Optics & Laser Technology 49 (2013) 301–306

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Optics & Laser Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/optlastec

The radio-on-fiber-wavelength-division-multiplexed-passive-optical
network (WDM-RoF-PON) for wireless and wire layout with
linearly-polarized dual-wavelength fiber laser and carrier reusing
Wei Ji n, Jun Chang
The School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan Shandong 250100, China

a r t i c l e i n f o abstract

Article history: In this paper, we design a WDM-RoF-PON based on linearly-polarized dual-wavelength fiber laser and
Received 10 December 2012 CSRZ-DPSK, which can achieve wire-line and wireless access synchronously. With the CSRZ-DPSK
Received in revised form modulation, the wireless access in ONU can save RF source and the frequency of radio carrier can be
17 January 2013
controlled by OLT. The dual-wavelength fiber laser is the union light source of WDM-PON with
Accepted 21 January 2013
Available online 27 February 2013
polarization multiplexing. By the RSOA and downstream light source reusing, the ONU can save omit
laser source and makes the WDM-PON to be colorless. The networking has the credible transmission
Keywords: property, including wireless access and fiber transmission. The networking also has excellent
WDM-RoF-PON covering range.
CSRZ-DPSK
& 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fiber laser

1. Introduction optical transmitter for upstream transmission in WDM-PON. The

special wavelength provided by the central office (CO) is fed as a seed
With respect to wireline access networks, the wavelength light to RSOA. The upstream data are imposed onto the seed light by
division multiplexed-passive optical network (WDM-PON) is the direct modulation of the RSOA and then sent back to the OLT for
investigated for its high data bandwidth, enhanced security, and detection. The scheme enables the color-free operation of the optical
scalability to support several local subscribers. On the other hand, network units, obviates the need for any wavelength-specific devices
technologies such as WiFi/WiMAX/3G (wireless fidelity/World- at the subscribers [7].
wide Interoperability for Microwave Access/3rd-generation) are Since optical differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) has
becoming popular because they are more scalable and flexible. become the modulation of choice to achieve high capacity with-
To make full use of the huge capacity of optical fiber and the out significantly increasing the system complexity as well as
mobility inherent in wireless scheme, the integration of wireless bandwidth requirements. DPSK modulation is used to modulate
and optical networks is a promising research direction. A real non-return-to-zero (NRZ), return-to-zero (RZ), and carrier-suppressed
convergence of optical and wireless access may happen in Radio return-to-zero (CSRZ) modulation patterns. CSRZ-DPSK modulation
on Fiber (RoF) systems. A new idea about PON/RoF convergence is format has the smallest eye-opening penalty (EOP) with a wider
to convey the RF sub-carriers on the fiber plant of PON so that the range of fiber power [8,9].
baseband data stream and the data modulated RF signal can be There are many methods to achieve WDM-RoF-PON. Reference [3]
simultaneously delivered to wireline and wireless users [1–4]. gives the double-sideband carrier-suppressed optical signal carrying
Erbium-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs), especially linearly-polarized the downstream RoF signal in WDM-PON. In Reference [4], 10 Gb/s
ones have attracted considerable attention because of their multi- DPSK signal is used for the downstream optical wired application and
wavelength outputs, high output powers, narrow linewidth, high RSOA is used to remodulate and produce a 2.5 Gb/s OOK (on–off key)
signal-to-noise ratio, and fiber compatibility. They are used in a wide format for upstream traffic. In this paper, we report an improved all-
variety of applications in wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) fiber linearly-polarized dual-wavelength fiber laser by using a PM
communications systems, sensing, or microwave (MW) photonic (Polarization Maintaining) chirped FBG and a PM FBG as the resonant
generation [5,6]. On the other hand, Reflective semiconductor optical cavity mirrors, which used in WDM-RoF-PON. Using CSRZ-DPSK
amplifier (RSOA) has received a great deal of attention as a promising modulation and RSOA, the network can achieve polarization multi-
plexing, colorless and wire-line, wireless access synchronously. The
rest of the paper is organized as follows: Sections 2 and 3 describe the
n
Corresponding author. Tel.: þ8653188364613. proposed fiber laser and network architecture outlining its novelty
E-mail address: jiwww@sdu.edu.cn (W. Ji). and the detailed description of the experimental setup for them. This

0030-3992/$ - see front matter & 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2013.01.018
302 W. Ji, J. Chang / Optics & Laser Technology 49 (2013) 301–306

is followed by the performance evaluation and analysis of the system. polarized modes, which are separated both in wavelength and
Finally, provides the concluding remarks. polarization. Lasers lasing on different linear-polarized modes
greatly enhance the polarization hole burning (PHB) in the cavity,
which will restrain the modes competition [11,12]. Two wave-
2. The design of fiber laser length lights with orthogonal polarization states and the laser
fields with different polarization states greatly increase the in-
The setup of linearly-polarized dual-wavelength fiber laser homogeneities in the resonate cavity. The homogeneous line-
and the output of the laser are depicted in Fig. 1(a) and (b). The width of the EDF is greatly reduced by the orthogonal polarization
980 nm 300 mW laser was coupled into the gain fiber through a states of dual wavelength light. So the stable dual-wavelength
tapered fused bundle (TFB) combiner. The gain fiber is a 14.6 m- EDFL with a narrow wavelength spacing is achieved at room
long polarization-maintaining Er-doped fiber. At both ends two temperature.
Polarization maintain-Fiber Bragg Grates (PM-FBGs ) were spliced The optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) is measured to be
to make up the resonant cavity and the spectra gratings are greater than 60 dB. The 3 dB bandwidth of each lasing line is
shown in Fig. 2(a) and (b). Both of the gratings are inscribed in a
photosensitive polarization maintaining fiber (model PM980,
manufactured by Nufern) by scanning a phase mask technology
with UV laser. The high reflective PM-FBG1 has a reflectivity of
98.5% with a FWHM of 15 nm, which is a chirped FBG. A low
reflective PM-FBG2 used as the output coupler of the laser cavity
has a 10.2% reflectivity and a FWHM of 0.11 nm. The spectrum of
the PM-FBG2 shows two peaks, which correspond to the slow axis
and the fast axis of the PM fiber. Polarization controller (PC) is
used to control the polarization of beam in the fiber. Polarization-
maintaining Er-doped fiber is high bi-refringent. There are two ray
axes, corresponding to different refractive index in polarization-
maintaining fiber. The efficiency refractive index of slow axis and
fast axis are neffx, neffy and the polarizations of two axes are
orthogonal [10]. The refractive wavelengths correspond to:
lx ¼ 2neffx L ly ¼ 2neffy L DlB ¼ 2Lðneffx neffy Þ ð1Þ

where DlB is the differential of two refractive wavelengths, L is the

period of FBG. The two transmission dips correspond to
ly ¼ 1550:8 nm and lx ¼ 1551:11 nm for the fast axis and the slow
axis, respectively. All the fiber fusion was accomplished by using
Erisson FSU 995 PM splicer. Two PM fiber’s principal axes should be
spliced parallel to each other. The common fusion loss is less than
0.12 dB and the axis angle offset is less than 11. Using AQ6317B
spectroscope, the resolution of which is 0.01 nm, obtains the output
spectrum of the fiber laser, as is shown in Fig. 1(b) and the output
power is about 10 mW.
Since the whole laser cavity is all PM fiber, the polarization
states of the light within the cavity can be well maintained. The
PM fiber provides polarization-dependent loss (PDL) in the range
of 0.05–0.25 dB and extinction ratio 425 dB within 1535 nm–
1560 nm of the ITU ‘‘C-band’’. Feedback from the PM-FBG1 and
PM-FBG2 in the cavity results in two linearly orthogonally Fig. 2. (a) Reflection of PM-FBG1 and (b) transmission of PM-FBG2.

Fig. 1. (a) The setup of linearly-polarized fiber laser, and (b) output of the fiber laser.
 W. Ji, J. Chang / Optics & Laser Technology 49 (2013) 301–306 303

0.011 nm and each lasing line shows a single polarization with the rate of which is 10 Gbit/s. The double side-bands of CSRZ-DPSK
the polarization extinction ratio 430 dB. The two polarizations at signal have the same information. As directed O/E converting, the
the dual-wavelength are orthogonal to each other, as expected phase information of double side-bands can be completely erased,
from the PM-FBG. which can be described as:
2
Iout ðtÞpA2 9Ein ðtÞ9 Ucosð2os tÞ ð3Þ

3. The structure of WDM-RoF-PON The second part of received optical signal is directly finished O/
E converting and gets the radio carrier signal after electrical
The experiment setup of WDM-RoF-PON system is shown in filtering. The signal from Ethernet processing modulates the radio
Fig. 3. In order to simplify the system, the light source of optical carrier by OOK method and finishes wireless access. In this
line terminal (OLT) is one dual-wavelength fiber laser, which can scheme, ONU need not microwave source which is the carrier
implement two wavelength channel of WDM-PON with polariza- signal in wireless communication.
tion multiplexing, and the DPSK coded 10 Gbit/s Ethernet signal As the amplitude of DPSK modulated optical signal is steady-
modulates the optical signal through LiNbO3 modulator. Using going, the side-band of CSRZ-DPSK signal can be re-modulated by
5 GHz radio signal, which is synchronize with the clock of DSPK OOK modulation. The third part of downstream CSRZ-DPSK
data and LiNbO3 modulator achieve CSRZ modulation. The optical optical signal is filtered by tunable narrow optical filter, which
signal of CSRZ-DPSK modulated can be described as: the central wavelength is 1550.76 nm and 3 dB bandwidth is
0.02 nm. The optical gain of the RSOA is 10 dB when it is biased at
Eout ðtÞ ¼ AEin ðtÞf½cosðoc os Þt þ fðtÞ þ½cosðoc þ os Þt þ fðtÞg ð2Þ
40 mA. The RSOA is then directly modulated by 10 Gb/s non
where oc and Ein ðtÞ are frequency and amplitude of input optical return-to-zero signals with a pseudorandom bit sequence. The
signal, which corresponds to 1550.8 nm and 1551.11 nm. os is the amplified and OOK modulated optical signal transmits to the
frequency of radio signal which equals to 5 GHz, fðtÞ ¼ ð0 or pÞ is receiver of OLT through optical circulator and fiber. Through this
the instant phase of DPSK signal. The output signal of point (c) in wavelength re-modulation, ONU can save the cost of laser source.
Fig. 2 becomes a CSRZ-DPSK signal, which has a periodic amplitude The wavelength of upstream signal can be controlled by OLT,
with a phase shift varied according to the sign of the signal data (t), which means the WDM-PON is colorless.

(d)
1bit Delay 3R Ethernet Wire
1551.11nm
MZI and O/E Generator Processing Access
PBS (e) (f)
(c) Fiber Power
O/E
Electrical Electrical
1550.8nm Splitter Filter Modulator
5GHz Signal Wireless
CSRZ Access
Modulation Optical
Services RSOA RAU
Filter
10G Ethernet (h) (g)
(b) Upstream data

LiNbO3 Fiber
DPSK Code
Modulator
(a)
Dual-Wavelength Optical (i)
Fiber Laser Receiver

Fig. 3. The setup of WDM-RoF-PON system.

Fig. 4. (a) One output of fiber laser, (b) DPSK modulated optical signal, and (c) CSRZ-DPSK modulated optical signal.
304 W. Ji, J. Chang / Optics & Laser Technology 49 (2013) 301–306

4. The results and analysis the produced radio signal is 10 GHz, which is shown in Fig. 6(a).
Fig. 6 also gives that the produced RF signal has narrow frequency
Fig. 4(a) gives the one of the outputs of dual multi-wavelength spectrum and steady property in time domain. It is the basis of
fiber laser, corresponding to the point (a) in Fig. 3. The wave- successful wireless access.
length is 1550.8 nm, the polarization of which parallels to the fast
axis of polarization maintaining fiber. Fig. 4(b) is the spectrum of
optical signal modulated by 10 Gbit/s DPSK electrical signal and
the result of CSRZ modulation is shown in Fig. 4(c), which
correspond to point (b) and (c) in Fig. 3.
The filtered downstream optical signal and amplified, modu-
lated upstream optical signal are shown in Fig. 5(a) and (b), which
correspond to point (h) in Fig. 3. According to Fig. 5, the filtered
optical signal has narrow optical spectrum and steady modulation
property. After transmission back to the OLT, the upstream signals
are detected by an optical receiver, which also consists of a PIN
detector, low band pass filter and 3R generator.
Fig. 6(a) and (b) gives the frequency and time domain of the
directly O/E converted downstream CSRZ-DPSK optical signal, cor-
responding to point (e) in Fig. 3, which is filtered by electrical filter.
The results achieved by Tektronix 492BP spectrum analyzer and Fig. 7. Eye diagram of (a) received downstream optical signal and (b) received
Agilent SDA-11000 oscilloscope. As os ¼ 5 GHz, so the frequency of upstream optical signal which are obtained by TEK 11801B/SD-22.

Fig. 5. (a) Filtered downstream optical signal and (b) modulated upstream signal.

Fig. 6. (a) Frequency of wireless carrier signal and (b) time domain of wireless carrier signal.
 W. Ji, J. Chang / Optics & Laser Technology 49 (2013) 301–306 305

Fig. 8. (a) Modulated wireless signal and (b) eye diagram of received wireless signal which are obtained by TEK 492BP and 11801B/SD-22.

data, the values of Q are all above 10, as Q¼10 corresponds to

BER  2  1026 . The networking has excellent covering property.

5. Conclusions

We have shown that the introduction of a WDM-RoF-PON based

on linearly-polarized dual-wavelength fiber laser and CSRZ-DPSK
modulation without making any major changes in its infrastructure.
Also, the networking implements simultaneous wire-line and wire-
less access without any RF source in ONU. The dual-wavelength
fiber laser can be the union light source of WDM-PON which avoids
inconsistent properties of multi different LDs (laser diode). By the
RSOA and downstream light source reusing, the ONU can also save
laser source and makes the WDM-PON to be colorless. Through the
analysis results, the networking has the credible transmission
property, including wireless access and fiber transmission. The
networking also has excellent covering range.

Fig. 9. Property of WDM-RoF-PON with different access range.

Acknowledgment

This study is supported by National Natural Science Foun-

Using Q parameter describes the property of the networking,
dation (61144003, 61201210), Shandong Postdoctoral Science
which is calculated from the Bit Error Rate (BER) value:
Foundation (201102012) , Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation
pffiffiffi (20110491568), the Independent Innovation Fund of Shandong
Q ¼ 20log½ 2erf c-1 ð2BERÞ ð4Þ
University (2012ZD037); Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Informa-
tion Photonics and Optical Communications (Beijing University of
where erfc  1 is the inverse complementary error function [13].
Posts and Telecommunications), Ministry of Education.
Fig. 7 gives the eye diagram of received downstream optical
signal in ONU and upstream signal in OLT, which corresponds to
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