CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Transformer Part I, II, III

Transformer Where:
Part I,II ,III a– ratio of transformation
E1 – primary induced emf
A transformer is an electrical device that E2 –secondary induced emf
transfers electrical energy from one N1 –primary number of turns
circuit to another circuit by N2–secondary number of turns
electromagnetic induction without a V1– input (source) voltage
change in frequency. V2– output (terminal) voltage

NOTE;
For an ideal transformer:

Ø Power input = Power output

Ø No core loss, no copper loss
Ø No leakage flux

Two components of Exciting Current

Io:

IC– wattful current (responsible for the

EMF EQUATION of a TRANSFORMER: core loss)
Im– magnetizing current (responsible for
E = 4.44◌ּf◌ּN◌ּFm the flux)

Ic = Iocosq Im = Iosinq
E = 4.44◌ּf◌ּN◌ּβm◌ּA

Io =
Fm = βm◌ּA
The no-load power inputPNL is
E – EMF in volts practically equal to the iron loss or core
f – frequency in Hertz lossPC in the transformer since the
N– number of turns copper loss at no-load is negligible.
Fm- maximum fluxin Webers
βm– maximum flux density
inWebers/sq.m = Tesla The Core Loss of the Transformer:
A – Area of the core in sq. m
1 PNL = PC = V1◌ּIo◌ּcosq=Ic2◌ּRc (watts)
RATIO OF TRANSFORMATION:
The Reactive-Power Needed for the
Flux:

Ideally: Qm= V1◌ּIo◌ּsinq=Im2◌ּXm (vars)

Rc– resistance representing the core loss
Xm– magnetizing reactance
12 HYSTERESIS LOSS:
 CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Transformer Part I, II, III

Ro1 = R1 + a2◌ּR2 Xo1 = X1 + a2◌ּX2

Wh = V◌ּkh◌ּβm1.6
V – core volume Zo1 = Ro1 + j Xo1 Zo1 =
kh – hysteresis constant
βm – maximum flux density V1 = a◌ּV2 + I1◌ּZo1
1.6– Steinmetz exponent
Ro1 – equivalent resistance referred to the
Ph = Wh ◌ּf primary side
Xo1 – equivalent reactance referred to the
Ph = kh’◌ּf ◌ּβm1.6 primary side
Zo1 – equivalent impedance referred to the
primary side
1 Joule = 107 Ergs
Ph – hysteresis loss in watts
f – frequency in Cycles/seconds Ro2 = R2 + R1/a2 Xo2 = X2 + X1/a2
kh’ – constant

EDDY-CURRENT LOSS: Zo2 = Ro2 + j Xo2 Zo2 =

Pe= [ t◌ּf◌ּβm]2◌ּV
V1 /a = V2 + I2◌ּZo2

Pe = ke’ [ f βm]2 Ro2 – equivalent resistance referred to the

secondary side
Pe– eddy-current loss in watts Xo2 – equivalent reactance referred to the
ρ– resistivity of the ferromagnetic material secondary side
inW-m Zo2 – equivalent impedance referred to the
t –thickness of the laminations in meters secondary side
f – frequency in Hz
βm– maximum flux density Tesla
V - Core Volume in cu. m.

CORE LOSS:
Voltage Regulation:
Pc = Ph + Pe
%V.R. =
Pc – core loss in watts
Ph – hysteresis loss in watts
Pe– eddy-current loss in watts VNL– voltage at no-load
VFL– voltage at full-load
2
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 CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Transformer Part I, II, III

<<END>>
Problem16. Three 100-kVA 7.967-
kV/480-V transformers are connected Y- 10
Δ. The input line to line voltage is 13.8- VNL= 3
KV and a line to line output voltage is
480-volts. When a short-circuit test is
applied, Vsc=560-volts, Isc=12.6 Amperes, V2– load-voltage Short-Circuit Test (SCT):
and Psc= 3300 watts. Determine the I2– load current
percent voltage regulation if the bank cosq - power factor of the load The purpose of this test is to determine
delivers a rated load at 0.85 lagging + Þinductive load (lagging pf) the equivalent
power factor. impedanceZoh, equivalent reactanceXoh,
- Þcapacitive load (leading pf)
A. 3.01 % C. 2.24 % equivalent resistanceRoh in which the
B. 1.02 % D. 8.15 % measuring instruments are connected
In complex form:
Problem17. A 100-kVA, 3,300-volts/400- and to determine the full-load or rated
volts transformers is Δ-Y connected. The copper lossPcu(rated).
VNL /a = V2 + I2◌ּ(cosq± j◌ּsinq)◌ּ( Ro2 + j◌ּXo2 )
resistance per phase on the high side is
3.5-Ω and that on the secondary side is
0.02-Ω. If the full-load efficiency is 95.8% V2- load-voltage A
at 0.8 lagging power factor, determine W
I2- load current
the transformer’s core loss in watts. Short
cosq - power factor of the load ~ V
A. 1,195 C. 2,333 Circuited
B. 6,914 D. 7,312 + Þcapacitive load (leading pf)
- Þinductive load (lagging pf)
Problem18. Three identical single-phase Lo
transformers each rated 20-kVA,
2300-volts/230-volts are Δ-Δ connected TRANSFORMER TESTS:
and supply a load of 40-kVA. If one
transformer is removed, determine the Open-Circuit Test (OCT) or (No-Load When the reading of the ammeter A is
per cent of rated load carried by each. Test): rated, the wattmeterW reading is equal
A. 115.5% C. 233.3% to the rated copper lossPcu(rated).
B. 134.6% D. 312.5% The purpose of this test is to determine
the core loss PC.
Problem19. A 5000-VA 480/120-V two-
winding conventional transformer is to be
used as an autotransformer in order to W A
supply power from a 600-V source to a Open-
120-V load. Under this condition, find the ~ V Circuite
maximum primary current. d
A. 10.4 amp C. 22.65 amp
B. 6.9 amp D. 7.3 amp Lo Hi RoH– equivalent resistance referred to the
Problem20. Two transformers are used high side
to transform from a 2,200-volts 2-phase XoH– equivalent reactance referred to the
to 500-volts 3-phase. If the voltage high side
induced per turn is 7-volts, determine the When the reading of the voltmeter V is
number of turns required in the rated, the wattmeterW reading is equal
secondary side of the teaser transformer. to the core loss PC and the reading of
A. 62 turns C. 22 turns the ammeter A is the no-load current or
B. 314 turns D. 73 turns exciting current Io.
 CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Transformer Part I, II, III

Problem4. What is the rating and the Problem11. Two transformers are T-T
TRANSFORMER’s EFFICIENCY: ALL DAY EFFICIENCY: turns ratio of each transformer connected supplying a three phase
transforming a 3,000 kVA from 230kV to balanced load of 33kVA at 440 volts, the
4.16kV if it is connected Y-∆. primary being connected to a three-
ADE =
A. 3000kVA, 96 C. 1000kVA, 32 phase source having a line to line voltage
B. 1000kVA, 55 D. 3000kVA, 32 of 3.3kV. Calculate the kVA of the main
and the teaser.
Wo– energy out on a certain dayin (kw- Problem5. A 250kVA, 2400/240 volts
ButPout = Pin – Losses, thus A. 19kVA, 16.4kVA C. 33kVA,
hour) transformer is ∆-∆ connected. Determine
35.5kVA
Wc– energy loss due to core lossin(kw- the terminal voltage on the secondary
B. 24kVA, 16.4kVA D. 55kVA,
hour) side of the bank if one winding is
16.4kVA
Wcu– energy loss due to copper loss in removed.
(kw-hour) A. 0 V C. 138.56 V
Problem12. Two transformers are Scott
B. 240 V D. 2400 V
LOSSES: connected operating from a three-phase
PER UNIT SYSTEM: Problem6. The power factor of a load
1. Core Loss : PC- constant balanced source of 440-volts. If these
2. Copper Loss: Pcu supplied by V-V bank of transformers is transformers supply two single phase
– varies as the square of the load 0.866. Calculate the average power loads at 220 volts on the load side,
ZBase = factor of the V-V connected transformer. calculate the turns ratio of the teaser
The Copper Loss at any Load: A. 0.866 C. 0.433 transformer.
B. 0.5 D. 0.75 A. 2.866 C. 3.433
Problem7. What is the kVA rating of B. 6.914 D. 1.732
Pcu = (%Load)2 ◌ּPcu(Rated) ZBase =
each transformer in a V-V bank when the
three phase load is 4.16kW at 0.8 lagging Problem13. Which of the following is
power factor. best for three phase four wire
MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY: A. 3kVA C. 2.6kVA connections?
Zpu = A. Delta-delta C. Delta-Wye
B. 5kVA D. 5.2kVA
At maximum efficiency: B. Wye-Wye D. Wye-Delta
Problem8. Calculate the current that
Pcu = Pc flows through the common winding of a Problem14. At light(small) loads, the
20-kV/7.97-kV autotransformer if the efficiency of the transformer is low
The KVA load at maximum efficiency: Zpu2 = Zpu1· secondary current is 100 amperes. because
A. 86.6A C. 60A A. the load is small
B. 50 D. 75A B. the losses are high
C. copper loss is small
Problem9. A conventional 60kVA, D. fixed loss is high in proportion to the
240/1200 volts two winding transformer is load
The power output at maximum efficiency: Conditions to be met for Parallel to be connected as a 1440/1200 volts
Operations: step-down autotransformer. Determine its Problem15. In a T-T connected
Po= KVAload◌ּ(pf) kVA rating. transformer, if the terminal voltage in the
1. The transformers should have the A. 360kVA C. 0.455kVA primary side is 220 volts, what is the
same turns ratio. B. 150kVA D. 755kVA voltage across the teaser transformer?
Maximum Efficiency: 2. The same polarity. A. 190.52 V C. 220.00 V
Problem10. A 20-kVA, 2400/240
conventional two-winding transformer is B. 127.02 V D. 381.05 V
3. The equivalent impedances should be
inversely proportional to its respective to be connected as a 2400/2640
KVA ratings. autotransformer. Calculate the percent
increase in kVA capacity.
The ratio of the equivalent resistance to A. 3600% C. 1100%
the equivalent reactance should be the B. 1500% D. 75.5%
same.

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 CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Transformer Part I, II, III

Example10. A two winding 100- Example8. An ideal 220/110-V

Example4. Three 100-kVA 7.967- VA 120/12 volts transformer is to be SAMPLE PROBLEMS transformer carries a(5 + j10) Ohms load
kV/480-V transformers are connected Y- connected as to form a step-up Part I and II at 110 V. Calculate the input (a) volt-
Δ. The input line to line voltage is 13.8- transformer. The source voltage of 120 amp; (b) power (in watt). Ans:_________
KV and a line to line output voltage is volts is applied. What is (a) the Example1. The flux linking a 500 turn Example9. The parameters of the
480-volts. When a short-circuit test is secondary voltage of the transformer (b) coil is given byΦ = 5t2 (Wb) where t is in equivalent circuit of a 240-kVA, 2400-
applied, Vsc=560-volts, Isc=12.6 Amperes, its maximum VA rating? Ans:_________. seconds. Calculate the induced voltage V/240-V transformer, are R1 = 0.25 ohm,
and Psc= 3300 watts. Determine the per at t = 5m seconds.
Example11. Determine the secondary R2 = 0.0025 Ohm, X1 = 0.5 Ohm, X2 =
phase resistance and per phase Ans:__________
current of a 20-kV/12.5-kV 0.005 Ohm, Rc = 10 k-Ohm, and Xm =
reactance of this transformer as referred
autotransformer if the current that flows Example2. The primary of a transformer 1.5 kOhm. Determine the (a) voltage
to the high side. Ans:______________
through the common winding is 100 has 300 turns and is excited by a 60-Hz, regulation and (b) efficiencyof
Example5. A 440/220 volts Y-∆ amperes. Ans:_________. 200-V source. What is the maximum thetransformer operating at rated load
transformer is in operation. Determine value of the core flux? Ans:__________ with 0.8 lagging power factor. Ans:_____
Example 12. A Scott connected
the terminal voltage on the secondary Example3. The primary of an ideal
transformer is fed from a 6,600-volts, 3-Φ Example10. An open-circuit test is
side of a connected transformer if one transformer has 2000 turns, and is rated
source and supply two single-phase performed on a 10-kVA, 220-V/110-V,
winding is removed. Ans:____________. at 220 V at a frequency of 60 Hz. If the
loads at 120-volts. What is the line 60-Hz transformer. If the results are as
Example6. What is the rating of an open- current in the primary side of the teaser core cross section is 20 cm2, what is the follows: input power, 600 W; input
delta connected transformer to the three- transformer if a load of 50 kW unity operating flux density? voltage, 220 V; input current, 3.25 A,
phase delta connected one? power factor is connected on its Ans:__________ what is the core loss. Ans:_________
Ans:______________ secondary side. Ans:_________. Example4.A transformer has a rating of Example11. A short-circuit test is
Example7. Two single-phase 100-kVA,60-Hz, 2200-V/220-V performed on a 10-kVA, 220-V/110-V,
transformers rated 150-kVA each transformer and is designed to operate at 60-Hz transformer. If the results are as
supply a three-phase balanced load of a flux density of 1 T and induced voltage follows: input power, 450 W; input
PRACTICE PROBLEMS of 22 volts per turn. Determine the
120-kW, 0.8 lagging power factor at 220 voltage, 65 V; input current, 45.45 A,
Part III number of turns of (a) the primary
volts line to line. Calculate the power determine the rated copper loss.
delivered by each transformer and its winding, (b) the secondary winding. (c) Ans:__________
Problem1. Three single phase 5kVA, What is the cross-sectional area of the
corresponding power factor.
440/220 volts transformer are to be Y-Y core? Ans:_________ Example12. A 5kVA, 220/110 volts
Ans:______________
connected. Calculate the full-load current single-phase transformer was tested and
Example8. Two single-phase Example5.A voltage v = 200sin314t + has the following results. At short-circuit
it can deliver.
transformers each rated 50-kVA is 20sin942t (V) is applied to the primary of test with rated input current the power
A. 86.16A C. 43.31A
connected as open delta. Calculate: (a) the transformer. Neglecting leakage, measured is 150 watts. At open-circuit
B. 22.73A D. 39.36
the capacity of the two combined, (b) the determine the rms value of the core flux test the power measured is 52 watts at
size of the capacitor bank just to prevent of the primary has 200 turns. Ans:______ rated input voltage. Determine (a)
Problem2. Three single phase 10kVA,
overloading if the load is a three-phase 440/220 volts transformer is to be ∆-∆ Example6. A 60-Hz transformer having a The efficiency at 0.8 lagging power factor
load of 100-kVA at 0.8 lagging power connected. Calculate the full-load phase 500-turn primary winding takes 85 W in at ¼ of the rated (b) maximum efficiency.
factor. Ans:______________ current it can deliver. power and 1.5A in current at an input Ans:__________
Example9. A ∆-∆ connected transformer A. 45.45A C. 34.43A voltage of 120 V. If the primary winding Example13. A 5kVA, 220/110 volts
is composed of three 30kVA, 2400/240 B. 50.15A D. 67.75A resistance is 0.3 ohm, determine the single-phase transformer having a rated
volts transformers and the bank supplies core loss. Ans:_________ copper loss of 150-watts and a core loss
Problem3. What is the rating and the
a balanced load of 55kVA. If one of the turns ratio of a three-phase transformer Example7. A single-phase transformer of 75 watts is loaded as follows for a
three transformers is accidentally open, transforming a 2,000 kVA from 230kV to has a core loss of 70 watts at 45 Hz and period of 24 hours. 1 ½ rated,0.80pf, 10
calculate the percent overload on each of 4.16kV if it is connected ∆-Y. measures 100 watts when the frequency hrs.;Rated 0.75 pf, 5 hrs., ¾
the three transformers. Ans:_________. A. 2000kVA, 96 C. 2000kVA, 32 is 60 Hz. At both conditions, the Rated, 0.90 pf, 6 hrs.; ½ Rated 0.80
B. 2000kVA, 55 D. 2000kVA, 70 measured value of the maximum flux pf, 3 hrs.Calculate the all-day efficiency.
density is the same. Determine the core Ans:__________
loss at 50 Hz. Ans:_________
8
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 CERTC-RF REVIEW CENTER Review Guide Series Review Guide Series ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Transformer Part I, II, III

transformer having a ratio of B. 2.09 ohm D. 5.34 ohm Problem14.A 30-kVA; 2,400/240 volts,
Example14. A 2.5-kVA, 220/110-volts 4400:220 and having an effective core Problem10. A no-load test is applied to a 60-Hz transformer has a full-load power
single-phase transformer has measured area of 120 sq.cm. has 100 turns in the single-phase transformer. The following of unity over the period of 24-hrs. The
impedance referred to the high side of low side. What is test results were recorded. The input maximum efficiency is 95% and it occurs
0.15-Ω. Determine its impedance in per the maximum flux density established in voltage is 200 volts and output voltage is at full-load. Calculate the all-day
unit value. Ans:_________ the core. The transformer operates at 60- 100 volts. The current and power drawn efficiency if loaded 6-hours at of full-load.
Hz. are 0.75 amperes and 40 watts A. 78.90% C. 88.38%
Example15. A 10-kVA, 220/110-volts
A. 0.34T C. 0.47T respectively. If the resistance on the B. 89.67% D. 92.45%
single-phase transformer has 5%
B. 0.54T D. 0.52T primary side is 0.45 Ω, determine the
impedance. Determine the per unit value Problem15. The operation of
copper loss at no-load and the core-loss
on a 20-kVA, 440-volts base. Ans:_____ Problem5. One of the following is not a transformer is governed by ___________
of the transformer.
basic part of a transformer law
Example16.A 130 KVA distribution A. 12.34 watts C. 39.75watts
A. Secondary winding C. Core A.Lenz’s C. Faraday’s
transformer with 5% impedance is B. 51.43 watts D. 12.34 watts
D. Primary winding D. Flux B. Ampere’s D. Coulomb’s
connected in parallel with another
Problem11. 2 single-phase transformers
transformer rated 75 KVA and with 4% Problem6. One of these no dot apply in Problem16. A transformer has a turns
connected in parallel supply a common
impedance. Both have same voltage the assumptions for ideal transformer ratio of 6. If a 50 Ohm resistor is
load of 95 kVA, at 0.8 lagging power
ratio. (Neglect resistance of each A. no leakage flux connected across the secondary, what is
factor and 110 volts. The ratings of the
transformer) The total load is 150 KVA at B. infinite permeability its resistance referred to the primary?
transformers are as follows:
85% power factor. How much load does C. zero resistance of the winding A. 300 ohm C. 2600 ohm
T1: 75 kVA, 220/110 volts
each carry? Ans:_________. D. zero reactance of the winding B. 1800 ohm D. 3600 ohm
Re = 0.005 Ω and
Problem7. A single-phase transformer Xe = 0.125 Ω all referred to
having a ratio of 10:1 draws a current of the low side.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS 0.7 amps and absorbs 550 watts when SAMPLE PROBLEMS
T2: 50 kVA, 220/110 volts
Part I and II not loaded. If the input voltage at this Part III
Re = 0.008 Ω and
condition is 1,000 volts, determine Xe = 0.258 Ω all referred to
Problem1. The HV side of a particular magnetizing current of the transformer. the low side. Example1. A 3-phase, step-down
transformer has 600 turns while its LV A. 0.34A C. 0.47A Calculate the power delivered by each transformer is connected to 13.8-kV
side has 100 turns, when connected as a B. 0.43A D. 0.52A transformer. mains and takes 100 amps. The ratio of
step-down transformer, it delivers a A. 15.82kW, 24.72 kW turns per phase is 20. Neglecting losses,
Problem8. A 50-kVA, 2500:250 volts calculate the secondary line voltage and
current of 15 amperes. Calculate the single phase transformer has a primary B. 51.28kW, 24.72 kW
primary current. C. 51.28kW, 42.72 kW secondary line current for the following
resistance and a primary reactance of connections: (a) delta/delta, (b) star/star
A. 2.5A C. 4.7A 1.25-Ω and 5.75-Ω respectively. D. 34.28kW, 24.72 kW
B. 5.4A D. 3.0A (c) delta/star, (d) star/delta. Ans:______.
Furthermore, the secondary resistance Problem12.A 200:5 current transformer
Problem2. A 2300/115 volts, 60-Hz, 6.9- and secondary reactance are 0.003-Ω is used with a 10-amps ammeter. If the Example2. A 500-kva, 3-phase
kVA step-down transformer has an and 0.015-Ω respectively. Determine the meter reads 4.5 amps, determine the line transformer is delta/wye connected. The
induced emf of 3 volts per turn. Assuming percent voltage regulation at full-load at current. primary and secondary line voltages are
an ideal transformer, calculate its primary 0.8 leading powerfactor. A. 340A C. 470A 33-kv and 11-kv respectively. The
current. A. 2.34% C. -4.73% B. 430A D. 180A respective resistances per phase on the
A. 2.0A C. 60 A B. 5.43% D. -2.34% high side and low side are 35-Ω and
Problem13. A 600:20 potential 0.88Ω. If the iron loss is 3-kw, determine
B. 50 A D. 3.0A Problem9. A short-circuit test is applied transformer is used with a 150-volts the full-load efficiency at 0.8 lagging
Problem3. A 230/115 volts, 5-kVA step- to a 5kVA, 220/110 volts single-phase voltmeter. If the voltmeter reads 110- power factor. Ans:______________
up transformer is connected to a source transformer. The input voltage applied to volts, determine the line voltage. Example3. A 7200/208 volts, 100kVA
having a line frequency of 60-Hz. the high side is 50 volts until rated A. 3,300 V C. 4,700V distribution transformer is connected ∆-Y.
Calculate the output frequency. current is achieved. The power measured B. 4,300 V D. 1,800 V The transformer has 1.5% resistance and
A. 60Hz C. 120Hz at this test is 350 watts. Find the 10% reactance. Calculate the voltage
B. 50Hz D. 30Hz equivalent reactance regulation when fully loaded at 0.8
Problem4. A single-phase 6 A. 1.34 ohm C. 9.75 lagging power factor.
ohm Ans:______________