities.
§ 2-903. Reformation.
§ 2-904. Exclusions from Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities.
§ 2-1105. Power to Disclaim; General Requirements; When Irrevocable.
§ 2-1106. Disclaimer of Interest in Property.
§ 2-1107. Disclaimer of Rights of Survivorship in Jointly Held Property.
§ 2-1113. When Disclaimer Barred or Limited.
§ 3-406. Formal Testacy Proceedings; Contested Cases.
§ 3-902. [Distribution; Order in Which Assets Appropriated; Abatement].
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Uniform Probate Code
§ 1-107. [Evidence of Death or Status].
In addition to the rules of evidence in courts of general jurisdiction, the following rules relating to a
determination of death and status apply:
(1) Death occurs when an individual [is determined to be dead under the Uniform Determination of
Death Act] [has sustained either (i) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions or (ii)
irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain, including the brain stem. A determination of
death must be made in accordance with accepted medical standards].
(2) A certified or authenticated copy of a death certificate purporting to be issued by an official or
agency of the place where the death purportedly occurred is prima facie evidence of the fact, place, date,
and time of death and the identity of the decedent.
(3) A certified or authenticated copy of any record or report of a governmental agency, domestic or
foreign, that an individual is missing, detained, dead, or alive is prima facie evidence of the status and of
the dates, circumstances, and places disclosed by the record or report.
(4) In the absence of prima facie evidence of death under paragraph (2) or (3), the fact of death may be
established by clear and convincing evidence, including circumstantial evidence.
(5) An individual whose death is not established under the preceding paragraphs who is absent for a
continuous period of 5 years, during which he [or she] has not been heard from, and whose absence is not
satisfactorily explained after diligent search or inquiry, is presumed to be dead. His [or her] death is
presumed to have occurred at the end of the period unless there is sufficient evidence for determining that
death occurred earlier.
(6) In the absence of evidence disputing the time of death stated on a document described in paragraph
(2) or (3), a document described in paragraph (2) or (3) that states a time of death 120 hours or more after
the time of death of another individual, however the time of death of the other individual is determined,
establishes by clear and convincing evidence that the individual survived the other individual by 120
hours.
§ 1-201. General Definitions.

Subject to additional definitions contained in the subsequent articles that are applicable to specific
articles, parts, or sections, and unless the context otherwise requires, in this [code]:
(1) “Agent” includes an attorney-in-fact under a durable or nondurable power of attorney, an
individual authorized to make decisions concerning another's health care, and an individual authorized to
make decisions for another under a natural death act.
(2) “Application” means a written request to the Registrar for an order of informal probate or
appointment under Part 3 of Article III.
(3) “Beneficiary,” as it relates to a trust beneficiary, includes a person who has any present or future
interest, vested or contingent, and also includes the owner of an interest by assignment or other transfer;
as it relates to a charitable trust, includes any person entitled to enforce the trust; as it relates to a
“beneficiary of a beneficiary designation,” refers to a beneficiary of an insurance or annuity policy, of an
account with POD designation, of a security registered in beneficiary form (TOD), or of a pension, profit-
sharing, retirement, or similar benefit plan, or other nonprobate transfer at death; and, as it relates to a
“beneficiary designated in a governing instrument,” includes a grantee of a deed, a devisee, a trust
beneficiary, a beneficiary of a beneficiary designation, a donee, appointee, or taker in default of a power
of appointment, or a person in whose favor a power of attorney or a power held in any individual,
fiduciary, or representative capacity is exercised.
(4) “Beneficiary designation” refers to a governing instrument naming a beneficiary of an insurance or
annuity policy, of an account with POD designation, of a security registered in beneficiary form (TOD),
or of a pension, profit-sharing, retirement, or similar benefit plan, or other nonprobate transfer at death.
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(5) “Child” includes an individual entitled to take as a child under this Code by intestate succession
from the parent whose relationship is involved and excludes a person who is only a stepchild, a foster
child, a grandchild, or any more remote descendant.
(6) “Claims,” in respect to estates of decedents and protected persons, includes liabilities of the
decedent or protected person, whether arising in contract, in tort, or otherwise, and liabilities of the estate
which arise at or after the death of the decedent or after the appointment of a conservator, including
funeral expenses and expenses of administration. The term does not include estate or inheritance taxes, or
demands or disputes regarding title of a decedent or protected person to specific assets alleged to be
included in the estate.
(7) “Conservator” is as defined in Section 5-102.
(8) “Court” means the [......... Court or branch] in this State having jurisdiction in matters relating to
the affairs of decedents.
(9) “Descendant” of an individual means all of his [or her] descendants of all generations, with the
relationship of parent and child at each generation being determined by the definition of child and parent
contained in this Code.
(10) “Devise,” when used as a noun, means a testamentary disposition of real or personal property and,
when used as a verb, means to dispose of real or personal property by will.
(11) “Devisee” means a person designated in a will to receive a devise. For the purposes of Article II,
in the case of a devise to an existing trust or trustee, or to a trustee on trust described by will, the trust or
trustee is the devisee and the beneficiaries are not devisees.
(12) “Distributee” means any person who has received property of a decedent from his [or her]
personal representative other than as a creditor or purchaser. A testamentary trustee is a distributee only to
the extent of distributed assets or increment thereto remaining in his [or her] hands. A beneficiary of a
testamentary trust to whom the trustee has distributed property received from a personal representative is
a distributee of the personal representative. For the purposes of this provision, “testamentary trustee”
includes a trustee to whom assets are transferred by will, to the extent of the devised assets.
(13) “Estate” includes the property of the decedent, trust, or other person whose affairs are subject to
this Code as originally constituted and as it exists from time to time during administration.
(14) “Exempt property” means that property of a decedent's estate which is described in Section 2-403.
(15) “Fiduciary” includes a personal representative, guardian, conservator, and trustee.
(16) “Foreign personal representative” means a personal representative appointed by another
jurisdiction.
(17) “Formal proceedings” means proceedings conducted before a judge with notice to interested
persons.
(18) “Governing instrument” means a deed, will, trust, insurance or annuity policy, account with POD
designation, security registered in beneficiary form (TOD), pension, profit-sharing, retirement, or similar
benefit plan, instrument creating or exercising a power of appointment or a power of attorney, or a
dispositive, appointive, or nominative instrument of any similar type.
(19) “Guardian” is as defined in Section 5-102.
(20) “Heirs,” except as controlled by Section 2-711, means persons, including the surviving spouse
and the state, who are entitled under the statutes of intestate succession to the property of a decedent.
(21) “Incapacitated person” means an individual described in Section 5-102.
(22) “Informal proceedings” means those conducted without notice to interested persons by an officer
of the Court acting as a registrar for probate of a will or appointment of a personal representative.
(23) “Interested person” includes heirs, devisees, children, spouses, creditors, beneficiaries, and any
others having a property right in or claim against a trust estate or the estate of a decedent, ward, or
protected person. It also includes persons having priority for appointment as personal representative, and
other fiduciaries representing interested persons. The meaning as it relates to particular persons may vary
from time to time and must be determined according to the particular purposes of, and matter involved in,
any proceeding.
(24) “Issue” of an individual means descendant.
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(25) “Joint tenants with the right of survivorship” and “community property with the right of
survivorship” includes co-owners of property held under circumstances that entitle one or more to the
whole of the property on the death of the other or others, but excludes forms of co-ownership registration
in which the underlying ownership of each party is in proportion to that party's contribution.
(26) “Lease” includes an oil, gas, or other mineral lease.
(27) “Letters” includes letters testamentary, letters of guardianship, letters of administration, and
letters of conservatorship.
(28) “Minor” has the meaning described in Section 5-102.
(29) “Mortgage” means any conveyance, agreement, or arrangement in which property is encumbered
or used as security.
(30) “Nonresident decedent” means a decedent who was domiciled in another jurisdiction at the time
of his [or her] death.
(31) “Organization” means a corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, joint venture,
association, government, or governmental subdivision or agency, or any other legal or commercial entity.
(32) “Parent” includes any person entitled to take, or who would be entitled to take if the child died
without a will, as a parent under this Code by intestate succession from the child whose relationship is in
question and excludes any person who is only a stepparent, foster parent, or grandparent.
(33) “Payor” means a trustee, insurer, business entity, employer, government, governmental agency or
subdivision, or any other person authorized or obligated by law or a governing instrument to make
payments.
(34) “Person” means an individual or an organization.
(35) “Personal representative” includes executor, administrator, successor personal representative,
special administrator, and persons who perform substantially the same function under the law governing
their status. “General personal representative” excludes special administrator.
(36) “Petition” means a written request to the Court for an order after notice.
(37) “Proceeding” includes action at law and suit in equity.
(38) “Property” includes both real and personal property or any interest therein and means anything
that may be the subject of ownership.
(39) “Protected person” is as defined in Section 5-102.
(40) “Protective proceeding” means a proceeding under Part 4 of Article V.
(41) “Record” means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an
electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
(42) “Registrar” refers to the official of the Court designated to perform the functions of Registrar as
provided in Section 1-307.
(43) “Security” includes any note, stock, treasury stock, bond, debenture, evidence of indebtedness,
certificate of interest or participation in an oil, gas, or mining title or lease or in payments out of
production under such a title or lease, collateral trust certificate, transferable share, voting trust certificate
or, in general, any interest or instrument commonly known as a security, or any certificate of interest or
participation, any temporary or interim certificate, receipt, or certificate of deposit for, or any warrant or
right to subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing.
(44) “Settlement,” in reference to a decedent's estate, includes the full process of administration,
distribution, and closing.
(45) “Sign” means, with present intent to authenticate or adopt a record other than a will:
(A) to execute or adopt a tangible symbol; or
(B) to attach to or logically associate with the record an electronic symbol, sound, or process.
(46) “Special administrator” means a personal representative as described by Sections 3-
614 through 3-618.
(47) “State” means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
(48) “Successor personal representative” means a personal representative, other than a special
administrator, who is appointed to succeed a previously appointed personal representative.
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(49) “Successors” means persons, other than creditors, who are entitled to property of a decedent under
his [or her] will or this Code.
(50) “Supervised administration” refers to the proceedings described in Article III, Part 5.
(51) “Survive” means that an individual has neither predeceased an event, including the death of
another individual, nor is deemed to have predeceased an event under Section 2-104 or 2-702. The term
includes its derivatives, such as “survives,” “survived,” “survivor,” “surviving.”
(52) “Testacy proceeding” means a proceeding to establish a will or determine intestacy.
(53) “Testator” includes an individual of either sex.
(54) “Trust” includes an express trust, private or charitable, with additions thereto, wherever and
however created. The term also includes a trust created or determined by judgment or decree under which
the trust is to be administered in the manner of an express trust. The term excludes other constructive
trusts and excludes resulting trusts, conservatorships, personal representatives, trust accounts as defined in
Article VI, custodial arrangements pursuant to [each state should list its legislation, including that relating
to [gifts] [transfers] to minors, dealing with special custodial situations], business trusts providing for
certificates to be issued to beneficiaries, common trust funds, voting trusts, security arrangements,
liquidation trusts, and trusts for the primary purpose of paying debts, dividends, interest, salaries, wages,
profits, pensions, or employee benefits of any kind, and any arrangement under which a person is
nominee or escrowee for another.
(55) “Trustee” includes an original, additional, or successor trustee, whether or not appointed or
confirmed by court.
(56) “Ward” means an individual described in Section 5-102.
(57) “Will” includes codicil and any testamentary instrument that merely appoints an executor,
revokes or revises another will, nominates a guardian, or expressly excludes or limits the right of an
individual or class to succeed to property of the decedent passing by intestate succession.
[FOR ADOPTION IN COMMUNITY PROPERTY STATES]
[(58) “Separate property” (if necessary, to be defined locally in accordance with existing concept in
adopting state).
(59) “Community property” (if necessary, to be defined locally in accordance with existing concept in
adopting state).]
§ 2-101. Intestate Estate.

(a) Any part of a decedent's estate not effectively disposed of by will passes by intestate succession to
the decedent's heirs as prescribed in this Code, except as modified by the decedent's will.
(b) A decedent by will may expressly exclude or limit the right of an individual or class to succeed to
property of the decedent passing by intestate succession. If that individual or a member of that class
survives the decedent, the share of the decedent's intestate estate to which that individual or class would
have succeeded passes as if that individual or each member of that class had disclaimed his [or her]
intestate share.
§ 2-102. Share of Spouse.

The intestate share of a decedent's surviving spouse is:
(1) the entire intestate estate if:
(A) no descendant or parent of the decedent survives the decedent; or
(B) all of the decedent's surviving descendants are also descendants of the surviving spouse and
there is no other descendant of the surviving spouse who survives the decedent;
(2) the first [$300,000], plus three-fourths of any balance of the intestate estate, if no descendant of the
decedent survives the decedent, but a parent of the decedent survives the decedent;
(3) the first [$225,000], plus one-half of any balance of the intestate estate, if all of the decedent's
surviving descendants are also descendants of the surviving spouse and the surviving spouse has one or
more surviving descendants who are not descendants of the decedent;
14
(4) the first [$150,000], plus one-half of any balance of the intestate estate, if one or more of the
decedent's surviving descendants are not descendants of the surviving spouse.
§ 2-103. Share of Heirs other than Surviving Spouse.

(a) Any part of the intestate estate not passing to a decedent's surviving spouse under Section 2-102, or
the entire intestate estate if there is no surviving spouse, passes in the following order to the individuals
who survive the decedent:
(1) to the decedent's descendants by representation;
(2) if there is no surviving descendant, to the decedent's parents equally if both survive, or to the
surviving parent if only one survives;
(3) if there is no surviving descendant or parent, to the descendants of the decedent's parents or either
of them by representation;
(4) if there is no surviving descendant, parent, or descendant of a parent, but the decedent is survived
on both the paternal and maternal sides by one or more grandparents or descendants of grandparents:
(A) half to the decedent's paternal grandparents equally if both survive, to the surviving paternal
grandparent if only one survives, or to the descendants of the decedent's paternal grandparents or either of
them if both are deceased, the descendants taking by representation; and
(B) half to the decedent's maternal grandparents equally if both survive, to the surviving maternal
grandparent if only one survives, or to the descendants of the decedent's maternal grandparents or either
of them if both are deceased, the descendants taking by representation;
(5) if there is no surviving descendant, parent, or descendant of a parent, but the decedent is survived
by one or more grandparents or descendants of grandparents on the paternal but not the maternal side, or
on the maternal but not the paternal side, to the decedent's relatives on the side with one or more
surviving members in the manner described in paragraph (4).
(b) If there is no taker under subsection (a), but the decedent has:
(1) one deceased spouse who has one or more descendants who survive the decedent, the estate or part
thereof passes to that spouse's descendants by representation; or
(2) more than one deceased spouse who has one or more descendants who survive the decedent, an
equal share of the estate or part thereof passes to each set of descendants by representation.
§ 2-104. Requirement of Survival By 120 Hours; Individual in Gestation.

(a) [Requirement of Survival by 120 Hours; Individual in Gestation.] For purposes of intestate
succession, homestead allowance, and exempt property, and except as otherwise provided in subsection
(b), the following rules apply:
(1) An individual born before a decedent's death who fails to survive the decedent by 120 hours is
deemed to have predeceased the decedent. If it is not established by clear and convincing evidence that an
individual born before the decedent's death survived the decedent by 120 hours, it is deemed that the
individual failed to survive for the required period.
(2) An individual in gestation at a decedent's death is deemed to be living at the decedent's death if the
individual lives 120 hours after birth. If it is not established by clear and convincing evidence that an
individual in gestation at the decedent's death lived 120 hours after birth, it is deemed that the individual
failed to survive for the required period.
(b) [Section Inapplicable If Estate Would Pass to State.] This section does not apply if its application
would cause the estate to pass to the state under Section 2-105.
§ 2-105. No Taker.
If there is no taker under the provisions of this Article, the intestate estate passes to the [state].
15
§ 2-106. Representation.
(a) [Definitions.] In this section:
(1) “Deceased descendant,” “deceased parent,” or “deceased grandparent” means a descendant, parent,
or grandparent who either predeceased the decedent or is deemed to have predeceased the decedent under
Section 2-104.
(2) “Surviving descendant” means a descendant who neither predeceased the decedent nor is deemed
to have predeceased the decedent under Section 2-104.
(b) [Decedent's Descendants.] If, under Section 2-103(1), a decedent's intestate estate or a part thereof
passes “by representation” to the decedent's descendants, the estate or part thereof is divided into as many
equal shares as there are (i) surviving descendants in the generation nearest to the decedent which
contains one or more surviving descendants and (ii) deceased descendants in the same generation who left
surviving descendants, if any. Each surviving descendant in the nearest generation is allocated one share.
The remaining shares, if any, are combined and then divided in the same manner among the surviving
descendants of the deceased descendants as if the surviving descendants who were allocated a share and
their surviving descendants had predeceased the decedent.
(c) [Descendants of Parents or Grandparents.] If, under Section 2-103(3) or (4), a decedent's intestate
estate or a part thereof passes “by representation” to the descendants of the decedent's deceased parents or
either of them or to the descendants of the decedent's deceased paternal or maternal grandparents or either
of them, the estate or part thereof is divided into as many equal shares as there are (i) surviving
descendants in the generation nearest the deceased parents or either of them, or the deceased grandparents
or either of them, that contains one or more surviving descendants and (ii) deceased descendants in the
same generation who left surviving descendants, if any. Each surviving descendant in the nearest
generation is allocated one share. The remaining shares, if any, are combined and then divided in the
same manner among the surviving descendants of the deceased descendants as if the surviving
descendants who were allocated a share and their surviving descendants had predeceased the decedent.
§ 2-107. Kindred of Half Blood.

Relatives of the half blood inherit the same share they would inherit if they were of the whole blood.
§ 2-109. Advancements.
(a) If an individual dies intestate as to all or a portion of his [or her] estate, property the decedent gave
during the decedent's lifetime to an individual who, at the decedent's death, is an heir is treated as an
advancement against the heir's intestate share only if (i) the decedent declared in a contemporaneous
writing or the heir acknowledged in writing that the gift is an advancement or (ii) the decedent's
contemporaneous writing or the heir's written acknowledgment otherwise indicates that the gift is to be
taken into account in computing the division and distribution of the decedent's intestate estate.
(b) For purposes of subsection (a), property advanced is valued as of the time the heir came into
possession or enjoyment of the property or as of the time of the decedent's death, whichever first occurs.
(c) If the recipient of the property fails to survive the decedent, the property is not taken into account in
computing the division and distribution of the decedent's intestate estate, unless the decedent's
contemporaneous writing provides otherwise.
§ 2-114. Parent Barred From Inheriting in Certain Circumstances.

(a) A parent is barred from inheriting from or through a child of the parent if:
(1) the parent's parental rights were terminated and the parent-child relationship was not judicially
reestablished; or
(2) the child died before reaching [18] years of age and there is clear and convincing evidence that
immediately before the child's death the parental rights of the parent could have been terminated under
law of this state other than this [code] on the basis of nonsupport, abandonment, abuse, neglect, or other
actions or inactions of the parent toward the child.
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(b) For the purpose of intestate succession from or through the deceased child, a parent who is barred
from inheriting under this section is treated as if the parent predeceased the child.
§ 2-115. Definitions.
In this [subpart]:
(1) “Adoptee” means an individual who is adopted.
(2) “Assisted reproduction” means a method of causing pregnancy other than sexual intercourse.
(3) “Divorce” includes an annulment, dissolution, and declaration of invalidity of a marriage.
(4) “Functioned as a parent of the child” means behaving toward a child in a manner consistent with
being the child's parent and performing functions that are customarily performed by a parent, including
fulfilling parental responsibilities toward the child, recognizing or holding out the child as the individual's
child, materially participating in the child's upbringing, and residing with the child in the same household
as a regular member of that household.
(5) “Genetic father” means the man whose sperm fertilized the egg of a child's genetic mother. If the
father-child relationship is established under the presumption of paternity under [insert applicable state
law], the term means only the man for whom that relationship is established.
(6) “Genetic mother” means the woman whose egg was fertilized by the sperm of a child's genetic
father.
(7) “Genetic parent” means a child's genetic father or genetic mother.
(8) “Incapacity” means the inability of an individual to function as a parent of a child because of the
individual's physical or mental condition.
(9) “Relative” means a grandparent or a descendant of a grandparent.
Legislative Note: States that have enacted the Uniform Parentage Act (2000, as amended) should replace
“applicable state law” in paragraph (5) with “Section 201(b)(1), (2), or (3) of the Uniform Parentage
Act (2000), as amended”. Two of the principal features of Articles 1 through 6 of the Uniform Parentage
Act (2000, as amended) are (i) the presumption of paternity and the procedure under which that
presumption can be disproved by adjudication and (ii) the acknowledgment of paternity and the
procedure under which that acknowledgment can be rescinded or challenged. States that have not
enacted similar provisions should consider whether such provisions should be added as part of Section 2-
115(5). States that have not enacted the Uniform Parentage Act (2000, as amended) should also make
sure that applicable state law authorizes parentage to be established after the death of the alleged parent,
as provided in the Uniform Parentage Act § 509 (2000, as amended), which provides: “For good cause
shown, the court may order genetic testing of a deceased individual.”
§ 2-116. Effect of Parent-Child Relationship.

Except as otherwise provided in Section 2-119(b) through (e), if a parent-child relationship exists or is
established under this [subpart], the parent is a parent of the child and the child is a child of the parent for
the purpose of intestate succession.
§ 2-117. No Distinction Based on Marital Status.

Except as otherwise provided in Sections 2-114, 2-119,2-120, or 2-121, a parent-child relationship exists
between a child and the child's genetic parents, regardless of the parents' marital status.
§ 2-118. Adoptee and Adoptee's Adoptive Parent or Parents.

(a) [Parent-Child Relationship Between Adoptee and Adoptive Parent or Parents.] A parent-child
relationship exists between an adoptee and the adoptee's adoptive parent or parents. (b) [Individual in
Process of Being Adopted by Married Couple; Stepchild in Process of Being Adopted by
Stepparent.] For purposes of subsection (a):
17
(1) an individual who is in the process of being adopted by a married couple when one of the spouses
dies is treated as adopted by the deceased spouse if the adoption is subsequently granted to the decedent's
surviving spouse; and
(2) a child of a genetic parent who is in the process of being adopted by a genetic parent's spouse when
the spouse dies is treated as adopted by the deceased spouse if the genetic parent survives the deceased
spouse by 120 hours.
(c) [Child of Assisted Reproduction or Gestational Child in Process of Being Adopted.] If, after a
parent-child relationship is established between a child of assisted reproduction and a parent
under Section 2-120 or between a gestational child and a parent under Section 2-121, the child is in the
process of being adopted by the parent's spouse when that spouse dies, the child is treated as adopted by
the deceased spouse for the purpose of subsection (b)(2).
§ 2-119. Adoptee and Adoptee's Genetic Parents.

(a) [Parent-Child Relationship Between Adoptee and Genetic Parents.] Except as otherwise provided
in subsections (b) through (e), a parent-child relationship does not exist between an adoptee and the
adoptee's genetic parents.
(b) [Stepchild Adopted by Stepparent.] A parent-child relationship exists between an individual who is
adopted by the spouse of either genetic parent and:
(1) the genetic parent whose spouse adopted the individual; and
(2) the other genetic parent, but only for the purpose of the right of the adoptee or a descendant of the
adoptee to inherit from or through the other genetic parent.
(c) [Individual Adopted by Relative of Genetic Parent.] A parent-child relationship exists between
both genetic parents and an individual who is adopted by a relative of a genetic parent, or by the spouse or
surviving spouse of a relative of a genetic parent, but only for the purpose of the right of the adoptee or a
descendant of the adoptee to inherit from or through either genetic parent.
(d) [Individual Adopted after Death of Both Genetic Parents.] A parent-child relationship exists
between both genetic parents and an individual who is adopted after the death of both genetic parents, but
only for the purpose of the right of the adoptee or a descendant of the adoptee to inherit through either
genetic parent.
(e) [Child of Assisted Reproduction or Gestational Child Who Is Subsequently Adopted.] If, after a
parent-child relationship is established between a child of assisted reproduction and a parent or parents
under Section 2-120 or between a gestational child and a parent or parents under Section 2-121, the child
is adopted by another or others, the child's parent or parents under Section 2-120 or 2-121 are treated as
the child's genetic parent or parents for the purpose of this section.
§ 2-120. Child Conceived By Assisted Reproduction Other Than Child Born to Gestational Carrier.
(1) “Birth mother” means a woman, other than a gestational carrier under Section 2-121, who gives
birth to a child of assisted reproduction. The term is not limited to a woman who is the child's genetic
mother.
(2) “Child of assisted reproduction” means a child conceived by means of assisted reproduction by a
woman other than a gestational carrier under Section 2-121.
(3) “Third-party donor” means an individual who produces eggs or sperm used for assisted
reproduction, whether or not for consideration. The term does not include:
(A) a husband who provides sperm, or a wife who provides eggs, that are used for assisted
reproduction by the wife;
(B) the birth mother of a child of assisted reproduction; or
(C) an individual who has been determined under subsection (e) or (f) to have a parent-child
relationship with a child of assisted reproduction.
(b) [Third-Party Donor.] A parent-child relationship does not exist between a child of assisted
reproduction and a third-party donor.
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(c) [Parent-Child Relationship with Birth Mother.] A parent-child relationship exists between a child
of assisted reproduction and the child's birth mother.
(d) [Parent-Child Relationship with Husband Whose Sperm Were Used During His Lifetime by His
Wife for Assisted Reproduction.] Except as otherwise provided in subsections (i) and (j), a parent-child
relationship exists between a child of assisted reproduction and the husband of the child's birth mother if
the husband provided the sperm that the birth mother used during his lifetime for assisted reproduction.
(e) [Birth Certificate: Presumptive Effect.] A birth certificate identifying an individual other than the
birth mother as the other parent of a child of assisted reproduction presumptively establishes a parent-
child relationship between the child and that individual.
(f) [Parent-Child Relationship with Another.] Except as otherwise provided in subsections (g), (i), and
(j), and unless a parent-child relationship is established under subsection (d) or (e), a parent-child
relationship exists between a child of assisted reproduction and an individual other than the birth mother
who consented to assisted reproduction by the birth mother with intent to be treated as the other parent of
the child. Consent to assisted reproduction by the birth mother with intent to be treated as the other parent
of the child is established if the individual:
(1) before or after the child's birth, signed a record that, considering all the facts and circumstances,
evidences the individual's consent; or
(2) in the absence of a signed record under paragraph (1):
(A) functioned as a parent of the child no later than two years after the child's birth;
(B) intended to function as a parent of the child no later than two years after the child's birth but
was prevented from carrying out that intent by death, incapacity, or other circumstances; or
(C) intended to be treated as a parent of a posthumously conceived child, if that intent is
established by clear and convincing evidence.
(g) [Record Signed More than Two Years after the Birth of the Child: Effect.] For the purpose of
subsection (f)(1), neither an individual who signed a record more than two years after the birth of the
child, nor a relative of that individual who is not also a relative of the birth mother, inherits from or
through the child unless the individual functioned as a parent of the child before the child reached [18]
years of age.
(h) [Presumption: Birth Mother Is Married or Surviving Spouse.] For the purpose of subsection
(f)(2), the following rules apply:
(1) If the birth mother is married and no divorce proceeding is pending, in the absence of clear and
convincing evidence to the contrary, her spouse satisfies subsection (f)(2)(A) or (B).
(2) If the birth mother is a surviving spouse and at her deceased spouse's death no divorce proceeding
was pending, in the absence of clear and convincing evidence to the contrary, her deceased spouse
satisfies subsection (f)(2)(B) or (C).
(i) [Divorce Before Placement of Eggs, Sperm, or Embryos.] If a married couple is divorced before
placement of eggs, sperm, or embryos, a child resulting from the assisted reproduction is not a child of the
birth mother's former spouse, unless the former spouse consented in a record that if assisted reproduction
were to occur after divorce, the child would be treated as the former spouse's child.
(j) [Withdrawal of Consent Before Placement of Eggs, Sperm, or Embryos.] If, in a record, an
individual withdraws consent to assisted reproduction before placement of eggs, sperm, or embryos, a
child resulting from the assisted reproduction is not a child of that individual, unless the individual
subsequently satisfies subsection (f).
(k) [When Posthumously Conceived Child Treated as in Gestation.] If, under this section, an
individual is a parent of a child of assisted reproduction who is conceived after the individual's death, the
child is treated as in gestation at the individual's death for purposes of Section 2-104(a)(2) if the child is:
(1) in utero not later than 36 months after the individual's death; or
(2) born not later than 45 months after the individual's death.
19
§ 2-121. Child Born to Gestational Carrier.
(1) “Gestational agreement” means an enforceable or unenforceable agreement for assisted
reproduction in which a woman agrees to carry a child to birth for an intended parent, intended parents, or
an individual described in subsection (e).
(2) “Gestational carrier” means a woman who is not an intended parent who gives birth to a child
under a gestational agreement. The term is not limited to a woman who is the child's genetic mother.
(3) “Gestational child” means a child born to a gestational carrier under a gestational agreement.
(4) “Intended parent” means an individual who entered into a gestational agreement providing that the
individual will be the parent of a child born to a gestational carrier by means of assisted reproduction. The
term is not limited to an individual who has a genetic relationship with the child.
(b) [Court Order Adjudicating Parentage: Effect.] Aparent-child relationship is conclusively
established by a court order designating the parent or parents of a gestational child.
(c) [Gestational Carrier.] A parent-child relationship between a gestational child and the child's
gestational carrier does not exist unless the gestational carrier is:
(1) designated as a parent of the child in a court order described in subsection (b); or
(2) the child's genetic mother and a parent-child relationship does not exist under this section with an
individual other than the gestational carrier.
(d) [Parent-Child Relationship with Intended Parent or Parents.] In the absence of a court order
under subsection (b), a parent-child relationship exists between a gestational child and an intended parent
who:
(1) functioned as a parent of the child no later than two years after the child's birth; or
(2) died while the gestational carrier was pregnant if:
(A) there were two intended parents and the other intended parent functioned as a parent of the
child no later than two years after the child's birth;
(B) there were two intended parents, the other intended parent also died while the gestational
carrier was pregnant, and a relative of either deceased intended parent or the spouse or surviving spouse
of a relative of either deceased intended parent functioned as a parent of the child no later than two years
after the child's birth; or
(C) there was no other intended parent and a relative of or the spouse or surviving spouse of a
relative of the deceased intended parent functioned as a parent of the child no later than two years after
the child's birth.
(e) [Gestational Agreement after Death or Incapacity.] In the absence of a court order under
subsection (b), a parent-child relationship exists between a gestational child and an individual whose
sperm or eggs were used after the individual's death or incapacity to conceive a child under a gestational
agreement entered into after the individual's death or incapacity if the individual intended to be treated as
the parent of the child. The individual's intent may be shown by:
(1) a record signed by the individual which considering all the facts and circumstances evidences
the individual's intent; or
(2) other facts and circumstances establishing the individual's intent by clear and convincing
evidence.
(f) [Presumption: Gestational Agreement after Spouse's Death or Incapacity.] Except as otherwise
provided in subsection (g), and unless there is clear and convincing evidence of a contrary intent, an
individual is deemed to have intended to be treated as the parent of a gestational child for purposes of
subsection (e)(2) if:
(1) the individual, before death or incapacity, deposited the sperm or eggs that were used to
conceive the child;
(2) when the individual deposited the sperm or eggs, the individual was married and no divorce
proceeding was pending; and
20
(3) the individual's spouse or surviving spouse functioned as a parent of the child no later than
two years after the child's birth.
(g) [Subsection (f) Presumption Inapplicable.] The presumption under subsection (f) does not apply if
there is:
(1) a court order under subsection (b); or
(2) a signed record that satisfies subsection (e)(1).
(h) [When Posthumously Conceived Gestational Child Treated as in Gestation.] If, under this
section, an individual is a parent of a gestational child who is conceived after the individual's death, the
child is treated as in gestation at the individual's death for purposes of Section 2-104(a)(2) if the child is:
(1) in utero not later than 36 months after the individual's death; or
(2) born not later than 45 months after the individual's death.
(i) [No Effect on Other Law.] This section does not affect law of this state other than this [code]
regarding the enforceability or validity of a gestational agreement.
§ 2-202. Elective Share.

(a) [Elective-Share Amount.] The surviving spouse of a decedent who dies domiciled in this State has a
right of election, under the limitations and conditions stated in this Part, to take an elective-share amount
equal to 50 percent of the value of the marital-property portion of the augmented estate.
(b) [Supplemental Elective-Share Amount.] If the sum of the amounts described in Sections 2-207, 2-
209(a)(1), and that part of the elective-share amount payable from the decedent's net probate estate and
nonprobate transfers to others under Section 2-209(c)and (d) is less than [$75,000], the surviving spouse
is entitled to a supplemental elective-share amount equal to [$75,000], minus the sum of the amounts
described in those sections. The supplemental elective-share amount is payable from the decedent's net
probate estate and from recipients of the decedent's nonprobate transfers to others in the order of priority
set forth in Section 2-209(c) and (d).
(c) [Effect of Election on Statutory Benefits.] If the right of election is exercised by or on behalf of the
surviving spouse, the surviving spouse's homestead allowance, exempt property, and family allowance, if
any, are not charged against but are in addition to the elective-share and supplemental elective-share
amounts.
(d) [Non-Domiciliary.] The right, if any, of the surviving spouse of a decedent who dies domiciled
outside this State to take an elective share in property in this State is governed by the law of the
decedent's domicile at death.
§ 2-203. Composition of the Augmented Estate; Marital-Property Portion.

(a) Subject to Section 2-208, the value of the augmented estate, to the extent provided in Sections 2-
204, 2-205, 2-206, and 2-207, consists of the sum of the values of all property, whether real or personal,
movable or immovable, tangible or intangible, wherever situated, that constitute:
(1) the decedent's net probate estate;
(2) the decedent's nonprobate transfers to others;
(3) the decedent's nonprobate transfers to the surviving spouse; and
(4) the surviving spouse's property and nonprobate transfers to others.
(b) The value of the marital-property portion of the augmented estate consists of the sum of the values of
the four components of the augmented estate as determined under subsection (a) multiplied by the
following percentage:
21
If the decedent and the spouse The percentage is:
were married to each other:
Less than 1 year ......................................................................................................................... 3%

1 year but less than 2 years ......................................................................................................... 6%
2 years but less than 3 years ..................................................................................................... 12%
9 years but less than 10 years.................................................................................................... 54%
10 years but less than 11 years ................................................................................................. 60%
15 years or more ..................................................................................................................... 100%
[Alternative Subsection (b) for States Preferring a Deferred-Marital-Property System]
[(b) The value of the marital-property portion of the augmented estate equals the value of that portion of
the augmented estate that would be marital property at the decedent's death under [the Model Marital
Property Act] [copy in definition from Model Marital Property Act, including the presumption that all
property is marital property] [copy in other definition chosen by the enacting state].
§ 2-204. Decedent's Net Probate Estate.

The value of the augmented estate includes the value of the decedent's probate estate, reduced by funeral
and administration expenses, homestead allowance, family allowances, exempt property, and enforceable
claims.
§2-205. Decedent’s Nonprobate Transfers to Others.

The value of the augmented estate includes the value of the decedent's nonprobate transfers to others, not
included under Section 2-204, of any of the following types, in the amount provided respectively for each
type of transfer:
(1) Property owned or owned in substance by the decedent immediately before death that passed
outside probate at the decedent's death. Property included under this category consists of:
(A) Property over which the decedent alone, immediately before death, held a presently
exercisable general power of appointment. The amount included is the value of the property subject to the
power, to the extent the property passed at the decedent's death, by exercise, release, lapse, in default, or
otherwise, to or for the benefit of any person other than the decedent's estate or surviving spouse.
(B) The decedent's fractional interest in property held by the decedent in joint tenancy with the
right of survivorship. The amount included is the value of the decedent's fractional interest, to the extent
the fractional interest passed by right of survivorship at the decedent's death to a surviving joint tenant
other than the decedent's surviving spouse.
(C) The decedent's ownership interest in property or accounts held in POD, TOD, or co-
ownership registration with the right of survivorship. The amount included is the value of the decedent's
ownership interest, to the extent the decedent's ownership interest passed at the decedent's death to or for
the benefit of any person other than the decedent's estate or surviving spouse.
22
(D) Proceeds of insurance, including accidental death benefits, on the life of the decedent, if
the decedent owned the insurance policy immediately before death or if and to the extent the decedent
alone and immediately before death held a presently exercisable general power of appointment over the
policy or its proceeds. The amount included is the value of the proceeds, to the extent they were payable
at the decedent's death to or for the benefit of any person other than the decedent's estate or surviving
spouse.
(2) Property transferred in any of the following forms by the decedent during marriage:
(A) Any irrevocable transfer in which the decedent retained the right to the possession or
enjoyment of, or to the income from, the property if and to the extent the decedent's right terminated at or
continued beyond the decedent's death. The amount included is the value of the fraction of the property to
which the decedent's right related, to the extent the fraction of the property passed outside probate to or
for the benefit of any person other than the decedent's estate or surviving spouse.
(B) Any transfer in which the decedent created a power over income or property, exercisable
by the decedent alone or in conjunction with any other person, or exercisable by a nonadverse party, to or
for the benefit of the decedent, creditors of the decedent, the decedent's estate, or creditors of the
decedent's estate. The amount included with respect to a power over property is the value of the property
subject to the power, and the amount included with respect to a power over income is the value of the
property that produces or produced the income, to the extent the power in either case was exercisable at
the decedent's death to or for the benefit of any person other than the decedent's surviving spouse or to the
extent the property passed at the decedent's death, by exercise, release, lapse, in default, or otherwise, to
or for the benefit of any person other than the decedent's estate or surviving spouse. If the power is a
power over both income and property and the preceding sentence produces different amounts, the amount
included is the greater amount.
(3) Property that passed during marriage and during the two-year period next preceding the
decedent's death as a result of a transfer by the decedent if the transfer was of any of the following types:
(A) Any property that passed as a result of the termination of a right or interest in, or power
over, property that would have been included in the augmented estate under paragraph (1)(A), (B), or (C),
or under paragraph (2), if the right, interest, or power had not terminated until the decedent's death. The
amount included is the value of the property that would have been included under those paragraphs if the
property were valued at the time the right, interest, or power terminated, and is included only to the extent
the property passed upon termination to or for the benefit of any person other than the decedent or the
decedent's estate, spouse, or surviving spouse. As used in this subparagraph, “termination,” with respect
to a right or interest in property, occurs when the right or interest terminated by the terms of the governing
instrument or the decedent transferred or relinquished the right or interest, and, with respect to a power
over property, occurs when the power terminated by exercise, release, lapse, default, or otherwise, but,
with respect to a power described in paragraph (1)(A), “termination” occurs when the power terminated
by exercise or release, but not otherwise.
(B) Any transfer of or relating to an insurance policy on the life of the decedent if the proceeds
would have been included in the augmented estate under paragraph (1)(D) had the transfer not occurred.
The amount included is the value of the insurance proceeds to the extent the proceeds were payable at the
decedent's death to or for the benefit of any person other than the decedent's estate or surviving spouse.
(C) Any transfer of property, to the extent not otherwise included in the augmented estate,
made to or for the benefit of a person other than the decedent's surviving spouse. The amount included is
the value of the transferred property to the extent the transfers to any one donee in either of the two years
exceeded [$12,000] [the amount excludable from taxable gifts under 26 U.S.C. Section 2503(b) [or its
successor] on the date next preceding the date of the decedent's death].
§2-206. Decedent’s Nonprobate Transfers to the Surviving Spouse.

Excluding property passing to the surviving spouse under the federal Social Security system, the value of
the augmented estate includes the value of the decedent's nonprobate transfers to the decedent's surviving
23
spouse, which consist of all property that passed outside probate at the decedent's death from the decedent
to the surviving spouse by reason of the decedent's death, including:
(1) the decedent's fractional interest in property held as a joint tenant with the right of
survivorship, to the extent that the decedent's fractional interest passed to the surviving spouse as
surviving joint tenant,
(2) the decedent's ownership interest in property or accounts held in co-ownership registration
with the right of survivorship, to the extent the decedent's ownership interest passed to the surviving
spouse as surviving co-owner, and
(3) all other property that would have been included in the augmented estate under Section 2-
205(1) or (2) had it passed to or for the benefit of a person other than the decedent's spouse, surviving
spouse, the decedent, or the decedent's creditors, estate, or estate creditors.
§2-207. Surviving Spouse’s Property and Nonprobate Transfers to Others.

(a) [Included Property.] Except to the extent included in the augmented estate under Section 2-204 or 2-
206, the value of the augmented estate includes the value of:
(1) property that was owned by the decedent's surviving spouse at the decedent's death, including:
(i) the surviving spouse's fractional interest in property held in joint tenancy with the right of
survivorship,
(ii) the surviving spouse's ownership interest in property or accounts held in co-ownership
registration with the right of survivorship, and
(iii) property that passed to the surviving spouse by reason of the decedent's death, but not
including the spouse's right to homestead allowance, family allowance, exempt property, or payments
under the federal Social Security system; and
(2) property that would have been included in the surviving spouse's nonprobate transfers to
others, other than the spouse's fractional and ownership interests included under subsection (a)(1)(i) or
(ii), had the spouse been the decedent.
(b) [Time of Valuation.] Property included under this section is valued at the decedent's death, taking the
fact that the decedent predeceased the spouse into account, but, for purposes of subsection (a)(1)(i) and
(ii), the values of the spouse's fractional and ownership interests are determined immediately before the
decedent's death if the decedent was then a joint tenant or a co-owner of the property or accounts. For
purposes of subsection (a)(2), proceeds of insurance that would have been included in the spouse's
nonprobate transfers to others under Section 2-205(1)(iv) are not valued as if he [or she] were deceased.
(c) [Reduction for Enforceable Claims.] The value of property included under this section is reduced by
enforceable claims against the surviving spouse.
§2-209. Sources from Which Elective Share Payable.

(a) [Elective-Share Amount Only.] In a proceeding for an elective share, the following are applied first
to satisfy the elective-share amount and to reduce or eliminate any contributions due from the decedent's
net probate estate and recipients of the decedent's nonprobate transfers to others:
(1) amounts included in the augmented estate underSection 2-204 which pass or have passed to
the surviving spouse by testate or intestate succession and amounts included in the augmented estate
underSection 2-206; and
(2) the marital-property portion of amounts included in the augmented estate under Section 2-207.
(b) [Marital Property Portion.] The marital-property portion under subsection (a)(2) is computed by
multiplying the value of the amounts included in the augmented estate under Section 2-207 by the
percentage of the augmented estate set forth in the schedule in Section 2-203(b) appropriate to the length
of time the spouse and the decedent were married to each other.
(c) [Unsatisfied Balance of Elective-Share Amount; Supplemental Elective-Share Amount.] If, after
the application of subsection (a), the elective-share amount is not fully satisfied, or the surviving spouse is
entitled to a supplemental elective-share amount, amounts included in the decedent's net probate estate,
other than assets passing to the surviving spouse by testate or intestate succession, and in the decedent's
24
nonprobate transfers to others under Section 2-205(1), (2), and (3)(B) are applied first to satisfy the
unsatisfied balance of the elective-share amount or the supplemental elective-share amount. The
decedent's net probate estate and that portion of the decedent's nonprobate transfers to others are so
applied that liability for the unsatisfied balance of the elective-share amount or for the supplemental
elective-share amount is apportioned among the recipients of the decedent's net probate estate and of that
portion of the decedent's nonprobate transfers to others in proportion to the value of their interests therein.
(d) [Unsatisfied Balance of Elective-Share and Supplemental Elective-Share Amounts.] If, after the
application of subsections (a) and (c), the elective-share or supplemental elective-share amount is not
fully satisfied, the remaining portion of the decedent's nonprobate transfers to others is so applied that
liability for the unsatisfied balance of the elective-share or supplemental elective-share amount is
apportioned among the recipients of the remaining portion of the decedent's nonprobate transfers to others
in proportion to the value of their interests therein.
(e) [Unsatisfied Balance Treated as General Pecuniary Devise.] The unsatisfied balance of the
elective-share or supplemental elective-share amount as determined under subsection (c) or (d) is treated
as a general pecuniary devise for purposes of Section 3-904.
§ 2-213. Waiver of Right to Elect and of Other Rights.

(a) The right of election of a surviving spouse and the rights of the surviving spouse to homestead
allowance, exempt property, and family allowance, or any of them, may be waived, wholly or partially,
before or after marriage, by a written contract, agreement, or waiver signed by the surviving spouse.
(b) A surviving spouse's waiver is not enforceable if the surviving spouse proves that:
(1) he [or she] did not execute the waiver voluntarily; or
(2) the waiver was unconscionable when it was executed and, before execution of the waiver, he [or
she]:
(i) was not provided a fair and reasonable disclosure of the property or financial obligations of the
decedent;
(ii) did not voluntarily and expressly waive, in writing, any right to disclosure of the property or
financial obligations of the decedent beyond the disclosure provided; and
(iii) did not have, or reasonably could not have had, an adequate knowledge of the property or
financial obligations of the decedent.
(c) An issue of unconscionability of a waiver is for decision by the court as a matter of law.
(d) Unless it provides to the contrary, a waiver of “all rights,” or equivalent language, in the property or
estate of a present or prospective spouse or a complete property settlement entered into after or in
anticipation of separation or divorce is a waiver of all rights of elective share, homestead allowance,
exempt property, and family allowance by each spouse in the property of the other and a renunciation by
each of all benefits that would otherwise pass to him [or her] from the other by intestate succession or by
virtue of any will executed before the waiver or property settlement.
§ 2-301. Entitlement of Spouse; Premarital Will.

(a) If a testator's surviving spouse married the testator after the testator executed his [or her] will, the
surviving spouse is entitled to receive, as an intestate share, no less than the value of the share of the
estate he [or she] would have received if the testator had died intestate as to that portion of the testator's
estate, if any, that neither is devised to a child of the testator who was born before the testator married the
surviving spouse and who is not a child of the surviving spouse nor is devised to a descendant of such a
child or passes under Sections 2-603 or 2-604 to such a child or to a descendant of such a child, unless:
(1) it appears from the will or other evidence that the will was made in contemplation of the testator's
marriage to the surviving spouse;
(2) the will expresses the intention that it is to be effective notwithstanding any subsequent marriage;
or
25
(3) the testator provided for the spouse by transfer outside the will and the intent that the transfer be in
lieu of a testamentary provision is shown by the testator's statements or is reasonably inferred from the
amount of the transfer or other evidence.
(b) In satisfying the share provided by this section, devises made by the will to the testator's surviving
spouse, if any, are applied first, and other devises, other than a devise to a child of the testator who was
born before the testator married the surviving spouse and who is not a child of the surviving spouse or a
devise or substitute gift under Sections 2-603 or 2-604 to a descendant of such a child, abate as provided
in Section 3-902.
§ 2-302. Omitted Children.

(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), if a testator fails to provide in his [or her] will for any of his [or
her] children born or adopted after the execution of the will, the omitted after-born or after-adopted child
receives a share in the estate as follows:
(1) If the testator had no child living when he [or she] executed the will, an omitted after-born or after-
adopted child receives a share in the estate equal in value to that which the child would have received had
the testator died intestate, unless the will devised all or substantially all of the estate to the other parent of
the omitted child and that other parent survives the testator and is entitled to take under the will.
(2) If the testator had one or more children living when he [or she] executed the will, and the will
devised property or an interest in property to one or more of the then-living children, an omitted after-
born or after-adopted child is entitled to share in the testator's estate as follows:
(i) The portion of the testator's estate in which the omitted after-born or after-adopted child is
entitled to share is limited to devises made to the testator's then-living children under the will.
(ii) The omitted after-born or after-adopted child is entitled to receive the share of the testator's
estate, as limited in subparagraph (i), that the child would have received had the testator included all
omitted after-born and after-adopted children with the children to whom devises were made under the will
and had given an equal share of the estate to each child.
(iii) To the extent feasible, the interest granted and omitted after-born or after-adopted child under
this section must be of the same character, whether equitable or legal, present or future, as that devised to
the testator's then-living children under the will.
(iv) In satisfying a share provided by this paragraph, devises to the testator's children who were
living when the will was executed abate ratably. In abating the devises of the then-living children, the
court shall preserve to the maximum extent possible the character of the testamentary plan adopted by the
testator.
(b) Neither subsection (a)(1) nor subsection (a)(2) applies if:
(1) it appears from the will that the omission was intentional; or
(2) the testator provided for the omitted after-born or after-adopted child by transfer outside the will
and the intent that the transfer be in lieu of a testamentary provision is shown by the testator's statements
or is reasonably inferred from the amount of the transfer or other evidence.
(c) If at the time of execution of the will the testator fails to provide in his [or her] will for a living child
solely because he [or she] believes the child to be dead, the child is entitled to share in the estate as if the
child were an omitted after-born or after-adopted child.
(d) In satisfying a share provided by subsection (a)(1), devises made by the will abate under Section 3-
902.
§ 2-401. Applicable Law.

This Part applies to the estate of a decedent who dies domiciled in this State. Rights to homestead
allowance, exempt property, and family allowance for a decedent who dies not domiciled in this State are
governed by the law of the decedent's domicile at death.
26
§ 2-402. Homestead Allowance.
A decedent's surviving spouse is entitled to a homestead allowance of [$22,500]. If there is no surviving
spouse, each minor child and each dependent child of the decedent is entitled to a homestead allowance
amounting to [$22,500] divided by the number of minor and dependent children of the decedent. The
homestead allowance is exempt from and has priority over all claims against the estate. Homestead
allowance is in addition to any share passing to the surviving spouse or minor or dependent child by the
will of the decedent, unless otherwise provided, by intestate succession, or by way of elective share.
§ 2-403. Exempt Property.

In addition to the homestead allowance, the decedent's surviving spouse is entitled from the estate to a
value, not exceeding $15,000 in excess of any security interests therein, in household furniture,
automobiles, furnishings, appliances, and personal effects. If there is no surviving spouse, the decedent's
children are entitled jointly to the same value. If encumbered chattels are selected and the value in excess
of security interests, plus that of other exempt property, is less than $15,000, or if there is not $15,000
worth of exempt property in the estate, the spouse or children are entitled to other assets of the estate, if
any, to the extent necessary to make up the $15,000 value. Rights to exempt property and assets needed to
make up a deficiency of exempt property have priority over all claims against the estate, but the right to
any assets to make up a deficiency of exempt property abates as necessary to permit earlier payment of
homestead allowance and family allowance. These rights are in addition to any benefit or share passing to
the surviving spouse or children by the decedent's will, unless otherwise provided, by intestate succession,
or by way of elective share.
§ 2-404. Family Allowance.

(a) In addition to the right to homestead allowance and exempt property, the decedent's surviving spouse
and minor children whom the decedent was obligated to support and children who were in fact being
supported by the decedent are entitled to a reasonable allowance in money out of the estate for their
maintenance during the period of administration, which allowance may not continue for longer than one
year if the estate is inadequate to discharge allowed claims. The allowance may be paid as a lump sum or
in periodic installments. It is payable to the surviving spouse, if living, for the use of the surviving spouse
and minor and dependent children; otherwise to the children, or persons having their care and custody. If
a minor child or dependent child is not living with the surviving spouse, the allowance may be made
partially to the child or his [or her] guardian or other person having the child's care and custody, and
partially to the spouse, as their needs may appear. The family allowance is exempt from and has priority
over all claims except the homestead allowance.
(b) The family allowance is not chargeable against any benefit or share passing to the surviving spouse or
children by the will of the decedent, unless otherwise provided, by intestate succession, or by way of
elective share. The death of any person entitled to family allowance terminates the right to allowances not
yet paid.
§ 2-405. Source, Determination, and Documentation.

(a) If the estate is otherwise sufficient, property specifically devised may not be use to satisfy rights to
homestead allowance or exempt property. Subject to this restriction, the surviving spouse, guardians of
minor children, or children who are adults may select property of the estate as homestead allowance and
exempt property. The personal representative may make those selections if the surviving spouse, the
children, or the guardians of the minor children are unable or fail to do so within a reasonable time or
there is no guardian of a minor child. The personal representative may execute an instrument or deed of
distribution to establish the ownership of property taken as homestead allowance or exempt property. The
personal representative may determine the family allowance in a lump sum not exceeding $27,000 or
periodic installments not exceeding $2,250 per month for one year, and may disburse funds of the estate
in payment of the family allowance and any part of the homestead allowance payable in cash. The
personal representative or an interested person aggrieved by any selection, determination, payment,
27
proposed payment, or failure to act under this section may petition the court for appropriate relief, which
may include a family allowance other than that which the personal representative determined or could
have determined.
(b) If the right to an elective share is exercised on behalf of a surviving spouse who is an incapacitated
person, the personal representative may add any unexpended portions payable under the homestead
allowance, exempt property, and family allowance to the trust established under Section 2-212(b).
§ 2-501. Who May Make Will.

An individual 18 or more years of age who is of sound mind may make a will.
§ 2-502. Execution; Witnessed or Notarized Wills; Holographic Wills.

(a) [Witnessed or Notarized Wills.] Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) and in Sections 2-
503, 2-506, and 2-513, a will must be:
(1) in writing;
(2) signed by the testator or in the testator's name by some other individual in the testator's conscious
presence and by the testator's direction; and
(3) either:
(A) signed by at least two individuals, each of whom signed within a reasonable time after the
individual witnessed either the signing of the will as described in paragraph (2) or the testator's
acknowledgment of that signature or acknowledgment of the will; or
(B) acknowledged by the testator before a notary public or other individual authorized by law to
take acknowledgments.
(b) [Holographic Wills.] A will that does not comply with subsection (a) is valid as a holographic will,
whether or not witnessed, if the signature and material portions of the document are in the testator's
handwriting.
(c) [Extrinsic Evidence.] Intent that a document constitute the testator's will can be established by
extrinsic evidence, including, for holographic wills, portions of the document that are not in the testator's
handwriting.
§ 2-503. Harmless Error.

Although a document or writing added upon a document was not executed in compliance with Section 2-
502, the document or writing is treated as if it had been executed in compliance with that section if the
proponent of the document or writing establishes by clear and convincing evidence that the decedent
intended the document or writing to constitute (i) the decedent's will, (ii) a partial or complete revocation
of the will, (iii) an addition to or an alteration of the will, or (iv) a partial or complete revival of his [or
her] formerly revoked will or of a formerly revoked portion of the will.
§ 2-504. Self-Proved Will.

(a) A will that is executed with attesting witnesses may be simultaneously executed, attested, and made
self-proved, by acknowledgment thereof by the testator and affidavits of the witnesses, each made before
an officer authorized to administer oaths under the laws of the state in which execution occurs and
evidenced by the officer's certificate, under official seal, in substantially the following form:
I, _______________, the testator, sign my name to this instrument this ________________________

name
day of ________, ___, and being first duly sworn, do hereby declare to the undersigned authority that I
sign and execute this instrument as my will and that I sign it willingly (or willingly direct another to sign
for me), that I execute it as my free and voluntary act for the purposes therein expressed, and that I am
[18] years of age or older, of sound mind, and under no constraint or undue influence.
28
________________________________________
Testator
We, __________________, __________________, the witnesses, sign our names

name name
to this instrument, being first duly sworn, and do hereby declare to the undersigned authority that the
testator signs and executes this instrument as (his)(her) will and that (he)(she) signs it willingly (or
willingly directs another to sign for (him)(her)), and that each of us, in the presence and hearing of the
testator, hereby signs this will as witness to the testator's signing, and that to the best of our knowledge
the testator is [18] years of age or older, of sound mind, and under no constraint or undue influence.
________________________________________
Witness
________________________________________
Witness
State of _______
[County of _______]
Subscribed, sworn to and acknowledged before me by _______, the testator, and subscribed and sworn to
before me by _______, and _______, witness, this ___ day of ____, ___.
(Seal)
(Signed) _______________________________
(Official capacity of officer)
(b) A will that is executed with attesting witnesses may be made self-proved at any time after its
execution by the acknowledgment thereof by the testator and the affidavits of the witnesses, each made
before an officer authorized to administer oaths under the laws of the state in which the acknowledgment
occurs and evidenced by the officer's certificate, under official seal, attached or annexed to the will in
substantially the following form:
State of _______
[County of _______]
We, ______________, ______________, and ______________, the testator and

name name name
the witnesses, respectively, whose names are signed to the attached or foregoing instrument, being first
duly sworn, do hereby declare to the undersigned authority that the testator signed and executed the
instrument as the testator's will and that (he)(she) had signed willingly (or willingly directed another to
sign for (him)(her)), and that (he)(she) executed it as (his)(her) free and voluntary act for the purposes
therein expressed, and that each of the witnesses, in the presence and hearing of the testator, signed the
will as witness and that to the best of (his)(her) knowledge the testator was at that time [18] years of age
or older, of sound mind, and under no constraint or undue influence.
29
________________________________________
Testator
________________________________________
Witness
________________________________________
Witness
Subscribed, sworn to and acknowledged before me by _______, the testator, and subscribed and sworn to
before me by _______, and _______, witnesses, this ___ day of _______, ____.
(Seal)
(Signed) _______________________________
(Official capacity of officer)
(c) A signature affixed to a self-proving affidavit attached to a will is considered a signature affixed to the
will, if necessary to prove the will's due execution.
§ 2-505. Who May Witness.

(a) An individual generally competent to be a witness may act as a witness to a will.
(b) The signing of a will by an interested witness does not invalidate the will or any provision of it.
§ 2-506. Choice of Law as to Execution.

A written will is valid if executed in compliance with Section 2-502 or 2-503 or if its execution complies
with the law at the time of execution of the place where the will is executed, or of the law of the place
where at the time of execution or at the time of death the testator is domiciled, has a place of abode, or is
a national.
§ 2-507. Revocation by Writing or by Act.

(a) A will or any part thereof is revoked:
(1) by executing a subsequent will that revokes the previous will or part expressly or by inconsistency;
or
(2) by performing a revocatory act on the will, if the testator performed the act with the intent and for
the purpose of revoking the will or part or if another individual performed the act in the testator's
conscious presence and by the testator's direction. For purposes of this paragraph, “revocatory act on the
will” includes burning, tearing, canceling, obliterating, or destroying the will or any part of it. A burning,
tearing, or canceling is a “revocatory act on the will,” whether or not the burn, tear, or cancellation
touched any of the words on the will.
(b) If a subsequent will does not expressly revoke a previous will, the execution of the subsequent will
wholly revokes the previous will by inconsistency if the testator intended the subsequent will to replace
rather than supplement the previous will.
(c) The testator is presumed to have intended a subsequent will to replace rather than supplement a
previous will if the subsequent will makes a complete disposition of the testator's estate. If this
presumption arises and is not rebutted by clear and convincing evidence, the previous will is revoked;
only the subsequent will is operative on the testator's death.
(d) The testator is presumed to have intended a subsequent will to supplement rather than replace a
previous will if the subsequent will does not make a complete disposition of the testator's estate. If this
presumption arises and is not rebutted by clear and convincing evidence, the subsequent will revokes the
30
previous will only to the extent the subsequent will is inconsistent with the previous will; each will is
fully operative on the testator's death to the extent they are not inconsistent.
§ 2-508. Revocation by Change of Circumstances.

Except as provided in Sections 2-803 and 2-804, a change of circumstances does not revoke a will or any
part of it.
§ 2-509. Revival of Revoked Will.

(a) If a subsequent will that wholly revoked a previous will is thereafter revoked by a revocatory act under
Section 2-507(a)(2), the previous will remains revoked unless it is revived. The previous will is revived if
it is evident from the circumstances of the revocation of the subsequent will or from the testator's
contemporary or subsequent declarations that the testator intended the previous will to take effect as
executed.
(b) If a subsequent will that partly revoked a previous will is thereafter revoked by a revocatory act under
Section 2-507(a)(2), a revoked part of the previous will is revived unless it is evident from the
circumstances of the revocation of the subsequent will or from the testator's contemporary or subsequent
declarations that the testator did not intend the revoked part to take effect as executed.
(c) If a subsequent will that revoked a previous will in whole or in part is thereafter revoked by another,
later, will, the previous will remains revoked in whole or in part, unless it or its revoked part is revived.
The previous will or its revoked part is revived to the extent it appears from the terms of the later will that
the testator intended the previous will to take effect.
§ 2-510. Incorporation by Reference.

A writing in existence when a will is executed may be incorporated by reference if the language of the
will manifests this intent and describes the writing sufficiently to permit its identification.
§ 2-511. Testamentary Additions to Trusts.

(a) A will may validly devise property to the trustee of a trust established or to be established (i) during
the testator's lifetime by the testator, by the testator and some other person, or by some other person,
including a funded or unfunded life insurance trust, although the settlor has reserved any or all rights of
ownership of the insurance contracts, or (ii) at the testator's death by the testator's devise to the trustee, if
the trust is identified in the testator's will and its terms are set forth in a written instrument, other than a
will, executed before, concurrently with, or after the execution of the testator's will or in another
individual's will if that other individual has predeceased the testator, regardless of the existence, size, or
character of the corpus of the trust. The devise is not invalid because the trust is amendable or revocable,
or because the trust was amended after the execution of the will or the testator's death.
(b) Unless the testator's will provides otherwise, property devised to a trust described in subsection (a) is
not held under a testamentary trust of the testator, but it becomes a part of the trust to which it is devised,
and must be administered and disposed of in accordance with the provisions of the governing instrument
setting forth the terms of the trust, including any amendments thereto made before or after the testator's
death.
(c) Unless the testator's will provides otherwise, a revocation or termination of the trust before the
testator's death causes the devise to lapse.
§ 2-512. Events of Independent Significance.

A will may dispose of property by reference to acts and events that have significance apart from their
effect upon the dispositions made by the will, whether they occur before or after the execution of the will
or before or after the testator's death. The execution or revocation of another individual's will is such an
event.
31
§ 2-513. Separate Writing Identifying Devise of Certain Types of Tangible Personal Property.
Whether or not the provisions relating to holographic wills apply, a will may refer to a written statement
or list to dispose of items of tangible personal property not otherwise specifically disposed of by the will,
other than money. To be admissible under this section as evidence of the intended disposition, the writing
must be signed by the testator and must describe the items and the devisees with reasonable certainty. The
writing may be referred to as one to be in existence at the time of the testator's death; it may be prepared
before or after the execution of the will; it may be altered by the testator after its preparation; and it may
be a writing that has no significance apart from its effect on the dispositions made by the will.
§ 2-514. Contracts Concerning Succession.

A contract to make a will or devise, or not to revoke a will or devise, or to die intestate, if executed after
the effective date of this Article, may be established only by (i) provisions of a will stating material
provisions of the contract, (ii) an express reference in a will to a contract and extrinsic evidence proving
the terms of the contract, or (iii) a writing signed by the decedent evidencing the contract. The execution
of a joint will or mutual wills does not create a presumption of a contract not to revoke the will or wills.
§ 2-515. Deposit of Will with Court in Testator's Lifetime.

A will may be deposited by the testator or the testator's agent with any court for safekeeping, under rules
of the court. The will must be sealed and kept confidential. During the testator's lifetime, a deposited will
must be delivered only to the testator or to a person authorized in writing signed by the testator to receive
the will. A conservator may be allowed to examine a deposited will of a protected testator under
procedures designed to maintain the confidential character of the document to the extent possible, and to
ensure that it will be resealed and kept on deposit after the examination. Upon being informed of the
testator's death, the court shall notify any person designated to receive the will and deliver it to that person
on request; or the court may deliver the will to the appropriate court.
§ 2-516. Duty of Custodian of Will; Liability.

After the death of a testator and on request of an interested person, a person having custody of a will of
the testator shall deliver it with reasonable promptness to a person able to secure its probate and if none is
known, to an appropriate court. A person who wilfully fails to deliver a will is liable to any person
aggrieved for any damages that may be sustained by the failure. A person who wilfully refuses or fails to
deliver a will after being ordered by the court in a proceeding brought for the purpose of compelling
delivery is subject to penalty for contempt of court.
§ 2-517. Penalty Clause for Contest.

A provision in a will purporting to penalize an interested person for contesting the will or instituting other
proceedings relating to the estate is unenforceable if probable cause exists for instituting proceedings.
§ 2-601. Scope.
In the absence of a finding of a contrary intention, the rules of construction in this Part control the
construction of a will.
§ 2-602. Will May Pass All Property and After-Acquired Property.

A will may provide for the passage of all property the testator owns at death and all property acquired by
the estate after the testator's death.
§ 2-603. Antilapse; Deceased Devisee; Class Gifts.

(1) “Alternative devise” means a devise that is expressly created by the will and, under the terms of the
will, can take effect instead of another devise on the happening of one or more events, including survival
of the testator or failure to survive the testator, whether an event is expressed in condition-precedent,
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condition-subsequent, or any other form. A residuary clause constitutes an alternative devise with respect
to a nonresiduary devise only if the will specifically provides that, upon lapse or failure, the nonresiduary
devise, or nonresiduary devises in general, pass under the residuary clause.
(2) “Class member” includes an individual who fails to survive the testator but who would have taken
under a devise in the form of a class gift had he [or she] survived the testator.
(3) “Descendant of a grandparent”, as used in subsection (b), means an individual who qualifies as a
descendant of a grandparent of the testator or of the donor of a power of appointment under the (i) rules of
construction applicable to a class gift created in the testators will if the devise or exercise of the power is
in the form of a class gift or (ii) rules for intestate succession if the devise or exercise of the power is not
in the form of a class gift.
(4) “Descendants”, as used in the phrase “surviving descendants” of a deceased devisee or class
member in subsections (b)(1) and (2), mean the descendants of a deceased devisee or class member who
would take under a class gift created in the testator's will.
(5) “Devise” includes an alternative devise, a devise in the form of a class gift, and an exercise of a
power of appointment.
(6) “Devisee” includes (i) a class member if the devise is in the form of a class gift, (ii) an individual
or class member who was deceased at the time the testator executed his [or her] will as well as an
individual or class member who was then living but who failed to survive the testator, and (iii) an
appointee under a power of appointment exercised by the testator's will.
(7) “Stepchild” means a child of the surviving, deceased, or former spouse of the testator or of the
donor of a power of appointment, and not of the testator or donor.
(8) “Surviving”, in the phrase “surviving devisees” or “surviving descendants”, means devisees or
descendants who neither predeceased the testator nor are deemed to have predeceased the testator under
Section 2-702.
(9) “Testator” includes the donee of a power of appointment if the power is exercised in the testator's
will.
(b) [Substitute Gift.] If a devisee fails to survive the testator and is a grandparent, a descendant of a
grandparent, or a stepchild of either the testator or the donor of a power of appointment exercised by the
testator's will, the following apply:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (4), if the devise is not in the form of a class gift and the deceased
devisee leaves surviving descendants, a substitute gift is created in the devisee's surviving descendants.
They take by representation the property to which the devisee would have been entitled had the devisee
survived the testator.
(2) Except as provided in paragraph (4), if the devise is in the form of a class gift, other than a devise
to “issue,” “descendants,” “heirs of the body,” “heirs,” “next to kin,” “relatives,” or “family,” or a class
described by language of similar import, a substitute gift is created in the surviving descendants of any
deceased devisee. The property to which the devisees would have been entitled had all of them survived
the testator passes to the surviving devisees and the surviving descendants of the deceased devisees. Each
surviving devisee takes the share to which he [or she] would have been entitled had the deceased devisees
survived the testator. Each deceased devisee's surviving descendants who are substituted for the deceased
devisee take by representation the share to which the deceased devisee would have been entitled had the
deceased devisee survived the testator. For the purposes of this paragraph, “deceased devisee” means a
class member who failed to survive the testator and left one or more surviving descendants.
(3) For the purposes of Section 2-601, words of survivorship, such as in a devise to an individual “if he
survives me,” or in a devise to “my surviving children,” are not, in the absence of additional evidence, a
sufficient indication of an intent contrary to the application of this section.
(4) If the will creates an alternative devise with respect to a devise for which a substitute gift is created
by paragraph (1) or (2), the substitute gift is superseded by the alternative devise if:
(A) the alternative devise is in the form of a class gift and one or more members of the class is
entitled to take under the will; or
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(B) the alternative devise is not in the form of a class gift and the expressly designated devisee of
the alternative devise is entitled to take under the will.
(5) Unless the language creating a power of appointment expressly excludes the substitution of the
descendants of an appointee for the appointee, a surviving descendant of a deceased appointee of a power
of appointment can be substituted for the appointee under this section, whether or not the descendant is an
object of the power.
(c) [More Than One Substitute Gift; Which One Takes.] If, under subsection (b), substitute gifts are
created and not superseded with respect to more than one devise and the devises are alternative devises,
one to the other, the determination of which of the substitute gifts takes effect is resolved as follows:
(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), the devised property passes under the primary substitute gift.
(2) If there is a younger-generation devise, the devised property passes under the younger-generation
substitute gift and not under the primary substitute gift.
(3) In this subsection:
(A) “Primary devise” means the devise that would have taken effect had all the deceased devisees
of the alternative devises who left surviving descendants survived the testator.
(B) “Primary substitute gift” means the substitute gift created with respect to the primary devise.
(C) “Younger-generation devise” means a devise that (i) is to a descendant of a devisee of the
primary devise, (ii) is an alternative devise with respect to the primary devise, (iii) is a devise for which a
substitute gift is created, and (iv) would have taken effect had all the deceased devisees who left surviving
descendants survived the testator except the deceased devisee or devisees of the primary devise.
(D) “Younger-generation substitute gift” means the substitute gift created with respect to the
younger-generation devise.
§ 2-604. Failure of Testamentary Provision.

(a) Except as provided in Section 2-603, a devise, other than a residuary devise, that fails for any reason
becomes a part of the residue.
(b) Except as provided in Section 2-603, if the residue is devised to two or more persons, the share of a
residuary devisee that fails for any reason passes to the other residuary devisee, or to other residuary
devisees in proportion to the interest of each in the remaining part of the residue.
§ 2-605. Increase in Securities; Accessions.

(a) If a testator executes a will that devises securities and the testator then owned securities that meet the
description in the will, the devise includes additional securities owned by the testator at death to the extent
the additional securities were acquired by the testator after the will was executed as a result of the
testator's ownership of the described securities and are securities of any of the following types:
(1) securities of the same organization acquired by reason of action initiated by the organization or any
successor, related, or acquiring organization, excluding any acquired by exercise of purchase options;
(2) securities of another organization acquired as a result of a merger, consolidation, reorganization, or
other distribution by the organization or any successor, related, or acquiring organization; or
(3) securities of the same organization acquired as a result of a plan of reinvestment.
(b) Distributions in cash before death with respect to a described security are not part of the devise.
§ 2-606. Nonademption of Specific Devises; Unpaid Proceeds of Sale, Condemnation, or Insurance;

Sale by Conservator or Agent.
(a) A specific devisee has a right to specifically devised property in the testator's estate at the testator's
death and to:
(1) any balance of the purchase price, together with any security agreement, owed by a purchaser at the
testator's death by reason of sale of the property;
(2) any amount of a condemnation award for the taking of the property unpaid at death;
(3) any proceeds unpaid at death on fire or casualty insurance on or other recovery for injury to the
property;
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(4) any property owned by the testator at death and acquired as a result of foreclosure, or obtained in
lieu of foreclosure, of the security interest for a specifically devised obligation;
(5) any real property or tangible personal property owned by the testator at death which the testator
acquired as a replacement for specifically devised real property or tangible personal property; and
(6) if not covered by paragraphs (1) through (5), a pecuniary devise equal to the value as of its date of
disposition of other specifically devised property disposed of during the testator's lifetime but only to the
extent it is established that ademption would be inconsistent with the testator's manifested plan of
distribution or that at the time the will was made, the date of disposition or otherwise, the testator did not
intend ademption of the devise.
(b) If specifically devised property is sold or mortgaged by a conservator or by an agent acting within the
authority of a durable power of attorney for an incapacitated principal, or a condemnation award,
insurance proceeds, or recovery for injury to the property is paid to a conservator or to an agent acting
within the authority of a durable power of attorney for an incapacitated principal, the specific devisee has
the right to a general pecuniary devise equal to the net sale price, the amount of the unpaid loan, the
condemnation award, the insurance proceeds, or the recovery.
(c) The right of a specific devisee under subsection (b) is reduced by any right the devisee has under
subsection (a).
(d) For the purposes of the references in subsection (b) to a conservator, subsection (b) does not apply if,
after the sale, mortgage, condemnation, casualty, or recovery, it was adjudicated that the testator's
incapacity ceased and the testator survived the adjudication for at least one year.
(e) For the purposes of the references in subsection (b) to an agent acting within the authority of a durable
power of attorney for an incapacitated principal, (i) “incapacitated principal” means a principal who is an
incapacitated person, (ii) no adjudication of incapacity before death is necessary, and (iii) the acts of an
agent within the authority of a durable power of attorney are presumed to be for an incapacitated
principal.
§ 2-607. Nonexoneration.
A specific devise passes subject to any mortgage interest existing at the date of death, without right of
exoneration, regardless of a general directive in the will to pay debts.
§ 2-608. Exercise of Power of Appointment.

In the absence of a requirement that a power of appointment be exercised by a reference, or by an express
of specific reference, to the power, a general residuary clause in a will, or a will making general
disposition of all of the testator's property, expresses an intention to exercise a power of appointment held
by the testator only if (i) the power is a general power and the creating instrument does not contain a gift
if the power is not exercised or (ii) the testator's will manifests an intention to include the property subject
to the power.
§ 2-609. Ademption by satisfaction.

(a) Property a testator gave in his [or her] lifetime to a person is treated as a satisfaction of a devise in
whole or in part, only if (i) the will provides for deduction of the gift, (ii) the testator declared in a
contemporaneous writing that the gift is in satisfaction of the devise or that its value is to be deducted
from the value of the devise, or (iii) the devisee acknowledged in writing that the gift is in satisfaction of
the devise or that its value is to be deducted from the value of the devise.
(b) For purposes of partial satisfaction, property given during lifetime is valued as of the time the devisee
came into possession or enjoyment of the property or at the testator's death, whichever occurs first.
(c) If the devisee fails to survive the testator, the gift is treated as a full or partial satisfaction of the
devise, as appropriate, in applying Sections 2-603 and 2-604, unless the testator's contemporaneous
writing provides otherwise.
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§ 2-701. Scope.
In the absence of a finding of a contrary intention, the rules of construction in this Part control the
construction of a governing instrument. The rules of construction in this Part apply to a governing
instrument of any type, except as the application of a particular section is limited by its terms to a specific
type or types of provision or governing instrument.
§ 2-702. Requirement of Survival by 120 Hours.

(a) [Requirement of Survival by 120 Hours Under Probate Code.] For the purposes of this Code,
except as provided in subsection (d), an individual who is not established by clear and convincing
evidence to have survived an event, including the death of another individual, by 120 hours is deemed to
have predeceased the event.
(b) [Requirement of Survival by 120 Hours under Governing Instrument.] Except as provided in
subsection (d), for purposes of a provision of a governing instrument that relates to an individual
surviving an event, including the death of another individual, an individual who is not established by clear
and convincing evidence to have survived the event by 120 hours is deemed to have predeceased the
event.
(c) [Co-owners With Right of Survivorship; Requirement of Survival by 120 Hours.] Except as
provided in subsection (d), if (i) it is not established by clear and convincing evidence that one of two co-
owners with right of survivorship survived the other co-owner by 120 hours, one-half of the property
passes as if one had survived by 120 hours and one-half as if the other had survived by 120 hours and (ii)
there are more than two co-owners and it is not established by clear and convincing evidence that at least
one of them survived the others by 120 hours, the property passes in the proportion that one bears to the
whole number of co-owners. For the purposes of this subsection, “co-owners with right of survivorship”
includes joint tenants, tenants by the entireties, and other co-owners of property or accounts held under
circumstances that entitles one or more to the whole of the property or account on the death of the other or
others.
(d) [Exceptions.] Survival by 120 hours is not required if:
(1) the governing instrument contains language dealing explicitly with simultaneous deaths or deaths
in a common disaster and that language is operable under the facts of the case;
(2) the governing instrument expressly indicates that an individual is not required to survive an event,
including the death of another individual, by any specified period or expressly requires the individual to
survive the event by a specified period; but survival of the event or the specified period must be
established by clear and convincing evidence;
(3) the imposition of a 120-hour requirement of survival would cause a nonvested property interest or
a power of appointment to fail to qualify for validity under Section 2-901(a)(1), (b)(1), or (c)(1) or to
become invalid under Section 2-901(a)(2), (b)(2), or (c)(2); but survival must be established by clear and
convincing evidence; or
(4) the application of a 120-hour requirement of survival to multiple governing instruments would
result in an unintended failure or duplication of a disposition; but survival must be established by clear
and convincing evidence.
(e) [Protection of Payors and Other Third Parties.]
(1) A payor or other third party is not liable for having made a payment or transferred an item of
property or any other benefit to a beneficiary designated in a governing instrument who, under this
section, is not entitled to the payment or item of property, or for having taken any other action in good
faith reliance on the beneficiary's apparent entitlement under the terms of the governing instrument,
before the payor or other third party received written notice of a claimed lack of entitlement under this
section. A payor or other third party is liable for a payment made or other action taken after the payor or
other third party received written notice of a claimed lack of entitlement under this section.
(2) Written notice of a claimed lack of entitlement under paragraph (1) must be mailed to the payor's
or other third party's main office or home by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, or
served upon the payor or other third party in the same manner as a summons in a civil action. Upon
36
receipt of written notice of a claimed lack of entitlement under this section, a payor or other third party
may pay any amount owed or transfer or deposit any item of property held by it to or with the court
having jurisdiction of the probate proceedings relating to the decedent's estate, or if no proceedings have
been commenced, to or with the court having jurisdiction of probate proceedings relating to decedents'
estates located in the county of the decedent's residence. The court shall hold the funds or item of property
and, upon its determination under this section, shall order disbursement in accordance with the
determination. Payments, transfers, or deposits made to or with the court discharge the payor or other
third party from all claims for the value of amounts paid to or items of property transferred to or deposited
with the court.
(f) [Protection of Bona Fide Purchasers; Personal Liability of Recipient.]
(1) A person who purchases property for value and without notice, or who receives a payment or other
item of property in partial or full satisfaction of a legally enforceable obligation, is neither obligated under
this section to return the payment, item of property, or benefit nor is liable under this section for the
amount of the payment or the value of the item of property or benefit. But a person who, not for value,
receives a payment, item of property, or any other benefit to which the person is not entitled under this
section is obligated to return the payment, item of property, or benefit, or is personally liable for the
amount of the payment or the value of the item of property or benefit, to the person who is entitled to it
under this section.
(2) If this section or any part of this section is preempted by federal law with respect to a payment, an
item of property, or any other benefit covered by this section, a person who, not for value, receives the
payment, item of property, or any other benefit to which the person is not entitled under this section is
obligated to return the payment, item of property, or benefit, or is personally liable for the amount of the
payment or the value of the item of property or benefit, to the person who would have been entitled to it
were this section or part of this section not preempted.
§ 2-703. Choice of Law as to Meaning and Effect of Governing Instrument.

The meaning and legal effect of a governing instrument is determined by the local law of the state
selected in the governing instrument, unless the application of that law is contrary to the provisions
relating to the elective share described in Part 2, the provisions relating to exempt property and
allowances described in Part 4, or any other public policy of this State otherwise applicable to the
disposition.
§ 2-704. Power of Appointment; Meaning of Specific Reference Requirement.

If a governing instrument creating a power of appointment expressly requires that the power be exercised
by a reference, an express reference, or a specific reference, to the power or its source, it is presumed that
the donor's intention, in requiring that the donee exercise the power by making reference to the particular
power or to the creating instrument, was to prevent an inadvertent exercise of the power.
§ 2-705. Class Gifts Construed to Accord With Intestate Succession; Exceptions.

(1) “Adoptee” has the meaning set forth in Section 2-115.
(2) “Child of assisted reproduction” has the meaning set forth in Section 2-120.
(3) “Distribution date” means the date when an immediate or postponed class gift takes effect in
possession or enjoyment.
(4) “Functioned as a parent of the adoptee” has the meaning set forth in Section 2-115, substituting
“adoptee” for “child” in that definition.
(5) “Functioned as a parent of the child” has the meaning set forth in Section 2-115.
(6) “Genetic parent” has the meaning set forth in Section 2-115.
(7) “Gestational child” has the meaning set forth in Section 2-121.
(8) “Relative” has the meaning set forth in Section 2-115.
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(b) [Terms of Relationship.] A class gift that uses a term of relationship to identify the class members
includes a child of assisted reproduction, a gestational child, and, except as otherwise provided in
subsections (e) and (f), an adoptee and a child born to parents who are not married to each other, and their
respective descendants if appropriate to the class, in accordance with the rules for intestate succession
regarding parent-child relationships. For the purpose of determining whether a contrary intention exists
under Section 2-701, a provision in a governing instrument that relates to the inclusion or exclusion in a
class gift of a child born to parents who are not married to each other but does not specifically refer to a
child of assisted reproduction or a gestational child does not apply to a child of assisted reproduction or a
gestational child.
(c) [Relatives by Marriage.] Terms of relationship in a governing instrument that do not differentiate
relationships by blood from those by marriage, such as uncles, aunts, nieces, or nephews, are construed to
exclude relatives by marriage, unless:
(1) when the governing instrument was executed, the class was then and foreseeably would be empty;
or
(2) the language or circumstances otherwise establish that relatives by marriage were intended to be
included.
(d) [Half-Blood Relatives.] Terms of relationship in a governing instrument that do not differentiate
relationships by the half blood from those by the whole blood, such as brothers, sisters, nieces, or
nephews, are construed to include both types of relationships.
(e) [Transferor Not Genetic Parent.] In construing a dispositive provision of a transferor who is not the
genetic parent, a child of a genetic parent is not considered the child of the genetic parent unless the
genetic parent, a relative of the genetic parent, or the spouse or surviving spouse of the genetic parent or
of a relative of the genetic parent functioned as a parent of the child before the child reached [18] years of
age.
(f) [Transferor Not Adoptive Parent.] In construing a dispositive provision of a transferor who is not
the adoptive parent, an adoptee is not considered the child of the adoptive parent unless:
(1) the adoption took place before the adoptee reached [18] years of age;
(2) the adoptive parent was the adoptee's stepparent or foster parent; or
(3) the adoptive parent functioned as a parent of the adoptee before the adoptee reached [18] years of
age.
(g) [Class-Closing Rules.] The following rules apply for purposes of the class-closing rules:
(1) A child in utero at a particular time is treated as living at that time if the child lives 120 hours after
birth.
(2) If a child of assisted reproduction or a gestational child is conceived posthumously and the
distribution date is the deceased parent's death, the child is treated as living on the distribution date if the
child lives 120 hours after birth and was in utero not later than 36 months after the deceased parent's death
or born not later than 45 months after the deceased parent's death.
(3) An individual who is in the process of being adopted when the class closes is treated as adopted
when the class closes if the adoption is subsequently granted.
§ 2-708. Class Gifts to “Descendants,” “Issue,” or “Heirs of the Body”; Form of Distribution if
None Specified.
If a class gift in favor of “descendants,” “issue,” or “heirs of the body” does not specify the manner in
which the property is to be distributed among the class members, the property is distributed among the
class members who are living when the interest is to take effect in possession or enjoyment, in such
shares as they would receive, under the applicable law of intestate succession, if the designated ancestor
had then died intestate owning the subject matter of the class gift.
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§ 2-709. Representation; Per Capita at Each Generation; Per Stirpes.
(1) “Deceased child” or “deceased descendant” means a child or a descendant who either predeceased
the distribution date or is deemed to have predeceased the distribution date under Section 2-702.
(2) “Distribution date,” with respect to an interest, means the time when the interest is to take effect in
possession or enjoyment. The distribution date need not occur at the beginning or end of a calendar day,
but can occur at a time during the course of a day.
(3) “Surviving ancestor,” “surviving child,” or “surviving descendant” means an ancestor, a child, or a
descendant who neither predeceased the distribution date nor is deemed to have predeceased the
distribution date under Section 2-702.
(b) [Representation; Per Capita at Each Generation.]If an applicable statute or a governing instrument
calls for property to be distributed “by representation” or “per capita at each generation,” the property is
divided into as many equal shares as there are (i) surviving descendants in the generation nearest to the
designated ancestor which contains one or more surviving descendants (ii) and deceased descendants in
the same generation who left surviving descendants, if any. Each surviving descendant in the nearest
generation is allocated one share. The remaining shares, if any, are combined and then divided in the
same manner among the surviving descendants of the deceased descendants as if the surviving
descendants who were allocated a share and their surviving descendants had predeceased the distribution
date.
(c) [Per Stirpes.] If a governing instrument calls for property to be distributed “per stirpes,” the property
is divided into as many equal shares as there are (i) surviving children of the designated ancestor and (ii)
deceased children who left surviving descendants. Each surviving child, if any, is allocated one share. The
share of each deceased child with surviving descendants is divided in the same manner, with subdivision
repeating at each succeeding generation until the property is fully allocated among surviving descendants.
(d) [Deceased Descendant With No Surviving Descendant Disregarded.] For the purposes of
subsections (b) and (c), an individual who is deceased and left no surviving descendant is disregarded,
and an individual who leaves a surviving ancestor who is a descendant of the designated ancestor is not
entitled to a share.
§ 2-711. Interests in “Heirs” and Like.

If an applicable statute or a governing instrument calls for a present or future distribution to or creates a
present or future interest in a designated individual's “heirs,” “heirs at law,” “next of kin,” “relatives,” or
“family,” or language of similar import, the property passes to those persons, including the state, and in
such shares as would succeed to the designated individual's intestate estate under the intestate succession
law of the designated individual's domicile if the designated individual died when the disposition is to
take effect in possession or enjoyment. If the designated individual's surviving spouse is living but is
remarried at the time the disposition is to take effect in possession or enjoyment, the surviving spouse is
not an heir of the designated individual.
§ 2-802. Effect of Divorce, Annulment, and Decree of Separation.

(a) An individual who is divorced from the decedent or whose marriage to the decedent has been annulled
is not a surviving spouse unless, by virtue of a subsequent marriage, he [or she] is married to the decedent
at the time of death. A decree of separation that does not terminate the status of husband and wife is not a
divorce for purposes of this section.
(b) For purposes of Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4 of this Article, and of Section 3-203, a surviving spouse does not
include:
(1) an individual who obtains or consents to a final decree or judgment of divorce from the decedent or
an annulment of their marriage, which decree or judgment is not recognized as valid in this State, unless
subsequently they participate in a marriage ceremony purporting to marry each to the other or live
together as husband and wife;
39
(2) an individual who, following an invalid decree or judgment of divorce or annulment obtained by
the decedent, participates in a marriage ceremony with a third individual; or
(3) an individual who was a party to a valid proceeding concluded by an order purporting to terminate
all marital property rights.
§ 2-803. Effect of Homicide on Intestate Succession, Wills, Trusts, Joint Assets, Life Insurance, and
Beneficiary Designations.
(1) “Disposition or appointment of property” includes a transfer of an item of property or any other
benefit to a beneficiary designated in a governing instrument.
(2) “Governing instrument” means a governing instrument executed by the decedent.
(3) “Revocable,” with respect to a disposition, appointment, provision, or nomination, means one
under which the decedent, at the time of or immediately before death, was alone empowered, by law or
under the governing instrument, to cancel the designation in favor of the killer, whether or not the
decedent was then empowered to designate himself [or herself] in place of his [or her] killer and or the
decedent then had capacity to exercise the power.
(b) [Forfeiture of Statutory Benefits.] An individual who feloniously and intentionally kills the
decedent forfeits all benefits under this Article with respect to the decedent's estate, including an intestate
share, an elective share, an omitted spouse's or child's share, a homestead allowance, exempt property,
and a family allowance. If the decedent died intestate, the decedent's intestate estate passes as if the killer
disclaimed his [or her] intestate share.
(c) [Revocation of Benefits Under Governing Instruments.] The felonious and intentional killing of the
decedent:
(1) revokes any revocable (i) disposition or appointment of property made by the decedent to the killer
in a governing instrument, (ii) provision in a governing instrument conferring a general or nongeneral
power of appointment on the killer, and (iii) nomination of the killer in a governing instrument,
nominating or appointing the killer to serve in any fiduciary or representative capacity, including a
personal representative, executor, trustee, or agent; and
(2) severs the interests of the decedent and killer in property held by them at the time of the killing as
joint tenants with the right of survivorship [or as community property with the right of survivorship],
transforming the interests of the decedent and killer into equal tenancies in common.
(d) [Effect of Severance.] A severance under subsection (c)(2) does not affect any third-party interest in
property acquired for value and in good faith reliance on an apparent title by survivorship in the killer
unless a writing declaring the severance has been noted, registered, filed, or recorded in records
appropriate to the kind and location of the property which are relied upon, in the ordinary course of
transactions involving such property, as evidence of ownership.
(e) [Effect of Revocation.] Provisions of a governing instrument are given effect as if the killer
disclaimed all provisions revoked by this section or, in the case of a revoked nomination in a fiduciary or
representative capacity, as if the killer predeceased the decedent.
(f) [Wrongful Acquisition of Property.] A wrongful acquisition of property or interest by a killer not
covered by this section must be treated in accordance with the principle that a killer cannot profit from his
[or her] wrong.
(g) [Felonious and Intentional Killing; How Determined.] After all right to appeal has been exhausted,
a judgment of conviction establishing criminal accountability for the felonious and intentional killing of
the decedent conclusively establishes the convicted individual as the decedent's killer for purposes of this
section. In the absence of a conviction, the court, upon the petition of an interested person, must
determine whether, under the preponderance of evidence standard, the individual would be found
criminally accountable for the felonious and intentional killing of the decedent. If the court determines
that, under that standard, the individual would be found criminally accountable for the felonious and
intentional killing of the decedent, the determination conclusively establishes that individual as the
decedent's killer for purposes of this section.
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(h) [Protection of Payors and Other Third Parties.]
property or any other benefit to a beneficiary designated in a governing instrument affected by an
intentional and felonious killing, or for having taken any other action in good faith reliance on the validity
of the governing instrument, upon request and satisfactory proof of the decedent's death, before the payor
or other third party received written notice of a claimed forfeiture or revocation under this section. A
payor or other third party is liable for a payment made or other action taken after the payor or other third
party received written notice of a claimed forfeiture or revocation under this section.
(2) Written notice of a claimed forfeiture or revocation under paragraph (1) must be mailed to the
payor's or other third party's main office or home by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested,
or served upon the payor or other third party in the same manner as a summons in a civil action. Upon
receipt of written notice of a claimed forfeiture or revocation under this section, a payor or other third
party may pay any amount owed or transfer or deposit any item of property held by it to or with the court
having jurisdiction of the probate proceedings relating to the decedent's estate, or if no proceedings have
and, upon its determination under this section, shall order disbursement in accordance with the
with the court.
(i) [Protection of Bona Fide Purchasers; Personal Liability of Recipient.]
(1) A person who purchases property for value and without notice, or who receives a payment or other
item of property in partial or full satisfaction of a legally enforceable obligation, is neither obligated under
this section to return the payment, item of property, or benefit nor is liable under this section for the
amount of the payment or the value of the item of property or benefit. But a person who, not for value,
receives a payment, item of property, or any other benefit to which the person is not entitled under this
section is obligated to return the payment, item of property, or benefit, or is personally liable for the
amount of the payment or the value of the item of property or benefit, to the person who is entitled to it
under this section.
item of property, or any other benefit covered by this section, a person who, not for value, receives the
payment, item of property, or any other benefit to which the person is not entitled under this section is
obligated to return the payment, item of property, or benefit, or is personally liable for the amount of the
payment or the value of the item of property or benefit, to the person who would have been entitled to it
were this section or part of this section not preempted.
§ 2-804. Revocation of Probate and Nonprobate Transfers by Divorce; No Revocation by other

Changes of Circumstances.
(1) “Disposition or appointment of property” includes a transfer of an item of property or any other
benefit to a beneficiary designated in a governing instrument.
(2) “Divorce or annulment” means any divorce or annulment, or any dissolution or declaration of
invalidity of a marriage, that would exclude the spouse as a surviving spouse within the meaning
of Section 2-802. A decree of separation that does not terminate the status of husband and wife is not a
divorce for purposes of this section.
(3) “Divorced individual” includes an individual whose marriage has been annulled.
(4) “Governing instrument” means a governing instrument executed by the divorced individual before
the divorce or annulment of his [or her] marriage to his [or her] former spouse.
(5) “Relative of the divorced individual's former spouse” means an individual who is related to the
divorced individual's former spouse by blood, adoption, or affinity and who, after the divorce or
annulment, is not related to the divorced individual by blood, adoption, or affinity.
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(6) “Revocable,” with respect to a disposition, appointment, provision, or nomination, means one
under which the divorced individual, at the time of the divorce or annulment, was alone empowered, by
law or under the governing instrument, to cancel the designation in favor of his [or her] former spouse or
former spouse's relative, whether or not the divorced individual was then empowered to designate himself
[or herself] in place of his [or her] former spouse or in place of his [or her] former spouse's relative and
whether or not the divorced individual then had the capacity to exercise the power.
(b) [Revocation Upon Divorce.] Except as provided by the express terms of a governing instrument, a
court order, or a contract relating to the division of the marital estate made between the divorced
individuals before or after the marriage, divorce, or annulment, the divorce or annulment of a marriage:
(1) revokes any revocable (i) disposition or appointment of property made by a divorced individual to
his [or her] former spouse in a governing instrument and any disposition or appointment created by law or
in a governing instrument to a relative of the divorced individual's former spouse, (ii) provision in a
governing instrument conferring a general or nongeneral power of appointment on the divorced
individual's former spouse or on a relative of the divorced individual's former spouse, and (iii) nomination
in a governing instrument, nominating a divorced individual's former spouse or a relative of the divorced
individual's former spouse to serve in any fiduciary or representative capacity, including a personal
representative, executor, trustee, conservator, agent, or guardian; and
(2) severs the interests of the former spouses in property held by them at the time of the divorce or
annulment as joint tenants with the right of survivorship [or as community property with the right of
survivorship], transforming the interests of the former spouses into equal tenancies in common.
(c) [Effect of Severance.] A severance under subsection (b)(2) does not affect any third-party interest in
property acquired for value and in good faith reliance on an apparent title by survivorship in the survivor
of the former spouses unless a writing declaring the severance has been noted, registered, filed, or
recorded in records appropriate to the kind and location of the property which are relied upon, in the
ordinary course of transactions involving such property, as evidence of ownership.
(d) [Effect of Revocation.] Provisions of a governing instrument are given effect as if the former spouse
and relatives of the former spouse disclaimed all provisions revoked by this section or, in the case of a
revoked nomination in a fiduciary or representative capacity, as if the former spouse and relatives of the
former spouse died immediately before the divorce or annulment.
(e) [Revival if Divorce Nullified.] Provisions revoked solely by this section are revived by the divorced
individual's remarriage to the former spouse or by a nullification of the divorce or annulment.
(f) [No Revocation for Other Change of Circumstances.] No change of circumstances other than as
described in this section and in Section 2-803 effects a revocation.
(g) [Protection of Payors and Other Third Parties.]
property or any other benefit to a beneficiary designated in a governing instrument affected by a divorce,
annulment, or remarriage, or for having taken any other action in good faith reliance on the validity of the
governing instrument, before the payor or other third party received written notice of the divorce,
annulment, or remarriage. A payor or other third party is liable for a payment made or other action taken
after the payor or other third party received written notice of a claimed forfeiture or revocation under this
section.
(2) Written notice of the divorce, annulment, or remarriage under subsection (g)(2) must be mailed to
the payor's or other third party's main office or home by registered or certified mail, return receipt
requested, or served upon the payor or other third party in the same manner as a summons in a civil
action. Upon receipt of written notice of the divorce, annulment, or remarriage, a payor or other third
party may pay any amount owed or transfer or deposit any item of property held by it to or with the court
having jurisdiction of the probate proceedings relating to the decedent's estate or, if no proceedings have
and, upon its determination under this section, shall order disbursement or transfer in accordance with the
42
with the court.
(h) [Protection of Bona Fide Purchasers; Personal Liability of Recipient.]
(1) A person who purchases property from a former spouse, relative of a former spouse, or any other
person for value and without notice, or who receives from a former spouse, relative of a former spouse, or
any other person a payment or other item of property in partial or full satisfaction of a legally enforceable
obligation, is neither obligated under this section to return the payment, item of property, or benefit nor is
liable under this section for the amount of the payment or the value of the item of property or benefit. But
a former spouse, relative of a former spouse, or other person who, not for value, received a payment, item
of property, or any other benefit to which that person is not entitled under this section is obligated to
return the payment, item of property, or benefit, or is personally liable for the amount of the payment or
the value of the item of property or benefit, to the person who is entitled to it under this section.
item of property, or any other benefit covered by this section, a former spouse, relative of the former
spouse, or any other person who, not for value, received a payment, item of property, or any other benefit
to which that person is not entitled under this section is obligated to return that payment, item of property,
or benefit, or is personally liable for the amount of the payment or the value of the item of property or
benefit, to the person who would have been entitled to it were this section or part of this section not
preempted.
§ 2-805. Reformation to Correct Mistakes.

The court may reform the terms of a governing instrument, even if unambiguous, to conform the terms to
the transferor's intention if it is proved by clear and convincing evidence that the transferor's intent and
the terms of the governing instrument were affected by a mistake of fact or law, whether in expression or
inducement.
§ 2-806. Modification to Achieve Transferor's Tax Objectives.

To achieve the transferor's tax objectives, the court may modify the terms of a governing instrument in a
manner that is not contrary to the transferor's probable intention. The court may provide that the
modification has retroactive effect.
§ 2-901. Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities.

(a) [Validity of Nonvested Property Interest.] A nonvested property interest is invalid unless:
(1) when the interest is created, it is certain to vest or terminate no later than 21 years after the death of
an individual then alive; or
(2) the interest either vests or terminates within 90 years after its creation.
(b) [Validity of General Power of Appointment Subject to a Condition Precedent.] A general power
of appointment not presently exercisable because of a condition precedent is invalid unless:
(1) when the power is created, the condition precedent is certain to be satisfied or becomes impossible
to satisfy no later than 21 years after the death of an individual then alive; or
(2) the condition precedent either is satisfied or becomes impossible to satisfy within 90 years after its
creation.
(c) [Validity of Nongeneral or Testamentary Power of Appointment.] A nongeneral power of
appointment or a general testamentary power of appointment is invalid unless:
(1) when the power is created, it is certain to be irrevocably exercised or otherwise to terminate no
later than 21 years after the death of an individual then alive; or
(2) the power is irrevocably exercised or otherwise terminates within 90 years after its creation.
(d) [Possibility of Post-death Child Disregarded.] In determining whether a nonvested property interest
or a power of appointment is valid under subsection (a)(1), (b)(1), or (c)(1), the possibility that a child
will be born to an individual after the individual's death is disregarded.
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(e) [Effect of Certain “Later-of” Type Language.] If, in measuring a period from the creation of a trust
or other property arrangement, language in a governing instrument (i) seeks to disallow the vesting or
termination of any interest or trust beyond, (ii) seeks to postpone the vesting or termination of any interest
or trust until, or (iii) seeks to operate in effect in any similar fashion upon, the later of (A) the expiration
of a period of time not exceeding 21 years after the death of the survivor of specified lives in being at the
creation of the trust or other property arrangement or (B) the expiration of a period of time that exceeds or
might exceed 21 years after the death of the survivor of lives in being at the creation of the trust or other
property arrangement, that language is inoperative to the extent it produces a period of time that exceeds
21 years after the death of the survivor of the specified lives.
§ 2-903. Reformation.
Upon the petition of an interested person, a court shall reform a disposition in the manner that most
closely approximates the transferor's manifested plan of distribution and is within the 90 years allowed by
Section 2-901(a)(2), 2-901(b)(2), or 2-901(c)(2) if:
(1) a nonvested property interest or a power of appointment becomes invalid under Section 2-
901(statutory rule against perpetuities);
(2) a class gift is not but might become invalid underSection 2-901 (statutory rule against perpetuities)
and the time has arrived when the share of any class member is to take effect in possession or enjoyment;
or
(3) a nonvested property interest that is not validated by Section 2-901(a)(1) can vest but not within 90
years after its creation.
§ 2-904. Exclusions from Statutory Rule Against Perpetuities.

Section 2-901 (statutory rule against perpetuities) does not apply to:
(1) a nonvested property interest or a power of appointment arising out of a nondonative transfer,
except a nonvested property interest or a power of appointment arising out of (i) a premarital or
postmarital agreement, (ii) a separation or divorce settlement, (iii) a spouse's election, (iv) a similar
arrangement arising out of a prospective, existing, or previous marital relationship between the parties, (v)
a contract to make or not to revoke a will or trust, (vi) a contract to exercise or not to exercise a power of
appointment, (vii) a transfer in satisfaction of a duty of support, or (viii) a reciprocal transfer;
(2) a fiduciary's power relating to the administration or management of assets, including the power of a
fiduciary to sell, lease, or mortgage property, and the power of a fiduciary to determine principal and
income;
(3) a power to appoint a fiduciary;
(4) a discretionary power of a trustee to distribute principal before termination of a trust to a
beneficiary having an indefeasibly vested interest in the income and principal;
(5) a nonvested property interest held by a charity, government, or governmental agency or
subdivision, if the nonvested property interest is preceded by an interest held by another charity,
government, or governmental agency or subdivision;
(6) a nonvested property interest in or a power of appointment with respect to a trust or other property
arrangement forming part of a pension, profit-sharing, stock bonus, health, disability, death benefit,
income deferral, or other current or deferred benefit plan for one or more employees, independent
contractors, or their beneficiaries or spouses, to which contributions are made for the purpose of
distributing to or for the benefit of the participants or their beneficiaries or spouses the property, income,
or principal in the trust or other property arrangement, except a nonvested property interest or a power of
appointment that is created by an election of a participant or a beneficiary or spouse; or
(7) a property interest, power of appointment, or arrangement that was not subject to the common-law
rule against perpetuities or is excluded by another statute of this State.
44
§ 2-1105. Power to Disclaim; General Requirements; When Irrevocable.
(a) A person may disclaim, in whole or part, any interest in or power over property, including a power of
appointment. A person may disclaim the interest or power even if its creator imposed a spendthrift
provision or similar restriction on transfer or a restriction or limitation on the right to disclaim.
(b) Except to the extent a fiduciary's right to disclaim is expressly restricted or limited by another statute
of this State or by the instrument creating the fiduciary relationship, a fiduciary may disclaim, in whole or
part, any interest in or power over property, including a power of appointment, whether acting in a
personal or representative capacity. A fiduciary may disclaim the interest or power even if its creator
imposed a spendthrift provision or similar restriction on transfer or a restriction or limitation on the right
to disclaim or an instrument other than the instrument that created the fiduciary relationship imposed a
restriction or limitation on the right to disclaim.
(c) To be effective, a disclaimer must be in a writing or other record, declare the disclaimer, describe the
interest or power disclaimed, be signed by the person making the disclaimer, and be delivered or filed in
the manner provided in Section 2-1112. In this subsection:
(1) “record” means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic
or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form; and
(2) “signed” means, with present intent to authenticate or adopt a record, to;
(A) execute or adopt a tangible symbol; or
(B) attach to or logically associate with the record an electronic sound, symbol, or process.
(d) A partial disclaimer may be expressed as a fraction, percentage, monetary amount, term of years,
limitation of a power, or any other interest or estate in the property.
(e) A disclaimer becomes irrevocable when it is delivered or filed pursuant to Section 2-1112 or when it
becomes effective as provided in Sections 2-1106 through 2-1111, whichever occurs later.
(f) A disclaimer made under this Part is not a transfer, assignment, or release.
§ 2-1106. Disclaimer of Interest in Property.

(a) In this section:
(1) “Time of distribution” means the time when a disclaimed interest would have taken effect in
possession or enjoyment.
(2) “Future interest” means an interest that takes effect in possession or enjoyment, if at all, later than
the time of its creation.
(b) Except for a disclaimer governed by Section 2-1107or 2-1108, the following rules apply to a
disclaimer of an interest in property:
(1) The disclaimer takes effect as of the time the instrument creating the interest becomes irrevocable,
or, if the interest arose under the law of intestate succession, as of the time of the intestate's death.
(2) The disclaimed interest passes according to any provision in the instrument creating the interest
providing for the disposition of the interest, should it be disclaimed, or of disclaimed interests in general.
(3) If the instrument does not contain a provision described in paragraph (2), the following rules apply:
(A) If the disclaimant is an individual, the disclaimed interest passes as if the disclaimant had
died immediately before the time of distribution. However, if, by law or under the instrument, the
descendants of the disclaimant would share in the disclaimed interest by any method of representation had
the disclaimant died before the time of distribution, the disclaimed interest passes only to the descendants
of the disclaimant who survive the time of distribution.
(B) If the disclaimant is not an individual, the disclaimed interest passes as if the disclaimant did
not exist.
(4) Upon the disclaimer of a preceding interest, a future interest held by a person other than the
disclaimant takes effect as if the disclaimant had died or ceased to exist immediately before the time of
distribution, but a future interest held by the disclaimant is not accelerated in possession or enjoyment.
45
§ 2-1107. Disclaimer of Rights of Survivorship in Jointly Held Property.
(a) Upon the death of a holder of jointly held property, a surviving holder may disclaim, in whole or part,
the greater of:
(1) a fractional share of the property determined by dividing the number one by the number of joint
holders alive immediately before the death of the holder to whose death the disclaimer relates; or
(2) all of the property except that part of the value of the entire interest attributable to the contribution
furnished by the disclaimant.
(b) A disclaimer under subsection (a) takes effect as of the death of the holder of jointly held property to
whose death the disclaimer relates.
(c) An interest in jointly held property disclaimed by a surviving holder of the property passes as if the
disclaimant predeceased the holder to whose death the disclaimer relates.
§ 2-1113. When Disclaimer Barred or Limited.

(a) A disclaimer is barred by a written waiver of the right to disclaim.
(b) A disclaimer of an interest in property is barred if any of the following events occur before the
disclaimer becomes effective:
(1) the disclaimant accepts the interest sought to be disclaimed;
(2) the disclaimant voluntarily assigns, conveys, encumbers, pledges, or transfers the interest sought to
be disclaimed or contracts to do so; or
(3) a judicial sale of the interest sought to be disclaimed occurs.
(c) A disclaimer, in whole or part, of the future exercise of a power held in a fiduciary capacity is not
barred by its previous exercise.
(d) A disclaimer, in whole or part, of the future exercise of a power not held in a fiduciary capacity is not
barred by its previous exercise unless the power is exercisable in favor of the disclaimant.
(e) A disclaimer is barred or limited if so provided by law other than this Part.
(f) A disclaimer of a power over property which is barred by this section is ineffective. A disclaimer of an
interest in property which is barred by this section takes effect as a transfer of the interest disclaimed to
the persons who would have taken the interest under this Part had the disclaimer not been barred.
§ 3-406. Formal Testacy Proceedings; Contested Cases.

In a contested case in which the proper execution of a will is at issue, the following rules apply:
(1) If the will is self-proved pursuant to Section 2-504, the will satisfies the requirements for execution
without the testimony of any attesting witness, upon filing the will and the acknowledgment and
affidavits annexed or attached to it, unless there is evidence of fraud or forgery affecting the
acknowledgment or affidavit.
(2) If the will is notarized pursuant to Section 2-502(a)(3)(B), but not self-proved, there is a rebuttable
presumption that the will satisfies the requirements for execution upon filing the will.
(3) If the will is witnessed pursuant to Section 2-502(a)(3)(A), but not notarized or self-proved, the
testimony of at least one of the attesting witnesses is required to establish proper execution if the witness
is within this state, competent, and able to testify. Proper execution may be established by other evidence,
including an affidavit of an attesting witness. An attestation clause that is signed by the attesting
witnesses raises a rebuttable presumption that the events recited in the clause occurred.
§ 3-902. [Distribution; Order in Which Assets Appropriated; Abatement].

(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) and except as provided in connection with the share of the
surviving spouse who elects to take an elective share, shares of distributees abate, without any preference
or priority as between real and personal property, in the following order: (1) property not disposed of by
the will; (2) residuary devises; (3) general devises; (4) specific devises. For purposes of abatement, a
general devise charged on any specific property or fund is a specific devise to the extent of the value of
the property on which it is charged, and upon the failure or insufficiency of the property on which it is
charged, a general devise to the extent of the failure or insufficiency. Abatement within each
46
classification is in proportion to the amounts of property each of the beneficiaries would have received if
full distribution of the property had been made in accordance with the terms of the will.
(b) If the will expresses an order of abatement, or if the testamentary plan or the express or implied
purpose of the devise would be defeated by the order of abatement stated in subsection (a), the shares of
the distributees abate as may be found necessary to give effect to the intention of the testator.
(c) If the subject of a preferred devise is sold or used incident to administration, abatement shall be
achieved by appropriate adjustments in, or contribution from, other interests in the remaining assets.
47
Uniform Trust Code (2000)
§ 103. Definitions.
§ 303. Representation by Fiduciaries and Parents.
§ 304. Representation by Person Having Substantially Identical Interest.
§ 305. Appointment of Representative.
§ 401. Methods of Creating Trust.
§ 407. Evidence of Oral Trust.
§ 408. Trust for Care of Animal.
§ 409. Noncharitable Trust Without Ascertainable Beneficiary.
§ 410. Modification or Termination of Trust; Proceedings for Approval or Disapproval.
§ 411. Modification or Termination of Noncharitable Irrevocable Trust by Consent.
§ 412. Modification or Termination Because of Unanticipated Circumstances or Inability to

Administer Trust Effectively.
§ 414. Modification or Termination of Uneconomic Trust.
§ 415. Reformation to Correct Mistakes.
§ 416. Modification to Achieve Settlor’s Tax Objectives.
§ 417. Combination and Division of Trusts.
§ 503. Exceptions to Spendthrift Provision.
§ 504. Discretionary Trusts; Effect of Standard.
§ 601. Capacity of Settlor of Revocable Trust.
§ 602. Revocation or Amendment of Revocable Trust.
§ 701. Accepting or Declining Trusteeship.
§ 704. Vacancy in Trusteeship; Appointment of Successor.
§ 705. Resignation of Trustee.
§ 706. Removal of Trustee.
48
§ 801. Duty to Administer Trust.
§ 802. Duty of Loyalty.
§ 808. Powers to Direct.
§ 809. Control and Protection of Trust Property.
§ 810. Recordkeeping and Identification of Trust Property.
§ 811. Enforcement and Defense of Claims.
§ 812. Collecting Trust Property.
§ 813. Duty to Inform and Report.
§ 814. Discretionary Powers; Tax Savings.
§ 1008. Exculpation of Trustee.
49
Uniform Trust Code (2000)
§ 103. Definitions.
In this [Code]:
(1) “Action,” with respect to an act of a trustee, includes a failure to act.
(2) “Ascertainable standard” means a standard relating to an individual's health, education, support, or
maintenance within the meaning of Section 2041(b)(1)(A) or 2514(c)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of
1986, as in effect on [the effective date of this [Code] [amendment] [, or as later amended].
(3) “Beneficiary” means a person that:
(A) has a present or future beneficial interest in a trust, vested or contingent; or
(B) in a capacity other than that of trustee, holds a power of appointment over trust property.
(4) “Charitable trust” means a trust, or portion of a trust, created for a charitable purpose described in
Section 405(a).
(5) “[Conservator]” means a person appointed by the court to administer the estate of a minor or adult
individual.
(6) “Environmental law” means a federal, state, or local law, rule, regulation, or ordinance relating to
protection of the environment.
(7) “[Guardian]” means a person appointed by the court [, a parent, or a spouse] to make decisions
regarding the support, care, education, health, and welfare of a minor or adult individual. The term does
not include a guardian ad litem.
(8) “Interests of the beneficiaries” means the beneficial interests provided in the terms of the trust.
(9) “Jurisdiction,” with respect to a geographic area, includes a State or country.
(10) “Person” means an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited
liability company, association, joint venture, government; governmental subdivision, agency, or
instrumentality; public corporation, or any other legal or commercial entity.
(11) “Power of withdrawal” means a presently exercisable general power of appointment other than a
power: (A) exercisable by a trustee and limited by an ascertainable standard; or (B) exercisable by another
person only upon consent of the trustee or a person holding an adverse interest.
(12) “Property” means anything that may be the subject of ownership, whether real or personal, legal or
equitable, or any interest therein.
(13) “Qualified beneficiary” means a beneficiary who, on the date the beneficiary's qualification is
determined:
(A) is a distributee or permissible distributee of trust income or principal;
(B) would be a distributee or permissible distributee of trust income or principal if the interests
of the distributees described in subparagraph (A) terminated on that date without causing the trust to
terminate; or
(C) would be a distributee or permissible distributee of trust income or principal if the trust
terminated on that date.
(14) “Revocable,” as applied to a trust, means revocable by the settlor without the consent of the trustee
or a person holding an adverse interest.
(15) “Settlor” means a person, including a testator, who creates, or contributes property to, a trust. If
more than one person creates or contributes property to a trust, each person is a settlor of the portion of
the trust property attributable to that person's contribution except to the extent another person has the
power to revoke or withdraw that portion.
(16) “Spendthrift provision” means a term of a trust which restrains both voluntary and involuntary
transfer of a beneficiary's interest.
(17) “State” means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United
States Virgin Islands, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
The term includes an Indian tribe or band recognized by federal law or formally acknowledged by a State.
50
(18) “Terms of a trust” means the manifestation of the settlor”s intent regarding a trust”s provisions as
expressed in the trust instrument or as may be established by other evidence that would be admissible in a
judicial proceeding.
(19) “Trust instrument” means an instrument executed by the settlor that contains terms of the trust,
including any amendments thereto.
(20) “Trustee” includes an original, additional, and successor trustee, and a cotrustee.
§ 303. Representation by Fiduciaries and Parents.

To the extent there is no conflict of interest between the representative and the person represented or
among those being represented with respect to a particular question or dispute:
(1) a [conservator] may represent and bind the estate that the [conservator] controls;
(2) a [guardian] may represent and bind the ward if a [conservator] of the ward's estate has not been
appointed;
(3) an agent having authority to act with respect to the particular question or dispute may represent and
bind the principal;
(4) a trustee may represent and bind the beneficiaries of the trust;
(5) a personal representative of a decedent's estate may represent and bind persons interested in the
estate; and
(6) a parent may represent and bind the parent's minor or unborn child if a [conservator] or [guardian]
for the child has not been appointed.
§ 304. Representation by Person Having Substantially Identical Interest.

Unless otherwise represented, a minor, incapacitated, or unborn individual, or a person whose identity or
location is unknown and not reasonably ascertainable, may be represented by and bound by another
having a substantially identical interest with respect to the particular question or dispute, but only to the
extent there is no conflict of interest between the representative and the person represented.
§ 305. Appointment of Representative.

(a) If the court determines that an interest is not represented under this [article], or that the otherwise
available representation might be inadequate, the court may appoint a [representative] to receive notice,
give consent, and otherwise represent, bind, and act on behalf of a minor, incapacitated, or unborn
individual, or a person whose identity or location is unknown. A [representative] may be appointed to
represent several persons or interests.
(b) A [representative] may act on behalf of the individual represented with respect to any matter arising
under this [Code], whether or not a judicial proceeding concerning the trust is pending.
(c) In making decisions, a [representative] may consider general benefit accruing to the living members of
the individual's family.
§ 401. Methods of Creating Trust.

A trust may be created by:
(1) transfer of property to another person as trustee during the settlor's lifetime or by will or other
disposition taking effect upon the settlor's death;
(2) declaration by the owner of property that the owner holds identifiable property as trustee; or
(3) exercise of a power of appointment in favor of a trustee.
§ 402. Requirements for Creation.

(a) A trust is created only if:
(1) the settlor has capacity to create a trust;
(2) the settlor indicates an intention to create the trust;
(3) the trust has a definite beneficiary or is:
(A) a charitable trust;
51
(B) a trust for the care of an animal, as provided in Section 408; or
(C) a trust for a noncharitable purpose, as provided in Section 409;
(4) the trustee has duties to perform; and
(5) the same person is not the sole trustee and sole beneficiary.
(b) A beneficiary is definite if the beneficiary can be ascertained now or in the future, subject to any
applicable rule against perpetuities.
(c) A power in a trustee to select a beneficiary from an indefinite class is valid. If the power is not
exercised within a reasonable time, the power fails and the property subject to the power passes to the
persons who would have taken the property had the power not been conferred.
§ 407. Evidence of Oral Trust.

Except as required by a statute other than this [Code], a trust need not be evidenced by a trust instrument,
but the creation of an oral trust and its terms may be established only by clear and convincing evidence.
§ 408. Trust for Care of Animal.

(a) A trust may be created to provide for the care of an animal alive during the settlor's lifetime. The trust
terminates upon the death of the animal or, if the trust was created to provide for the care of more than
one animal alive during the settlor's lifetime, upon the death of the last surviving animal.
(b) A trust authorized by this section may be enforced by a person appointed in the terms of the trust or, if
no person is so appointed, by a person appointed by the court. A person having an interest in the welfare
of the animal may request the court to appoint a person to enforce the trust or to remove a person
appointed.
(c) Property of a trust authorized by this section may be applied only to its intended use, except to the
extent the court determines that the value of the trust property exceeds the amount required for the
intended use. Except as otherwise provided in the terms of the trust, property not required for the intended
use must be distributed to the settlor, if then living, otherwise to the settlor's successors in interest.
§ 409. Noncharitable Trust Without Ascertainable Beneficiary.

Except as otherwise provided in Section 408 or by another statute, the following rules apply:
(1) A trust may be created for a noncharitable purpose without a definite or definitely ascertainable
beneficiary or for a noncharitable but otherwise valid purpose to be selected by the trustee. The trust may
not be enforced for more than [21] years.
(2) A trust authorized by this section may be enforced by a person appointed in the terms of the trust
or, if no person is so appointed, by a person appointed by the court.
(3) Property of a trust authorized by this section may be applied only to its intended use, except to the
extent the court determines that the value of the trust property exceeds the amount required for the
intended use. Except as otherwise provided in the terms of the trust, property not required for the intended
use must be distributed to the settlor, if then living, otherwise to the settlor’s successors in interest.
§ 410. Modification or Termination of Trust; Proceedings for Approval or Disapproval.

(a) In addition to the methods of termination prescribed by Sections 411 through 414, a trust terminates to
the extent the trust is revoked or expires pursuant to its terms, no purpose of the trust remains to be
achieved, or the purposes of the trust have become unlawful, contrary to public policy, or impossible to
achieve.
(b) A proceeding to approve or disapprove a proposed modification or termination under Section 411
through 416, or trust combination or division under Section 417, may be commenced by a trustee or
beneficiary, [and a proceeding to approve or disapprove a proposed modification or termination under
Section 411 may be commenced by the settlor.] The settlor of a charitable trust may maintain a
proceeding to modify the trust under Section 413.
52
§ 411. Modification or Termination of Noncharitable Irrevocable Trust by Consent.
[(a) [A noncharitable irrevocable trust may be modified or terminated upon consent of the settlor and all
beneficiaries, even if the modification or termination is inconsistent with a material purpose of the
trust.] [If, upon petition, the court finds that the settlor and all beneficiaries consent to the modification or
termination of a noncharitable irrevocable trust, the court shall approve the modification or termination
even if the modification or termination is inconsistent with a material purpose of the trust.] A settlor's
power to consent to a trust's modification or termination may be exercised by an agent under a power of
attorney only to the extent expressly authorized by the power of attorney or the terms of the trust; by the
settlor's [conservator] with the approval of the court supervising the [conservatorship] if an agent is not so
authorized; or by the settlor's [guardian] with the approval of the court supervising the [guardianship] if
an agent is not so authorized and a conservator has not been appointed.[This subsection does not apply to
irrevocable trusts created before or to revocable trusts that become irrevocable before [the effective date
of this [Code] [amendment].]]
(b) A noncharitable irrevocable trust may be terminated upon consent of all of the beneficiaries if the
court concludes that continuance of the trust is not necessary to achieve any material purpose of the trust.
A noncharitable irrevocable trust may be modified upon consent of all of the beneficiaries if the court
concludes that modification is not inconsistent with a material purpose of the trust.
[(c) A spendthrift provision in the terms of the trust is not presumed to constitute a material purpose of the
trust.]
(d) Upon termination of a trust under subsection (a) or (b), the trustee shall distribute the trust property as
agreed by the beneficiaries.
(e) If not all of the beneficiaries consent to a proposed modification or termination of the trust under
subsection (a) or (b), the modification or termination may be approved by the court if the court is satisfied
that:
(1) if all of the beneficiaries had consented, the trust could have been modified or terminated under
this section; and
(2) the interests of a beneficiary who does not consent will be adequately protected.
§ 412. Modification or Termination Because of Unanticipated Circumstances or Inability to

Administer Trust Effectively.
(a) The court may modify the administrative or dispositive terms of a trust or terminate the trust if,
because of circumstances not anticipated by the settlor, modification or termination will further the
purposes of the trust. To the extent practicable, the modification must be made in accordance with the
settlor’s probable intention.
(b) The court may modify the administrative terms of a trust if continuation of the trust on its existing
terms would be impracticable or wasteful or impair the trust’s administration.
(c) Upon termination of a trust under this section, the trustee shall distribute the trust property in a manner
consistent with the purposes of the trust. [Emphasis added by authors.]
§ 414. Modification or Termination of Uneconomic Trust.

(a) After notice to the qualified beneficiaries, the trustee of a trust consisting of trust property having a
total value less than [$50,000] may terminate the trust if the trustee concludes that the value of the trust
property is insufficient to justify the cost of administration.
(b) The court may modify or terminate a trust or remove the trustee and appoint a different trustee if it
determines that the value of the trust property is insufficient to justify the cost of administration.
(c) Upon termination of a trust under this section, the trustee shall distribute the trust property in a manner
consistent with the purposes of the trust.
(d) This section does not apply to an easement for conservation or preservation.
53
§ 415. Reformation to Correct Mistakes.
The court may reform the terms of a trust, even if unambiguous, to conform the terms to the settlor’s
intention if it is proved by clear and convincing evidence that both the settlor’s intent and the terms of the
trust were affected by a mistake of fact or law, whether in expression or inducement.
§ 416. Modification to Achieve Settlor’s Tax Objectives.

To achieve the settlor’s tax objectives, the court may modify the terms of a trust in a manner that is not
contrary to the settlor’s probable intention. The court may provide that the modification has retroactive
effect.
§ 417. Combination and Division of Trusts.

After notice to the qualified beneficiaries, a trustee may combine two or more trusts into a single trust or
divide a trust into two or more separate trusts, if the result does not impair rights of any beneficiary or
adversely affect achievement of the purposes of the trust.
§ 503. Exceptions to Spendthrift Provision.

(a) In this section, “child” includes any person for whom an order or judgment for child support has been
entered in this or another State.
(b) A spendthrift provision is unenforceable against:
(1) a beneficiary's child, spouse, or former spouse who has a judgment or court order against the
beneficiary for support or maintenance;
(2) a judgment creditor who has provided services for the protection of a beneficiary's interest in the
trust; and
(3) a claim of this State or the United States to the extent a statute of this State or federal law so
provides.
(c) A claimant against which a spendthrift provision cannot be enforced may obtain from a court an order
attaching present or future distributions to or for the benefit of the beneficiary. The court may limit the
award to such relief as is appropriate under the circumstances.
§ 504. Discretionary Trusts; Effect of Standard.

(a) In this section, “child” includes any person for whom an order or judgment for child support has been
entered in this or another State.
(b) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), whether or not a trust contains a spendthrift provision,
a creditor of a beneficiary may not compel a distribution that is subject to the trustee's discretion, even if:
(1) the discretion is expressed in the form of a standard of distribution; or
(2) the trustee has abused the discretion.
(c) To the extent a trustee has not complied with a standard of distribution or has abused a discretion:
(1) a distribution may be ordered by the court to satisfy a judgment or court order against the
beneficiary for support or maintenance of the beneficiary's child, spouse, or former spouse; and
(2) the court shall direct the trustee to pay to the child, spouse, or former spouse such amount as is
equitable under the circumstances but not more than the amount the trustee would have been required to
distribute to or for the benefit of the beneficiary had the trustee complied with the standard or not abused
the discretion.
(d) This section does not limit the right of a beneficiary to maintain a judicial proceeding against a trustee
for an abuse of discretion or failure to comply with a standard for distribution.
(e) If the trustee's or cotrustee's discretion to make distributions for the trustee's or cotrustee's own benefit
is limited by an ascertainable standard, a creditor may not reach or compel distribution of the beneficial
interest except to the extent the interest would be subject to the creditor's claim were the beneficiary not
acting as trustee or cotrustee.
54
§ 601. Capacity of Settlor of Revocable Trust.
The capacity required to create, amend, revoke, or add property to a revocable trust, or to direct the
actions of the trustee of a revocable trust, is the same as that required to make a will.
§ 602. Revocation or Amendment of Revocable Trust.

(a) Unless the terms of a trust expressly provide that the trust is irrevocable, the settlor may revoke or
amend the trust. This subsection does not apply to a trust created under an instrument executed before [the
effective date of this [Code]].
(b) If a revocable trust is created or funded by more than one settlor:
(1) to the extent the trust consists of community property, the trust may be revoked by either spouse
acting alone but may be amended only by joint action of both spouses;
(2) to the extent the trust consists of property other than community property, each settlor may revoke
or amend the trust with regard to the portion of the trust property attributable to that settlor's contribution;
and
(3) upon the revocation or amendment of the trust by fewer than all of the settlors, the trustee shall
promptly notify the other settlors of the revocation or amendment.
(c) The settlor may revoke or amend a revocable trust:

(1) by substantial compliance with a method provided in the terms of the trust; or
(2) if the terms of the trust do not provide a method or the method provided in the terms is not
expressly made exclusive, by:
(A) a later will or codicil that expressly refers to the trust or specifically devises property that
would otherwise have passed according to the terms of the trust; or
(B) any other method manifesting clear and convincing evidence of the settlor's intent.
(d) Upon revocation of a revocable trust, the trustee shall deliver the trust property as the settlor directs.
(e) A settlor's powers with respect to revocation, amendment, or distribution of trust property may be
exercised by an agent under a power of attorney only to the extent expressly authorized by the terms of
the trust or the power.
(f) A [conservator] of the settlor or, if no [conservator] has been appointed, a [guardian] of the settlor may
exercise a settlor's powers with respect to revocation, amendment, or distribution of trust property only
with the approval of the court supervising the [conservatorship] or [guardianship].
(g) A trustee who does not know that a trust has been revoked or amended is not liable to the settlor or
settlor's successors in interest for distributions made and other actions taken on the assumption that the
trust had not been amended or revoked.
§ 701. Accepting or Declining Trusteeship.

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), a person designated as trustee accepts the trusteeship:
(1) by substantially complying with a method of acceptance provided in the terms of the trust; or
(2) if the terms of the trust do not provide a method or the method provided in the terms is not
expressly made exclusive, by accepting delivery of the trust property, exercising powers or performing
duties as trustee, or otherwise indicating acceptance of the trusteeship.
(b) A person designated as trustee who has not yet accepted the trusteeship may reject the trusteeship. A
designated trustee who does not accept the trusteeship within a reasonable time after knowing of the
designation is deemed to have rejected the trusteeship.
(c) A person designated as trustee, without accepting the trusteeship, may:
(1) act to preserve the trust property if, within a reasonable time after acting, the person sends a
rejection of the trusteeship to the settlor or, if the settlor is dead or lacks capacity, to a qualified
beneficiary; and
(2) inspect or investigate trust property to determine potential liability under environmental or other
law or for any other purpose.
55
§ 704. Vacancy in Trusteeship; Appointment of Successor.
(a) A vacancy in a trusteeship occurs if:
(1) a person designated as trustee rejects the trusteeship;
(2) a person designated as trustee cannot be identified or does not exist;
(3) a trustee resigns;
(4) a trustee is disqualified or removed;
(5) a trustee dies; or
(6) a [guardian] or [conservator] is appointed for an individual serving as trustee.
(b) If one or more cotrustees remain in office, a vacancy in a trusteeship need not be filled. A
vacancy in a trusteeship must be filled if the trust has no remaining trustee.
(c) A vacancy in a trusteeship of a noncharitable trust that is required to be filled must be filled
in the following order of priority:
(1) by a person designated in the terms of the trust to act as successor trustee;
(2) by a person appointed by unanimous agreement of the qualified beneficiaries; or
(3) by a person appointed by the court.
(d) A vacancy in a trusteeship of a charitable trust that is required to be filled must be filled in
the following order of priority:
(1) by a person designated in the terms of the trust to act as successor trustee;
(2) by a person selected by the charitable organizations expressly designated to receive
distributions under the terms of the trust [if the [attorney general] concurs in the selection]; or
(3) by a person appointed by the court.
(e) Whether or not a vacancy in a trusteeship exists or is required to be filled, the court may
appoint an additional trustee or special fiduciary whenever the court considers the appointment
necessary for the administration of the trust.
§ 705. Resignation of Trustee.

(a) A trustee may resign:
(1) upon at least 30 days’ notice to the qualified beneficiaries, the settlor, if living, and all cotrustees;
or
(2) with the approval of the court.
(b) In approving a resignation, the court may issue orders and impose conditions reasonably necessary for
the protection of the trust property.
(c) Any liability of a resigning trustee or of any sureties on the trustee’s bond for acts or omissions of the
trustee is not discharged or “affected by the trustee’s resignation.
§ 706. Removal of Trustee.

(a) The settlor, a cotrustee, or a beneficiary may request the court to remove a trustee, or a trustee may be
removed by the court on its own initiative.
(b) The court may remove a trustee if:
(1) the trustee has committed a serious breach of trust;
(2) lack of cooperation among cotrustees substantially impairs the administration of the trust;
(3) because of unfitness, unwillingness, or persistent failure of the trustee to administer the trust
effectively, the court determines that removal of the trustee best serves the interests of the beneficiaries;
or:
(4) there has been a substantial change of circumstances or removal is requested by all of the qualified
beneficiaries, the court finds that removal of the trustee best serves the interests of all of the beneficiaries
and is not inconsistent with a material purpose of the trust, and a suitable cotrustee or successor trustee is
available.
56
(c) Pending a final decision on a request to remove a trustee, or in lieu of or in addition to removing a
trustee, the court may order such appropriate relief under Section 1001(b) as may be necessary to protect
the trust property or the interests of the beneficiaries.
§ 801. Duty to Administer Trust.

Upon acceptance of a trusteeship, the trustee shall administer the trust in good faith, in accordance with
its terms and purposes and the interests of the beneficiaries, and in accordance with this [Code].
§ 802. Duty of Loyalty.

(a) A trustee shall administer the trust solely in the interests of the beneficiaries.
(b) Subject to the rights of persons dealing with or assisting the trustee as provided in Section 1012, a
sale, encumbrance, or other transaction involving the investment or management of trust property entered
into by the trustee for the trustee's own personal account or which is otherwise affected by a conflict
between the trustee's fiduciary and personal interests is voidable by a beneficiary affected by the
transaction unless:
(1) the transaction was authorized by the terms of the trust;
(2) the transaction was approved by the court;
(3) the beneficiary did not commence a judicial proceeding within the time allowed by Section 1005;
(4) the beneficiary consented to the trustee's conduct, ratified the transaction, or released the trustee in
compliance with Section 1009; or
(5) the transaction involves a contract entered into or claim acquired by the trustee before the person
became or contemplated becoming trustee.
(c) A sale, encumbrance, or other transaction involving the investment or management of trust property is
presumed to be affected by a conflict between personal and fiduciary interests if it is entered into by the
trustee with:
(1) the trustee's spouse;
(2) the trustee's descendants, siblings, parents, or their spouses;
(3) an agent or attorney of the trustee; or
(4) a corporation or other person or enterprise in which the trustee, or a person that owns a significant
interest in the trustee, has an interest that might affect the trustee's best judgment.
(d) A transaction between a trustee and a beneficiary that does not concern trust property but that occurs
during the existence of the trust or while the trustee retains significant influence over the beneficiary and
from which the trustee obtains an advantage is voidable by the beneficiary unless the trustee establishes
that the transaction was fair to the beneficiary.
(e) A transaction not concerning trust property in which the trustee engages in the trustee's individual
capacity involves a conflict between personal and fiduciary interests if the transaction concerns an
opportunity properly belonging to the trust.
(f) An investment by a trustee in securities of an investment company or investment trust to which the
trustee, or its affiliate, provides services in a capacity other than as trustee is not presumed to be affected
by a conflict between personal and fiduciary interests if the investment otherwise complies with the
prudent investor rule of [Article] 9. In addition to its compensation for acting as trustee, the trustee may
be compensated by the investment company or investment trust for providing those services out of fees
charged to the trust. If the trustee receives compensation from the investment company or investment trust
for providing investment advisory or investment management services, the trustee must at least annually
notify the persons entitled under Section 813 to receive a copy of the trustee's annual report of the rate
and method by which that compensation was determined.
(g) In voting shares of stock or in exercising powers of control over similar interests in other forms of
enterprise, the trustee shall act in the best interests of the beneficiaries. If the trust is the sole owner of a
corporation or other form of enterprise, the trustee shall elect or appoint directors or other managers who
will manage the corporation or enterprise in the best interests of the beneficiaries.
(h) This section does not preclude the following transactions, if fair to the beneficiaries:
57
(1) an agreement between a trustee and a beneficiary relating to the appointment or compensation of
the trustee;
(2) payment of reasonable compensation to the trustee;
(3) a transaction between a trust and another trust, decedent's estate, or [conservatorship] of which the
trustee is a fiduciary or in which a beneficiary has an interest;
(4) a deposit of trust money in a regulated financial-service institution operated by the trustee; or
(5) an advance by the trustee of money for the protection of the trust.
(i) The court may appoint a special fiduciary to make a decision with respect to any proposed transaction
that might violate this section if entered into by the trustee.
§ 808. Powers to Direct.

(a) While a trust is revocable, the trustee may follow a direction of the settlor that is contrary to the terms
of the trust.
(b) If the terms of a trust confer upon a person other than the settler of a revocable trust power to direct
certain actions of the trustee, the trustee shall act in accordance with an exercise of the power unless the
attempted exercise is manifestly contrary to the terms of the trust
or the trustee knows the attempted exercise would constitute a serious breach of a fiduciary duty that the
person holding the power owes to the beneficiaries of the trust.
(c) The terms of a trust may confer upon a trustee or other person a power to direct the modification or
termination of the trust.
(d) A person, other than a beneficiary, who holds a power to direct is presumptively a fiduciary who, as
such, is required to act in good faith with regard to the purposes of the trust and the interests of the
beneficiaries. The holder of a power to direct is liable for any loss that results from breach of a fiduciary
duty.
§ 809. Control and Protection of Trust Property.

A trustee shall take reasonable steps to take control of and protect the trust property.
§ 810. Recordkeeping and Identification of Trust Property.

(a) A trustee shall keep adequate records of the administration of the trust.
(b) A trustee shall keep trust property separate from the trustee’s own property.
(c) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d), a trustee shall cause the trust property to be designated
so that the interest of the trust, to the extent feasible, appears in records maintained by a party other than a
trustee or beneficiary.
(d) If the trustee maintains records clearly indicating the respective interests, a trustee may invest as a
whole the property of two or more separate trusts.
§ 811. Enforcement and Defense of Claims.

A trustee shall take reasonable steps to enforce claims of the trust and to defend claims against the trust.
§ 812. Collecting Trust Property.

A trustee shall take reasonable steps to compel a former trustee or other person to deliver trust property to
the trustee, and to redress a breach of trust known to the trustee to have been committed by a former
trustee.
§ 813. Duty to Inform and Report.

(a) A trustee shall keep the qualified beneficiaries of the trust reasonably informed about the
administration of the trust and of the material facts necessary for them to protect their interests. Unless
unreasonable under the circumstances, a trustee shall promptly respond to a beneficiary's request for
information related to the administration of the trust.
(b) A trustee:
58
(1) upon request of a beneficiary, shall promptly furnish to the beneficiary a copy of the trust
instrument;
(2) within 60 days after accepting a trusteeship, shall notify the qualified beneficiaries of the
acceptance and of the trustee's name, address, and telephone number;
(3) within 60 days after the date the trustee acquires knowledge of the creation of an irrevocable trust,
or the date the trustee acquires knowledge that a formerly revocable trust has become irrevocable,
whether by the death of the settlor or otherwise, shall notify the qualified beneficiaries of the trust's
existence, of the identity of the settlor or settlors, of the right to request a copy of the trust instrument, and
of the right to a trustee's report as provided in subsection (c); and
(4) shall notify the qualified beneficiaries in advance of any change in the method or rate of the
trustee's compensation.
(c) A trustee shall send to the distributees or permissible distributees of trust income or principal, and to
other qualified or nonqualified beneficiaries who request it, at least annually and at the termination of the
trust, a report of the trust property, liabilities, receipts, and disbursements, including the source and
amount of the trustee's compensation, a listing of the trust assets and, if feasible, their respective market
values. Upon a vacancy in a trusteeship, unless a cotrustee remains in office, a report must be sent to the
qualified beneficiaries by the former trustee. A personal representative, [conservator], or [guardian] may
send the qualified beneficiaries a report on behalf of a deceased or incapacitated trustee.
(d) A beneficiary may waive the right to a trustee's report or other information otherwise required to be
furnished under this section. A beneficiary, with respect to future reports and other information, may
withdraw a waiver previously given.
(e) Subsections (b)(2) and (3) do not apply to a trustee who accepts a trusteeship before [the effective date
of this [Code]], to an irrevocable trust created before [the effective date of this [Code]], or to a revocable
trust that becomes irrevocable before [the effective date of this [Code]].
§ 814. Discretionary Powers; Tax Savings.

(a) Notwithstanding the breadth of discretion granted to a trustee in the terms of the trust, including the
use of such terms as “absolute”, “sole”, or “uncontrolled”, the trustee shall exercise a discretionary power
in good faith and in accordance with the terms and purposes of the trust and the interests of the
beneficiaries.
(b) Subject to subsection (d), and unless the terms of the trust expressly indicate that a rule in this
subsection does not apply:
(1) a person other than a settlor who is a beneficiary and trustee of a trust that confers on the trustee a
power to make discretionary distributions to or for the trustee's personal benefit may exercise the power
only in accordance with an ascertainable; and
(2) a trustee may not exercise a power to make discretionary distributions to satisfy a legal obligation
of support that the trustee personally owes another person.
(c) A power whose exercise is limited or prohibited by subsection (b) may be exercised by a majority of
the remaining trustees whose exercise of the power is not so limited or prohibited. If the power of all
trustees is so limited or prohibited, the court may appoint a special fiduciary with authority to exercise the
power.
(d) Subsection (b) does not apply to:
(1) a power held by the settlor's spouse who is the trustee of a trust for which a marital deduction, as
defined in Section 2056(b)(5) or 2523(e) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as in effect on [the
effective date of this [Code]] [, or as later amended], was previously allowed;
(2) any trust during any period that the trust may be revoked or amended by its settlor; or
(3) a trust if contributions to the trust qualify for the annual exclusion under Section 2503(c) of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as in effect on [the effective date of this [Code]] [, or as later amended].
§ 1008. Exculpation of Trustee.

(a) A term of a trust relieving a trustee of liability for breach is unenforceable to the extent that it:
59
(1) relieves the trustee of liability for breach of trust committed in bad faith or with reckless
indifference to the purposes of the trust or the interests of the beneficiaries; or
(2) was inserted as the result of an abuse by the trustee of a fiduciary or confidential relationship to the
settlor.
(b) An exculpatory term drafted or caused to be drafted by the trustee is invalid as an abuse of a fiduciary
or confidential relationship unless the trustee proves that the exculpatory term is fair under the
circumstances and that its existence and contents were adequately communicated to the settlor.
60

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Trusts and Estates Statutory Supplement

Uniform Parentage Act (2000) (Last Amended or Revised in 2002) ........................................................... 6

§ 201. Establishment of Parent-Child Relationship.

§ 202. No Discrimination Based on Marital Status.

§ 203. Consequences of Establishment of Parentage.

§ 204. Presumption of Paternity.

§ 202. No Discrimination Based on Marital Status.

§ 203. Consequences of Establishment of Parentage.

§ 204. Presumption of Paternity.

§ 1-107. [Evidence of Death or Status].

§ 1-201. General Definitions.

§ 2-101. Intestate Estate.

§ 2-102. Share of Spouse.

§ 2-103. Share of Heirs other than Surviving Spouse.

§ 2-104. Requirement of Survival By 120 Hours; Individual in Gestation.

§ 2-107. Kindred of Half Blood.

§ 2-114. Parent Barred From Inheriting in Certain Circumstances.

§ 2-116. Effect of Parent-Child Relationship.

§ 2-117. No Distinction Based on Marital Status.

§ 2-118. Adoptee and Adoptee's Adoptive Parent or Parents.

§ 2-119. Adoptee and Adoptee's Genetic Parents.

§ 2-121. Child Born to Gestational Carrier.

§ 2-202. Elective Share.

§ 2-203. Composition of the Augmented Estate; Marital-Property Portion.

§ 2-204. Decedent's Net Probate Estate.

§ 2-206. Decedent’s Nonprobate Transfers to the Surviving Spouse.

§ 2-207. Surviving Spouse’s Property and Nonprobate Transfers to Others.

§ 2-209. Sources from Which Elective Share Payable.

§ 2-213. Waiver of Right to Elect and of Other Rights.

§ 2-301. Entitlement of Spouse; Premarital Will.

§ 2-302. Omitted Children.

§ 2-401. Applicable Law.

§ 2-402. Homestead Allowance.

§ 2-403. Exempt Property.

§ 2-404. Family Allowance.

§ 2-405. Source, Determination, and Documentation.

§ 2-501. Who May Make Will.

§ 2-502. Execution; Witnessed or Notarized Wills; Holographic Wills.

§ 2-503. Harmless Error.

§ 2-504. Self-Proved Will.

§ 2-505. Who May Witness.

§ 2-506. Choice of Law as to Execution.

§ 2-507. Revocation by Writing or by Act.

§ 2-508. Revocation by Change of Circumstances.

§ 2-509. Revival of Revoked Will.

§ 2-510. Incorporation by Reference.

§ 2-511. Testamentary Additions to Trusts.

§ 2-513. Separate Writing Identifying Devise of Certain Types of Tangible Personal

§ 2-514. Contracts Concerning Succession.

§ 2-515. Deposit of Will with Court in Testator's Lifetime.

§ 2-516. Duty of Custodian of Will; Liability.

§ 2-517. Penalty Clause for Contest.

§ 2-602. Will May Pass All Property and After-Acquired Property.

§ 2-603. Antilapse; Deceased Devisee; Class Gifts.

§ 2-604. Failure of Testamentary Provision.

§ 2-605. Increase in Securities; Accessions.

§ 2-606. Nonademption of Specific Devises; Unpaid Proceeds of Sale, Condemnation, or

§ 2-608. Exercise of Power of Appointment.

§ 2-609. Ademption by satisfaction.

I, _, the testator, sign my name to this instrument this __________

We, , , the witnesses, sign our names

We, , , and __, the testator and