GATEWAY INTEGRATED SCHOOL time ,we will see how to graph a given function by converting it into what is referred to as

OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY the graphing Form. Before we do this , let us be familiar with the parts of a parabola.
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Grade 9 Mathematics Module 2

Lesson 1.2
Graphing Quadratic Functions

Locate the following in the graph:

V(h,k) is the vertex of the parabola ( highest or lowest point of the graph).
Name F is the focus of the parabola .
VF is the distance from the vertex to the focus.

Grade/Section LR is the latus rectum which passes through the focus with end points on the parabola.
Prepared by: It determines how wide is the opening of the parabola .
Let VF = p
Mr. Jhon Robert S. Clavo LR = 2p
Subject Teacher A: x = h is line called the axis of symmetry which passes through the vertex and is
perpendicular to the latus rectum.
In the previous lesson you have seen the graph of a quadratic function called the d is a line called directrix
parabola . the parabola may open downward or upward ,narrow or wide , and whose axis
of symmetry is the y-axis or line parallel to the y-axis. To be able to graph a quadratic function, we can transform it into its graphing form. Given
The shape of the parabola has inspired architectural design ,such as the one the quadratic function.
illustrated at the beginning of the chapter, constructed with arches and domes. The
b
previous lesson shows how to graph a quadratic function using tables of values. This y= a( x2 + x)+c
a
 1
V: ( 1, - ¿
we can add a third term to the expression in the parenthesis to make it a perfect 4
square trinomial. LR = 4
b b2 b2 p=2 =VF, |2p| = 4
y= a( x2 + x + )+c-
a 4 a2 4a Since the coefficient of x2 is positive, the parabola opens upward. Therefore the
b 2 b2 focus is 2 units the vertex. The graph of the parabola is shown below.
y= a( x+ ) + c-
2a 4a
b b2
Replace x + by -h ,and c - by k.
2a 4a
This is the graphing form of the quadratic
2
equation where y=a( x-h) +k ( h,k) is the vertex of the
parabola . This can be written as
y-k = a(x-h)2

1
If a is replaced by p, the equation will be
2
Y= -x2 + 6x -9
1
y-k = p (x-h)2 -y = x2 -6x + 9 Multiply the equation by -1 (factoring)
2
-y = ( x-3)2
or
Therefore
2p( y -k) = ( x-h)2
(h,k) = (3,0)
2p = -2
The advantage of this graphing form is the fact that p can be interpreted as the distance 1
between the vertex and the focus that |2p| is the length of the latus rectum, or the opening p= - , |2p| = -1
2
of the parabola.
5 1 7 1
LR: ( , - ) to ( , - ¿
2 2 2 2
Given the quadratic function
The graph of the parabola opens downward.
1 1
y= x2 - x
4 2
Multiply all terms by 4 gives
To make the right side a perfect trinomial square, we add 1 to both sides
4y +1 = x2 – 2x + 1 APE
1
4(y + ¿= (x-1)2 - distributive property, factoring
4
Comparing this with the graphing form
(x-h)2 = 2p (y-k)
We can identify: a: x=1
 b b 2 4 ac−b2
When x= - , a>0 , the expression ( x + - ) = 0 and the value of gives the
2a 2a 4a
least value of the function and is called its minimum.
The graph of the general quadratic function may be sketched by a more direct process of b 4 ac−b2
If a<0, and x= - , has the greatest value, and is called its maximum.
expressing the function. Align, consider the function 2a 4a
Y= ax2 + bx + c Let us verify this from the given examples.
Grouping the x terms and factoring out a gives
b c
Y= a [ { x2 + x) + + ]
a a
b 2 b2
To generate a perfect square trinomial, we need the 3 rd term { ) =
2a 4

1
Hence , the vertex is (1,- ) and is a minimum point. So we know that the graph opens
4
upward.

We may write this as

Comparing this with the graphing form

( x-h)2 = 2p(y-k) Hence , the vertex is ( 3,0) and is a maximum point. The graph opens downward.

We can derive the coordinates of the vertex as If some parts of the parabola is given , then the quadratic function can be determined. The
2
b 4 ac−b verse process is done and the values are substituted in the graphing form.
( - , ).
2a 4a
Example 3
Find the quadratic function , given that the vertex is the point( -2 ,1) and the focus is the
point ( -2,3).

Draw the parabola.

Solution:

The focus of the parabola is the point ( 2,-3) and the directrix is the line y=-5

Solution: Activity:
The vertex is between the focus and the focus and the directrix. Hence , it is the Answer Pages 15 to 19
point ( 2,-4). The parabola opens upward. LR= 4 it is clear that the parabola is determined
by the values of h,k and p.