Cell Types SE Gizmos

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Student Exploration: Cell Types
Directions: Follow the instructions to go through the simulation. Respond to the questions and
prompts in the orange boxes.
Vocabulary: ATP, bacteria, carbon dioxide (CO2), cell, cellular respiration, compound light microscope,
eukaryote, multicellular, muscle cell, neuron, organelle, photosynthesis, prokaryote, protist, red blood cell,
root hair cell, tissue, unicellular, white blood cell
Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
1. How do you know if something is alive? Describe some of the characteristics of living things.
If something is alive, they can move and breathe. Some of the characteristics of living
things are that they can reproduce, meaning that they can make babies.
2. Humans, plants and mushrooms are all alive. What do these organisms have in common?
They all have cells. They can also harness energy from other sources. For example,
plants harness energy from photosynthesis. And animals harness energy from food.
Gizmo Warm-up
izmo, you will use a light microscope to compare and contrast
In the Cell Types G
different samples. On the LANDSCAPE tab, click on the Elodea leaf. (Turn on Show all
samples if you can’t find it.) Switch to the MICROSCOPE tab to observe the sample as it
would appear under the microscope. By default, this microscope is using 40x
magnification.
1. Drag the Coarse focus slider until the sample is focused as well as possible. Then, improve the focus
with the Fine focus slider. What do you see?
I think I see cells. I can see that the cells are very compacted to each other.
2. Select the 400x magnification. If necessary, adjust the fine focus. Now, what do you see?
When I zoomed in 400x I saw small dotted cells around a shape. I think they are small
plant cells. They are the smallest functional unit of an organism.
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The individual chambers you see are cells, the smallest functional unit of an organism.
Get the Gizmo ready:
Activity A: ● On the LANDSCAPE tab, click on the woman’s
Observing cells right arm to choose the Human skin sample.
● Select the MICROSCOPE tab.
Introduction: Complex organisms are made up of smaller units, called cells. Most cells are too small to be
seen by the naked eye. Microscopes are used to magnify small objects, so here you will use a compound
light microscope to observe the cells of different organisms.
Question: What are similarities and differences between cells from different organisms?
1. Match: Read about each microscope part. Match the description to the part on the diagram.
B Stage: Platform where a slide is placed.

Eye piece: Lens at the top of the microscope that the user
A looks through. This lens most commonly magnifies a
sample by 10x.
C Coarse focus knob: Large knob that moves the stage up
and down to focus the sample.
D Fine focus knob: Small knob that moves the stage over a
short distance to refine the focus.
Objective lens: A second lens that further magnifies the

sample. Microscopes usually have several objective
E lenses with different magnifications. The total
magnification is the product of the eyepiece magnification
and the objective lens magnification.
F Slide: A rectangular piece of glass upon which a sample is

mounted for viewing under a microscope.
2. Manipulate: With 40x selected, use the Coarse and Fine focus sliders to focus on the sample. Then,
choose 400x and focus on the sample using the Fine focus slider.
A. Which focus knob is easier to use at 40x? 400x? Course focus is easier to
focus at 40x and Fine focus
for 400x.
B. Turn on Show labels. What structures can you Nucleus, cell

see in human skin cells? membrane,cytoplasm
C. Turn off Show labels and turn on Show scale bars. The scale bar has a width of 20
micrometers, or 20 μm. (There are 1,000 micrometers in a millimeter.) Using the scale bar,
about how wide is a human skin cell?
The human cell is about 30 to 40 lums.
3. Observe: An organelle is a cell structure that performs a specific function. Observe the samples below
under the highest magnification. Click the Show labels checkbox to label the organelles. List the
organelles and approximate size of the cells in each sample.
Sample Organelles Estimated size (μm)
Mouse skin 15.

Cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus.
Fly muscle 5
cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus.
Cell wall, cell membrane,
Maple leaf cytoplasm,nucleus,vacuole,chloroplast. 3-5
Elodea Cell wall, cell membrane, 1-2

cytoplasm,nucleus,vacuole,chloroplast.
Fungus Cytoplasm,septum,nucleus,vacuole,cell wall, cell 5

membrane.
What do all of these samples have in common?
All of the samples have “cell membrane”, “cytoplasm”, and nucleus.
In eukaryotic cells, genetic material is contained inside a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus. Plant
and animal cells are classified as eukaryotes.
4. Observe: Click on the cow and observe E. coli under the highest magnification. Notice the microscope
magnification is larger for this organism, and notice the scale bar is smaller.
A. What is the approximate size of E. coli? 2lum
B. What organelles are present in E. coli? Cell wall, cell

membrane,cytoplasm,flagellum,pilus,nucl
eoid(dna)
C. What organelle is missing from E. coli? Nucleus.
E. coli is an example of a bacteria. Bacteria are classified as prokaryotic cells because their DNA is
not contained in a membrane-bound nucleus.
5. Compare: Look at the Sand/silt sample under the microscope.
A. Turn on Show labels. Does sand/silt have Yes, they do.
any internal structures?
B. Do you think sand or silt is alive? Explain. It is not alive, since it is not moving nor
breathing.
Activity B:
● On the LANDSCAPE tab, click on the woman’s
Specialized cells
head to choose the human neuron sample.
Question: How do a cell’s specialized structures relate to its function?
1. Collect data: Use the microscope to observe the samples listed in the table below. For each sample,
estimate the cell size and check off the organelles that are present. If there is no column for an
organelle, list it in the Special structure(s) column.
Estimated Cell
Sample Nucleus Cytoplasm Special structure(s)
size (μm) membrane
Human neuron 15 Yes Yes Yes Axon and dendrite
Human skin 20-25 Yes Yes Yes Nope
Human muscle 50 Yes Yes Yes Striation
Human blood 5-7 Yes yes Yes Nope
2. Observe: Select the human skin sample. On the MICROSCOPE tab, choose the 400x magnification,
focus on the sample, and turn on Show labels. Click on the Nucleus label. If necessary, adjust the
Stage sliders to see the full description.
A. What is the function of the nucleus? The Nucleus contains DNA. It helps
regulate genes.
B. What is the function of the cytoplasm? It is a gel-like substance, and it contains

all the cells organelles.
C. What is the function of the cell membrane? It protect the cell, it manages what goes
in and out.
3. Observe: Select the human neuron sample. Focus the cells at 400x. Turn on Show labels.
A. Click on the axon label to read the It carries electrical signals away from the
description. What is its function? body.
B. What is the function of a dendrite? It carries signals to the cell body.
Neurons transmit messages in the form of electrical and chemical signals, through axons and
dendrites, from one part of the body to another.
4. Compare: Select to the human muscle sample. Observe the sample at 400x.
A. What do muscle cells have that other cell types do not? It has striation.
B. What is a striation and how does it help muscle cells Striation are the skeletal
function? muscles. They have
proteins that contract and
expand the muscle. They
make the muscles appear
striated.
5. Compare: Select the human blood sample. Observe at 400x. Look under Show information on the
right-hand side of the Gizmo.
● What is the function of red blood cells? It transports oxygen from the lungs
throughout the body.
● What is the function of white blood cells? It protects the body against any viruses.
● What organelle is missing from the red blood Nucleus.

cells?
6. Compare: Compare the human and animal samples (human and mouse skin; human and worm
neurons; human and fly muscle; human and frog blood).
A. In general, are there any major differences that you can see? Explain.
Nope, there are no major differences.
B. What organelle do frog RBCs have that human RBCs do not?
A Nucleus.
Most mammalian red blood cells have no nucleus. This allows the red blood cell to use all of its volume
to transport oxygen.
7. Extend your thinking: Many types of cells, such as the ones in this activity, live together in groups,
called tissues. A tissue is a group of similar cells that together carry out a specific function. Describe
how the skin cells, neurons, muscle cells, and blood cells you have observed relate to the functions of
skin, nerve, muscle, and blood tissue.
Neuron and Muscle have a similarity. They both have Nucleus, cell membrane, and cytoplasm.
There are also differences. The Red blood cells carry a specific type of protein. It can combine the
oxygen and send it throughout the body. But a nerve doesn’t have the same protein, because it
uses other proteins to transmit signals throughout the body.
Activity C: Get the Gizmo ready:
Plants and ● On the LANDSCAPE tab, select the Microalgae
unicellular life sample.
Introduction: Most of the animals and plants we are familiar with are multicellular, they are made up of
many cells. However, many living things only consist of a single cell. These microscopic organisms are
unicellular.
Question: How are unicellular organisms similar to multicellular organisms?
1. Observe: Compare the microalgae, the Elodea leaf cells, the maple leaf cells, and the root hair cells at
400x. ✏ Hand draw in the circles below or click on the circles and select EDIT to use the drawing tool.
Microalgae Elodea Maple leaf Root hair
A. What structures do all of these cells have in common?
They both have the same size and organelles.
B. What structures are missing from the root hair cells?
Chloroplast.
C. What is the purpose of this structure, and why do you think it is missing from the root hair
cell?
The purpose of the structure is to absorb water and minerals from soil. It is missing from
the root hair cells because they don’t produce food. They are also away from sunlight,
therefore they don't have Chloroplast.
Photosynthesis is the ability of some organisms to generate food from sunlight. Cells that
are not exposed to sunlight will not take part in photosynthesis.
D. How are the algae cells different from the other cells?
Algae can be unicellular or multicellular. But other cells such as the ones in the plants are
only multicellular.
Microalgae are examples of unicellular organisms. Each cell is a single organism.
2. Explore: Which other samples in the Gizmo do you think represent unicellular organisms?
Microalgae are unicellular organisms.
3. Observe: Switch to the Protist sample. Protists are unicellular organisms common in ponds On the
MICROSCOPE tab, select the 100x radio button and focus the image.
A. Watch the motion of the protists at 100X and 400X. What structures allow each protist to
move?
Amoeba: pseudopodiu Euglena: flagellum Paramecium: cilium.

m
B. In the table below, draw the structures that allow the protists to move on their images on the left
and describe the structures in the spaces on the right:
cell
Amoeba membrane , Cytoplasm , Nucleus,Vacuole, pseudopodium
cell
Euglena membrane , Cytoplasm , Nucleus, Vacuole , Chloroplast, Fla
gellum.
Paramecium Cell membrane,Cytoplasm,Nucleus,Vacuole, Cilium
C. Which protist is photosynthetic? How do you know?
Euglena. I know because it gets energy from the sun.
4. Compare: On the LANDSCAPE tab, click on the cow to switch to the E. coli sample. On the
MICROSCOPE tab, select 2500x, focus the image and turn on Show labels.
A. Find two structures that help E. coli move and describe them below:
Name: flagellum Description: A structure that resembles a long, thin

ring.
Name: pilus Description: It is like a short hair structure.
B. Do protists (amoeba, Euglena, Paramecium) use similar structures to move? Explain.
Cilia is similar to pili because they both are short and hair like.

Activity D:
● On the LANDSCAPE tab, select the worm to
Are cells alive? choose the Worm neuron sample.
● Select the TEST FOR LIFE tab.
Introduction: All organisms need energy from food to function. During cellular respiration, cells use
glucose from food to produce ATP, a molecule that stores energy for the cell, and carbon dioxide (CO2).
You can test for the products of respiration to see if your sample is alive.
Question: How can you test if cells are alive?
1. Observe: The first row of the dish contains an ATP reagent that will glow if ATP is in the liquid. The
second row of the dish contains phenol red, a reagent that turns orange when the liquid is acidic. Each
row of the dish contains an example of a positive test (positive control), an example of a negative test
(negative control), and the sample.
A. Click Play ( ). What happens?
B. Does the worm neuron sample produce ATP? Yes, it does.
How do you know? I know it because it was alive.
C. What happens to the phenol red?
The worm dies.
D. When CO2 combines

with water it forms carbonic acid. How does this explain the phenol red
result?
The phenol red can kill the worm since it is acid.
E. Based on the test results, are the worm neurons alive? yes
2. On the LANDSCAPE tab, select the Maple leaf sample. Return to the TEST FOR LIFE tab.
A. Click Play. Does the maple leaf sample produce ATP? no
B. What happens to the phenol red?

It turned green
In the light, plant leaves undergo photosynthesis, using CO2, water, and light energy to produce
food. In the dark, plants cannot perform photosynthesis.
C. Click Reset ( then click on the light switch to turn off the lights. Click Play to run the
),
experiment in the dark. What happens?
The leves went green.
D. Based on the test results, are maple leaves alive?
no
3. Collect data: Using the table below, select the sample on the LANDSCAPE tab. Perform the
experiment in the light on the TEST FOR LIFE tab. Turn off the light by clicking on the light switch and
perform the experiment again in the dark. Record the results below.
Sample Light - ATP Light Respiration Dark - ATP Dark - Respiration

E. coli yes yes yes No
Fungus yes yes yes no
Human skin yes yes no no
Maple leaf no yes yes no
Root hair no yes no no
Protists yes yes no no
Sand/silt no yes no no
4. Analyze: Which of the samples in the above table are alive?
Fungus, human skin, maple leaf and sand are alive.
How do you know?
During the test, it didn’t die.
5. Discuss: Based on the results of the experiment, which samples from the table above are likely to
undergo photosynthesis?
E.coli, Fungus, and root hair
How do you know?
They don’t have an organelle that give them food.
6. Analyze: Small particles of silt are about the same size and shape as a cell.
A. Is silt alive?
no
B. How do you know?
I know because when I tested them, it said negative.

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Name: Date:

Student Exploration: Cell Types

Prior Knowledge Questions ​(Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)

B Stage​: Platform where a slide is placed.

Objective lens​: A second lens that further magnifies the

F Slide​: A rectangular piece of glass upon which a sample is

B. Turn on ​Show labels​. What structures can you Nucleus, cell

Sample Organelles Estimated size (μm)

Mouse skin 15.

Elodea Cell wall, cell membrane, 1-2

Fungus Cytoplasm,septum,nucleus,vacuole,cell wall, cell 5

What do all of these samples have in common?

All of the samples have “cell membrane”, “cytoplasm”, and nucleus.

A. What is the approximate size of ​E. coli​? 2lum

B. What organelles are present in ​E. coli​? Cell wall, cell

C. What organelle is missing from ​E. coli​? Nucleus.

5. Compare​: Look at the ​Sand/silt​ sample under the microscope.

Question: How do a cell’s specialized structures relate to its function?

B. What is the function of the cytoplasm? It is a gel-like substance, and it contains

B. What is the function of a dendrite? It carries signals to the cell body.

● What organelle is missing from the red blood Nucleus.

Nope, there are no major differences.

B. What organelle do frog RBCs have that human RBCs do not?

Question: How are unicellular organisms similar to multicellular organisms?

Microalgae ​Elodea ​Maple leaf Root hair

A. What structures do all of these cells have in common?

They both have the same size and organelles.

B. What structures are missing from the root hair cells?

Microalgae are unicellular organisms.

Amoeba: pseudopodiu Euglena: flagellum Paramecium: cilium.

Paramecium Cell membrane,Cytoplasm,Nucleus,Vacuole, Cilium

C. Which protist is photosynthetic? How do you know?

Euglena. I know because it gets energy from the sun.

Name: flagellum Description: A structure that resembles a long, thin

Name: pilus Description: It is like a short hair structure.

Get the Gizmo ready​:

Question: How can you test if cells are alive?

A. Click ​Play​ ( ). What happens?

B. Does the worm neuron sample produce ATP? Yes, it does.

How do you know? I know it because it was alive.

C. What happens to the phenol red?

The worm dies.

D. When CO​2 combines

The phenol red can kill the worm since it is acid.

A. Click ​Play​. Does the maple leaf sample produce ATP? no

B. What happens to the phenol red?

The leves went green.

D. Based on the test results, are maple leaves alive?

Sample Light - ATP Light Respiration Dark - ATP Dark - Respiration

4. Analyze​: Which of the samples in the above table are alive?

Fungus, human skin, maple leaf and sand are alive.

How do you know?

During the test, it didn’t die.

E.coli, Fungus, and root hair

They don’t have an organelle that give them food.

B. How do you know?

I know because when I tested them, it said negative.

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Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)

B Stage: Platform where a slide is placed.

Objective lens: A second lens that further magnifies the

F Slide: A rectangular piece of glass upon which a sample is

B. Turn on Show labels. What structures can you Nucleus, cell

A. What is the approximate size of E. coli? 2lum

B. What organelles are present in E. coli? Cell wall, cell

C. What organelle is missing from E. coli? Nucleus.

5. Compare: Look at the Sand/silt sample under the microscope.

Microalgae Elodea Maple leaf Root hair

Get the Gizmo ready:

A. Click Play ( ). What happens?

D. When CO2 combines

A. Click Play. Does the maple leaf sample produce ATP? no

4. Analyze: Which of the samples in the above table are alive?