Faculty og Geology and Petroleum Enigneering

Structural Geology and Geological Mapping

GEOPET

Diagram Making

Nguyen Huynh Thong

| GEOPET | 1

Content
Objectives
1. Definition of orientation
2. Rose diagram
3. Wulff net
4. Principle stresses on steoreonet

2
Objectives
1. Explain the fundamental theories rose diagram, Wulff net,
corresponding stresses

2. Contribute rose diagram (strike,dip direction, dip angle); Wulff

net ( a joint, intersection joints)

3. Determine corresponding stresses (joint, 02 joints, fault)

1. Definition of orientation
 Orientation is distribution of geological objects in spatial perspective
(rock distribution, slope, fault, joint, bedding,…)

 Orientation includes strike, dip direction, dip angle (measaured by

geological compass)
• Strike = horizontal line on surface => Azimuth of strike, 0 – 360 deg.

• Inclination = line  strike on surface

• Dip direction β = projection of inclination into perpendicular surface with strike => azimuth of
dip direction, 0 – 360 deg. (or +/- 90 deg. azimuth of strike)

• Dip α/dip angle = angular of inclination & dip direction (inclination: horizontal_0-10 deg.;
gental_10-30 deg.; moderate_30-60 deg.; steeped_60-80 deg.; vertical_80-90 deg.) 4
2. Rose Diagram

Windy_Velocity

Windy_Direction

Definition
Fan band graph - representing the density development and the dominant
direction of the lying geological factors (faults, joints, wind, ...)

Methodology
A line segment of a length from the center of the circle and lying in a
azimuth direction, proportionally

Performance
Dip direction (a circle, 360 deg.);
Strike (1/2 circle, symmetry);
Dip angle (1/4 circle, 0-90 deg.)
Meanings

1. For orientation => Principal direction of geological structures

(Fault, Joints, Bedding) => Optimal Design (safety + money)…

2. For sedimentology => Accumulating direction => Distribution,

Mine…

3. For structural geology => Direction of major fault => Optimal plan
& design, increase safety

4. For weathered forecast => Direction of Wind/Rain/Typhoon…=>

warning & reducing total economic-loss

< Case study_Headrace water tunnel>

Joint (50∠90)
Trị An (Đồng Nai)

Joint (205/30)
Hồ Long An Joints in tunnel
-Đồi Bửu Long Đồng Nai 4-2
(Đồng Nai) (Span 5-10m)
 Frequency
ROSE DIAGRAM
Statistical diagram to Interval span
orientation (stike/dip (10deg.)
direction/dip angle) of
geological structure
(fault/joint/bedding…)

Detection MAJOR
Strike
DIRECTION

Rose Diagram

Strike Dip direction Dip

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 Dip Dip

EXAMPLE
Strike Dip Strike Dip
Symbol direction Symbol direction
(o) (o) (o) (o)
(o) (o)
(Exploration adit of Hydro power plant Đồng 4a 240-245 330-335 75-80 4a 240-245 330-335 75-80
4b 240-245 330-335 75-80 4b 240-245 330-335 75-80
Nai 4-2, Lâm Đồng, span 5-10m 4c 240-245 330-335 75-80 4c 240-245 330-335 75-80
Excavation 140o) 5a 240-245 330-335 65-70 5a 240-245 330-335 65-70
5b 240-245 330-335 65-70 5b 240-245 330-335 65-70
5c 240-245 330-335 65-70 5c 240-245 330-335 65-70
6 205-210 295-300 30-35 6 205-210 295-300 30-35
7 210-215 300-305 70-75 9 240-245 330-335 55-60
Wall 9 240-245 330-335 55-60 R 66c 130-135 40-45 55-65
LEFT L 66a 130-135 40-45 55-65 I 66d 130-135 40-45 55-65
E 66b 130-135 40-45 55-65 G 66e 130-135 40-45 55-65
F 8 215-220 125-130 70-75 H 66f 130-135 40-45 55-65
Roof T 10a 200-205 290-295 65-70 T 66g 130-135 40-45 55-65
10b 200-205 290-295 65-70 66h 130-135 40-45 55-65
10c 200-205 290-295 65-70 7 210-215 300-305 70-75
13 260-265 170-175 45-50 8 215-220 125-130 70-75
Wall 12a 220-225 130-135 75-80 13 260-265 170-175 45-50
RIGHT 12b 220-225 130-135 75-80 12b 220-225 130-135 75-80
11 210-215 120-125 60-65 12c 220-225 130-135 75-80
12c 220-225 130-135 75-80 14 265-270 355-360 35-40
14 265-270 355-360 35-40 15a 190-195 280-285 65-70
15a 190-195 280-285 65-70 15b 190-195 280-285 65-70
15b 190-195 280-285 65-70 23 140-145 230-235 80-85

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EXAMPLE Rose diagram

(Exploration adit of Hydro power plant Đồng STRIKE span 5-10m
Nai 4-2, Lâm Đồng, span 5-10m
Excavation 140o)

- Span 5-10m,
Direction NE - SW 21/23
2/23 7/23 16/23

- Perpendicular to
tunnel axis
140o 140o

LEFT RIGHT

12
 AIC 1
 Orientation => make
 Rose diagram: Dip direction
 Rose diagram: Strike
 Rose diagram: Dip angle

13

Guidline
Preparation
Adit Đồng Nai 4-2, 80m length, excavation 140o,
Milimeter paper; Compass; Ruler,…

14
Processing: Symbol
4a
Strike (o)
240-245
Dip direction(o)
330-335
Dip (o)
75-80

Step 1: Interval 10o 4b 240-245 330-335 75-80

4c 240-245 330-335 75-80
-Make a table with dip direction 5a 240-245 330-335 65-70

similar/difference +/- 5 deg. 5b

5c
240-245
240-245
330-335
330-335
65-70
65-70

Dip direction (o) Frequency 6 205-210 295-300 30-35

7 210-215 300-305 70-75
330-340 7 9 240-245 330-335 55-60
66a 130-135 40-45 55-65
290-300 4 LEFT 66b 130-135 40-45 55-65
8 215-220 125-130 70-75
130-140 3 (5-10m)
10a 200-205 290-295 65-70

40-50 2 10b
10c
200-205
200-205
290-295
290-295
65-70
65-70

120-130 2 13 260-265 170-175 45-50

12a 220-225 130-135 75-80

280-290 2 12b 220-225 130-135 75-80

11 210-215 120-125 60-65
170-180 1 12c 220-225 130-135 75-80
14 265-270 355-360 35-40
300-310 1 15a 190-195 280-285 65-70

350-360 1 15b 190-195 280-285 65-70

Total 23 15

Step 2: 10o
Choose the appropriated ratio of the
respective ray lengths for each group
• With the radius of concentric circles
corresponding to the number of joints,
• The 360o circle represents the Dip
direction of the joint.

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 Step 3: Represent the number of joints of
each group in proportion/frequency to the
value of Dip direction

Dip direction (o) Frequency

330-340 7
290-300 4
130-140 3
40-50 2
120-130 2
280-290 2
170-180 1
300-310 1
350-360 1
Total 23 17

Conclusion:
• 15/23 joints = NW direction (dip direction)
• For excavated direction 1400,
• Stability if dip angle = 45-900
• Instability if dip angle = 20-250
(Bieniawski)

140o

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3. Wulff Net
a. Basic components of Wulff Net?
1 Direction (North = N)
2 Primitive circle
3 Great circle
4 Small circle
5 Strike
6 Dip direction
7 Dip angle
8 XYZ, lower sphere
(with Z = ver., XY = hor.)
9 1 cell 10x10

AIC 2
 Basic components of Wulff net

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b. How to plot 01 JOINT or SLOPE on Lower Hemisphere?
dip direction, 135 (hướng dốc)
dip angle, 50 (gốc dốc α)
denoted as 135 50

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GUIDELINE
Preparation: Wulff projection, Tracing paper, Pencil,…
Step 1: Making Dip direction
Step 2: Rotate the paper until the line marking the dip direction
corresponds with the equatorial position (90)
Setp 3: Measure 500 ( = the dip angle, β) from the outer circle RHS and
trace the great circle for the plane as shown
Step 4: Measure (90 - β) or 400 from the outer circle, but this time from
the LHS to locate the POLE of the great circle or plane
Step 5: Complete Great circle, Symbol
Step 6: Input Stress

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< Step 1/6 > N

Dip
Direction

135°
23

Tracing
paper with
central
drawing pin

135°

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< Step 2/6 >

135°

• Rotate the paper until the line marking the dip direction corresponds
with the equatorial position (90) 25

< Step 3/6 & 4/6 > • The normal (N) to a plane is
an imaginary line drawn
perpendicular to the plane

• The point representing the

normal on the stereonet is
referred to as the pole (P) of
the plane
40 90 50
Pole Normal 135°
P N

GREAT
CIRCLE
N
P

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< Step 5/6> N

Rotate back
to the North
position
P

50


135°
27

< Step 6/6> 3

N
1

Stress
1 = Compressive
stress P

3 = Tensional
stress
50

1 3
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 β (DD) & α (D)
β α Exam:

Symbol of geological layer

(A)Inclined layer, α # 0
(B)Vertical layer, α = 90 deg.; strike =
45; 225 deg.
(C)Horizontal layer

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AIC 3
 Great circle => Orientation

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 c. Intersections

• Two planes A and B have orientations A:60 30 and B:340 75

• These planes intersect on the stereonet at the point A:B

this point represents the line of intersection of the discontinuities

represented by the planes

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Intersecting
planes

Plane A,
60/30

Plane B,
340/75

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line of intersection
35

60
Dip direction
of intersection 350
60

line

60 35

AIC 4
 Determine intersection line
 < a. 01 fault – principle stresses on steoreonet >
N How to determine principle stresses axis from
a Normal Fault using steoreonet
NE 070/60 Rake 90
Fault plane
σ2
70
σ1

σ3

σ2
U
U
D
D

σ1 > σ2 >= σ3
σ1 = vertical stress = max.
σ2 , σ3 = horizontal/tectonic stresses = intermediate & min
37

< a. 01 fault – principle stresses on steoreonet >

N How to determine principle stresses axis from
a Reverse/Thrust Fault using steoreonet
NE 070/60 Rake 90
Fault plane
σ2
70
σ2

σ1

U σ2 U

D
D

σ1 > σ2 >= σ3
σ1 = horizontal stress = max.
σ2 , σ3 = vertical & tectonic stresses = intermediate & min
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 < b. 02 fault – corresponding stresses>
σ1 Given: Slickensides with 15/62SE; 10/68NW
N Find orientation of σ1, σ2, σ3 ?

σ3

σ2

Step 1: Sketch 3D
Step 2: Plot Fault orientation
on steoreonet
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σ2 Step 3: Determine corresponding stresses

• σ2 = intersection point between 02 fault & line
Т
• Draw plan intersection line σ2 => plan
contain σ1, σ3 (green)
• σ1 = point of half arc
• σ3 = σ1 + 90 degree
σ3
Step 4: Determine orientation of corres. stresses
D
• For direction (extension) => 02 fault with U (HW) –D
U
σ1 D (FW); movement plan
U
arc • For orientaion (strike/dip) of stresses
o σ2 = 17/5 NNE
o σ1 = 178/86 S
o σ3 = 286/2 W
(with strike/dip, rotate σ to horizontal line => take symbol =>
count dip => dip angle
back σ location => count strike to symbol => strike)

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 AIC 5
 Determine principle stress on steoreonet

J1 = 40/60
J2 = 190/40

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app.visiblegeology.com Conjugate joint
THANK YOU !
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