Module 3 History and Development of Art Repaired

DR. JEAN RACHEL A.
BARROGA
Learning Outcome
At the end of this module, the students should be able to:
 Pinpoint the underlying history and philosophy of the movements;

 Absorb the characteristics of the history and movements in art;
 Cite the important features of the various art movement.
GE 6 ART APPRECIATION
DR. JEAN RACHEL A. BARROGA
ENGAGE
This is the first phase of your module you engage yourself with activity that is connected with
the history and development of art. So, I want you to focus so that you can accomplish the given
learning activity below.
In two minutes, write down words connected with

ART HISTORY
(particularly on its development)
(Write on the board)
Questions for Discussion
1. Of all the words written on the board, what is most common?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Are there words that are related? If yes, how are they related?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. What does these words signifies?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
EXPLORE
In this phase of your module you are going to clarify and filter the Information that you have
gathered in your learning activities about history and development of art.
LESSON 1: THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAINTING
Smile and relax! And enjoy reading the content of this module.
Art history, also called art historiography, is the historical study of the visual arts, being
concerned with identifying, classifying, describing, evaluating, interpreting and understanding the art
products and historic development of the field of painting, sculpture, architecture, the decorative arts,
drawing, print making, photography, interior design and other more.
In the mid – 19th century, art was raised to the status of an academic discipline by the Swiss
Jacob Burckhardt, who relate art to its cultural environment, and the German idealists Alois Riegl,
Heinrich Wolfflin, and Wilhelm Worringer. The latter three saw art history as the analysis of forms
and viewed art apart from any function it serves in expressing the spirit of its age. Major 20th century
art historians include Henri Focillon, Bernard Berenson, Aby Warburg, Emile Male, Erwin Panofsky,
and Ernst Gombrich; the succeeding generations has included Michael Fried, RosalindKrauss,
Donald Kuspit, and Gisel Pollack. Modern art history is a broad field of inquiry embracing formal
questions of stylistic development as well as considerations of social and cultural context. Since the
1970’s, a heightened awareness of gender, ethnicity, and environmental issues has marked the work
of many art historians.
A. PRE- HISTORIC PAINTING (40,000 BC – 9000

BC)
Cave painting are also known as “parietal art”. they are painted drawings on cave walls or
ceilings, mainly of prehistoric origin, dated to some 40,000 years ago (around 38,000 BCE)
in Eurasia.
Animal spear and other rudimentary materials were utilized to produce pre – historic
paintings. These works of art were drawn on caves, stones, and on earth – filled ground. The
drawing or illustration dealt heavily with hunting and employed stylistic treatment.
The oldest known cave painting is a red hand stencil in Maltravieso cave, Caceres, Spain
and was said to be made by a Neanderthal.
The oldest dated given to an animal cave painting is now a pig that has a minimum age of
35,400 years old at Imposing cave in Sulawesi, an Indonesian Island
In the Philippines at Tabon caves the oldest artwork may be a relief of a shark above the cave
entrance. It was partially disfigured by a later jar burial scene.
PRE- HISTORIC PAINTING
Discovered in the late 19th century,

the Altamira Cave in northern Spain was the
first cave in which prehistoric paintings were
discovered. The paintings were of such an
astounding quality that the scientific society
doubted their authenticy and even accused
its discoverer Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola of
forgery. Many people simply did not believe
prehistoric man had the intellectual capacity
to produce any kind of artistic expression. It
was not until 1902 when the paintings were
acknowledged as genuine. The charcoal and
ochre images of horses, bison and handprints
in the Altamira Cave are among the best
preserved cave paintings in the world.
Source: https://www.touropia.com/prehistoric-cave-paintings/
PRE – HISTORIC GREEK PAINTING
Pre – historic Greek Art was seen in four

periods:
1. Formative or Pre - Greek Period

Motif was sea and nature.
2. First Greek Period
Largely of Egyptian influence.
3. Golden Age (480 – 400 BC)
Period in which the aesthetic ideal is based on the
representation of human character as an expression
of a divine system.
4. Hellenistic Period (14th century - 1st BC)
Discussed heightened individualism and featured
tragic mood and contorted faces (Lacaustic painting)
The subject matter of painting in pre – historic
Greece were young wide males, draped females, wounded
soldiers, and scenes from everyday life. https://www.google.com/search?q=sample+prehistoric+g
reek+painting&sxsrf
PRE – HISTORIC ROMAN PAINTING
Pre – historic Roman Art encompassed

two periods:
1. Etruscan period (2000 – 1000 BC)

The subject matters of paintings were
ancestor worship, catacombs and
sarcophages.
Etruscan painting Three Musicians
2. Roman period (2000 – BC – 400 AD)
Characterized by commemorative
statues, sarcophages, frescoes. And
designs with vine motifs.
Art in these periods served the cult of

ancestors and defied/ disobeyed
emperors.
Roman wall painting
https://www.google.com/search?q=famous%20roman%20paintings
CHINESE ART AND PAINTING
China has one of the oldest continuous artistic traditions in the world. The beginnings of
Chinese art can be trace to 5000 B.C., when Stone Age people made decorated object of bone,
stone, and pottery.
Earliest Chinese painting was ornamental, not representational. It consisted of patterns or

designs, not pictures.
Stone Age pottery was painted with spirals, zigzags, dots and lines
It was only during the Warring States period (403 – 221 B.C) that artist began to represent the
world around them.
Artist from the Han (202 B.C – A.D. 220) to the Tang (618 – 906) dynasties mainly painted
the human figure. Many early tomb paintings were meant to protect the dead or help their souls
get to paradise. Others illustrated the teaching s of the Chinese philosopher Confucius or
showed scenes of daily life.
The time from the Five Dynasties period to the Northern Song period (907 – 1127) is known
as the Great Age of Chinese Landscape.
In the late 1800’s and 1900’s, Chinese painters were increasingly exposed to the art of western
cultures. The most beloved modern painter was Qi Baishi. He began life as a poor peasant and
became a great master. His most famous works depict flowers and small animals
Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=chinese+figure+painting&sxsrf
andhttps://www.artistsnetwork.com/artmediums/watercolor/chinese-landscape-painting/
Figure painting in China appeared in the Neolithic era, first on pottery, then on tiles, tomb
and cave walls, and in family shrines. Landscape and Bird/flower painting came much later. The
primary function of figure painting was transmission of moral and ethical principles.
The Chinese were masters of bronze, jade, and ceramics. Decorative objects made of these
materials are among China’s greatest contributions to world art. The great Bronze age of China lasted
from the Shang (1523 – 1000’s BC) to Han dynasty. During the Shang dynasty, bronze was used for
rituals purposes. Bronze shapes and designs became more and more elaborate, especially those
produced at the northern city of Anyang, the last Shang capital.
https://www.google.com/search?q=chinese+bronze+image
https://www.google.com/search?q=Bronze+Jar+Zhou+Dynasty
Bronze Jar Zhou Dynasty Chinese Bronze Image
Jade is a hard, beautiful stone that was

highly valued by the Chinese. During the Eastern
Zhou period (770 – 221 BC) improved tools
allowed artist to produced exquisite jades with
complicated shapes and curved, complex patterns.
Jade working continues to be one of the main
handicraft traditions of modern china
https://www.google.com/search?q=jade+in+ancient+china&sxsrf
The classical age of Chinese ceramics is the

Song dynasty, when beautiful wares were produced
for the royal court. Among the most valued
ceramics are group glazed in different shades of
green These are known in the West as celadons.
The blue and white wares of the Ming dynasty are
also widely admired.
https://www.google.com/search?q=Classical+ae+of+chinese+ceramic
JAPANESE ART
In traditional Japan, no distinction was made between the fine arts of painting and
sculpture and the decorative arts- ceramics, lacquer, textiles, and the like. Today, many
Japanese artists have adopted styles and techniques popular in Europe and the United States.
But traditional art form remains important. Exceptionally talented artist working with
traditional are honored as “Living national Treasures.” They are encouraging to teach their
skills to a new generation of artists.
Beginning in the 900’s paintings with

nonreligious themes were increasingly collected
by wealthy aristocrats. Especially popular were
handscrolls. Handscrolls were about 12 inches
high and up to 50 feet long. They were held
horizontally in the hands and unrolled to reveal
the story little by little. The subject matter of
handscrolls ranged from moving romantic tales
https://www.openculture.com/2016/01/splendid-hand-scroll-
to historical battles stories.
illustrations-of-the-tale-of-the-genjii.html
Screen painting is often thought of as one

of the most characteristic forms of Japanese art.
Painted screes were a feature of Japanese
residential architecture as early as the 700’s.
Folding screens, made up of several panels each,
serve as additional, portable room dividers.
https://www.google.com/search?q=japanese+screen+painting
&sxsrf
B. PAINTING IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Art Classification during Medieval Period
EARLY BYZANTINE GOTHIC

ART
CHRISTIAN ART
ART
EARLY CHRISTIAN PAINTING
Subject matters of art in this

period were symbols; cross, fish, lamb,
alpha and omega, triumph wreaths,
grapes, doves and peacocks. Haloed
Christ, saints and martyrs, and the
Virgin Mary began to appear in painting
at a later time. Spiritual expression took
precedence over physical beauty.
https://www.google.com/search?q=Early+christian+art+Mary&tbm
BYZANTINE PAINTING
The subject
matters of paintings
were Christ as the
creator and Mary
the Mother of God.
https://www.google.com/sea
rch?q=byzantine+period+pain
tings&tbm=isch&ved
GOTHIC ART
Gothic paintings were religious,

grotesque, and calmer and plastic in
style. The picture of the Madonna and
Child, of Franco – Flemich school,
gazing into each other’s eyes in playful
mood is an example of this style.
Franco – Flemich painting came

in the form of portable easel paintings
and oil paintings. Children’s faces
were painted like small adults.
Landscape was incorporated in the
picture using the open window
technique in which distant view of the
town, people, and river can be seen. https://www.google.com/search?q=franco+flemish+painting+chli
d+and+madonna&tbm
C. PAINTING IN THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD
The Renaissance is divided into three periods:
1. Early Renaissance (14th - 15th century)

Early Renaissance paintings placed emphasis on simplicity, gestures, and expression.
Painting depicted man and nature in fresco – technique.
2. High Renaissance (16th century)
Its center was in Florence, Venice, and Rome. Painting style consists of the deepening of
pictorial space, making the sky more dramatic with dark clouds and flashes of light. Da
Vinci introduce the chiaroscuro; Michelangelo dramatized the position of figure in his
famous contrapuesto – twists.
3. Mannerism period
The human figure is rendered through the use of oil paints of sumptuous warm, and
sensual colors.
Famous painter in this period were Giotto, Leonardo da Vinci, Raffaello Sanzio (Raphael),
and Michaelangelo.
https://fineartamerica.com/featured/the-creation-of-adam-michelangelo-.html
The Creation of Adam, Michaelangelo
D. PAINTING IN THE BAROQUE PERIOD
Paintings in the Baroque period are ornate Peter Paul Rubens Painting
and fantastic. They appeal to the emotion, are sensual
and highly decorative. They make use of light and
shadow to produce dramatic effects. The paintings
show figures in diagonal, twists, and zigzags.
The famous painters in this period include

Peter Paul Rubens, Rembrant, El Greco, Diego
Velasquez, and Bartolome Esteban Murillo.
https://spokenvision.com/peter-paul-rubens-one-greatest-
baroque-painters/
E. ROCOCO PAINTING
https://www.invaluable.com/blog/rococo-painting/
Place emphasis voluptuousness and picturesque and intimate presentation of farm and
country. The Rococo art technique made use of soft pastel colors, rendering the landscape smoking
and hazy with the subject always in the center of the canvas.
Famous Rococo painters were Jean – Antoine Watteau, Jean – Honore – Fragonard, Wliiam
Hogart, Joshua Reynolds, and Francois Boucher.
F. ROMANTIC PAINTING
THE VINTAGE
Romantic painting
delved on the artist’s
reactions to past events,
landscapes, and people.
Painting is richer than
Rococo. One of the famous
painter of this period was
Francisco Goya.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Vintage,_Francisco_de_Goya.jp
g
G. JAPAN WOODPRINT
Woodblocks were first used in Japan to

reproduce religious texts and images.
By the 1600’s they were widely used to
print inexpensive pictures and illustrated
books that were eagerly collected by
members of all social classes.
The artists Hokusai and Hiroshige

are acknowledged as the greatest
masters of feature views of scenic
national landmarks such as Mt. Fuji.
https://www.google.com/search?q=mt+fuji+painting+hoku
sai&tbm
Japan Jomon Spotted Vessel
Japan has one of the oldest ceramic

traditions in the world. Earthenware
vessels called Jomon, or “cord – marked”,
after their distinctive surface decoration,
are believed to have been made as early as
10,000 BC. Until 1600’s AD. The rise
during the 1500’s of a tea – drinking ritual
known as the tea ceremony stimulated the
growth of ceramic production. The
centerpiece of the tea ceremony is a
beautiful tea bowl, from which guests take
turns sipping a special green tea.
https://www.invaluable.com/blog/jomon-pottery/
Ukiyo – e is a genre of Japanese art which flourished from the 17th through 19th centuries. Its artist
produces woodblock prints and paintings of such subjects as female beauties; kabuki actors and sumo
wrestlers. The term ukiyo –e translates as “pictures of the floating world.” By combining “uki” for
sadness and “yo” for life, the word “ukiyo –e” originally reflected the Buddhist concept of life as a
transitory illusion, involving a cycle of birth, suffering, death, and rebirth. The team involve in the
production of ukiyo –e has famous been called the ‘ukiyo-e quartet.’
Pictures of the Floating World’, the literal translation of ukiyo –e, refers to the licensed
brothel and theatre distinct of Japan’s major cities during the Edo period. Inhibited by prostitutes and
Kabuki actors, these were the playgrounds of the newly wealthy merchant class. Ukiyo –e was one
of the first forms of Japanese art that found its way across the seas to Europe and America with the
opening of trade between countries.
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/ukiyo-e/early.html
H. 19TH CENTURY PAINTING (MODERN ART)
19TH Century art was aimed to please the public. The following movements
appeared:
1. Impressionism
Paul Cezanne was the greatest impressionist and the Father of Modern Art. His efforts
were toward the achievement of simplicity, brilliance, perfect, balance, brightness of
colors, and sense of depth in art.
2. Expressionism
Vincent van Gogh is regarded as the Father of Expressionism. He used bright, pure colors
mixed on the palette but applied to the canvas in small dots or strokes, relying on the
beholder’s eyes to see them together. Gogh’s works are notable for their rough beauty,
emotional honesty, bold color and simplicity. Paul Gauguin also practice simplicity in art.
He studied the technique of craftsmen, applied these to his canvas, simplifying the outline
forms but employing strong patches of colors.
Expressionism
Paul Gauguin & The Marquesas: Paradise Found?
Impressionism
https://www.google.com/search?q=paul+gauguin&sxs
rf
STARRY NIGHT, VINCENT VAN GOGH
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Basket_of_Apples
https://www.google.com/search?q=vincent+van+gogh+starry+nigh
t&oq
LESSON 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCULPTURE
Sculpture is an art form which employs modeling. Modeling refers to the technique by
which a material is shaped and formed into a single mass or a block of material having tri –
dimensional form.
A. PRE – HISTORIC SCULPTURE
EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE
Pre – historic Egyptian sculpture had gone through four (4) periods:
1. First Dynasty Period

This occurred 5,000 year ago. The sun, moon, stars, and sacred animals were common subjects
of sculpture in this period.
The sculptors decorated the tombs of the dead with scenes from his life and signs of his rank
and profession with assurance that his spirit may continue his existence within the tomb.
Statues began to flourish in this period.
2. Old Kingdom Period
Began during the rule of King Joser. Imhotep, the king’s first minister was a skilled architect,
statesman, and scholar and he was probably the architect of the famous Step Pyramid, the first
stone building in history and the first of the many pyramids to appear during the next 1,000
years.
Portrait sculpture was emphasized. Five life – like structures existed in every home.
Statues were either single figures or in family groups. The faces of statues were always calm
and brave. Statues of royal personage were much larger than ordinary personage to give
impression of movement splendor.
3. Middle Kingdom period
Faces of statues made during this period depicted individual moods but their bodies were
still rigid and straight in posture.
4. New Kingdom Period
Figure of this period were life – like and vigorous looking. They were depicted in usual
poses – walking, dancing, and bending. Figures showed dignity and serenity. ( add pictures)
The form of Egyptian sculpture are palettes

(shield pieces of stone with relief carving); wall
carvings (bas – reliefs or high relief found in walls
of tombs) and statues (figure of men and women in
sitting and standing positions, usually impressive).
An example of Pre historic Egyptian sculpture
is the Great Sphinx of Giza also known as the
Pyramid of Khufu or the pyramid of Cheops is the
oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza
pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza,
Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the
ancient World, and the only one to remain largely
intact. The pyramids were meant to house the
pharaohs bodies and serve as reminders of their
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx#/media/File:Th almighty power.
e_amazing_Sphinx.jpg
GREEK SCULPTURES
Pre – historic Greek sculpture had gone through

three periods:
1. Daedalic Period
Marble was heavily used as material. Nude male
statues were usually produced.
2. Classical Age
This was the golden age or Age of Pericles in Greece.
Temples of gods and goddesses were adorned with
sculpture figures.
Many statues depicted young victors of Greek games
and athletic contests.
The human body with all its beauty and splendor was
the emphasis of art in this period. Male figures were
always naked; women figures were fully draped.
3. Later Greek Period
Male and female figures were shown with very little
or no clothing at all. An example of pre – historic
Greek sculpture is the famous Venus de Milo. https://www.google.com/search?q=Fi
gures+of+Aphrodite&sxsrf
ROMAN SCULPTURE
Pre – historic Roman sculpture portrayed

famous men and women in bust forms. The
personalities were represented as if in real
life including their individual imperfections.
https://www.google.com/search?
q=woman+roman+sculpture&tbm
BYZANTINE SCULPTURE
Byzantine sculpture is classified into two:
1. Early Byzantine Sculpture

During this period, no statues can be seen in
churches and basilicas only symbols or
signs as mosaic. Example, fish symbolized
Christ; hand protruding from the clouds
symbolized God
2. Later Byzantine Sculpture
Statues replaced mosaic symbols and signs.
Biblical statues adorned churches,
basilicas, and even homes. These statues
are tall, dignified, straight, exquisitely
carved, sometimes covered with jewels.
Christ was shown as fully garbed, mature,
https://www.google.com/search?q=easy%20byzanti
and has a dark – beard and haunting eyes. ne%20sculpture&tbm
ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE
Romanesque sculpture gave

prominence to biblical characters and human
figures as subjects and were carved in statues
or in relief, with the bodies fully clothed, flat,
and elongated and the faces grave and remote.
Draperies were usually swirled in whirlpool
patterns around these figures. Arches of
churches were decorated with zigzag and
geometric designs.
https://arsartisticadventureofmankind.wordpress.c
om/2015/11/04/french-romanesque-ii-sculpture/
GOTHIC SCULPTURE
Gothic statues of human figure were

given a natural and life – like look, both
in bodies and facial expressions. They
wore garments to give the impression of
real bodies.
https://www.google.com/search?q=gothic+sculpture&sxs
rf
RENAISSANCE SCULPTIRE
Renaissance sculpture is divided into three

periods:
1. Early Renaissance Sculpture

Great and detailed attention was given to
anatomical shapes, proportions, and
perspectives to indicate a more scientific
attitude towards art.
2. Middle Renaissance Sculpture
By the end of the 15th century, sculpture
became more secular than religious. Palaces
were adorned with sculpture cast in bronze.
3. Later Part of the Renaissance
The subject matters of sculpture were
legends and myths of Greece and Rome.
The artists were given complete freedom on
https://www.google.com/search?q=David+(Michelang their choice of subject.
elo)&stick
BAROQUE SCULPTURE
Baroque sculpture started in 17th

century. It depicted the beauty of art and
stressed on the expression of emotion.
The works of Gian Lorenzo Bermini
and the La Piedad Gregorio
Fernandez, a famous Spanish sculpture,
were representative of Baroque
sculpture.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gregorio
_Fernandez-Piedad.jpg
ROCOCO SCULPTURE
Rococo sculpture, being highly ornate

and exquisite, designed purely for ornamental
purposes. This art appeared largely in furniture,
panels, vases and urns. Rococo sculpture was
first used in the court of the French King Louis
XV.
The figure by the central master of

Austrian Rococo sculpture once stood on the
bridge columns of Ebergassing Castle, which
Prince Joseph Wenzel von Liechtenstein
converted into a country residence in the mid-
18th century.
https://www.google.com/search?q=Apollo+with+t
he+medallion&sxsrf
Zum Seitenanfang
19th CENTURY SCULPTURE
There are two schools in this period:
1. Neo – Classical School

Depicted perfect human anatomy endowed with
a calm, reflective look.
2. Romantic Realistic School
Depicted realistic figures with psychological
attitudes of the French revolution.
A prominent sculpture in the 19th century was

Auguste Rodin. Auguste Rodin's The Thinker, perhaps
his best-known monumental work, was first conceived
as a depiction of the poet Dante, but soon evolved to
represent all artists in the pivotal act of intellectual
https://www.google.com/search?q=The+Thinker
creation. ,Auguste+Rodin+sculpture&sxsrf
20th CENTURY SCULPTURE
20TH century sculpture was mainly concerned with the human body.
1. Pablo Picasso, the father of abstract sculpture and Julio Gonzales advocated a
regeneration of plastic shapes through geometric organization of the human body. Abstract
sculpture remains tied to biology.
2. Henry Moore and his associates depicted anxiety and terror in their sculpture.
Through this form, the sculptor’s view of life is shown.
3. Alberto Giacometti carved a figure endowed with either action or feeling by using
thinned – out matter rising upward in empty space – the expression of being lost in infinite
nothingness.
4. 1n 1910, a sculpture of geometric shapes emerged. This led to a new tool in sculpture –
the blow. through the presentation of marred and tangled shapes, contemporary sculpture
showed fear and terror.
Monsieur Cactus, Julio

Gonzalez
Courtesy by Wikiart.org.
L'Homme audoigt
(Pointing Man or Man Pointing)

1947 bronze sculpture by Alberto Giacometti,
that became the most expensive sculpture ever
when it sold for US$141.3 million on 11 May
2015.
Courtesy by Wikipedia
In 1963 Moore was invited by the University

of Chicago to make a sculpture commemorating the
first controlled nuclear chain reaction, which had been
conducted at the university in 1942. Nuclear Energy,
which is shown in the photograph, was unveiled in
1967.
This sculpture is a working model for Nuclear

Energy. Moore intended it to suggest ‘a contained
power and force’ appropriate to the subject. Its shape
suggests a human skull and a mushroom cloud. In
1987, the city of Hiroshima, which had been destroyed
by a nuclear bomb in 1945, purchased one of the seven
casts. (Courtesy by Tate org.)
LESSON 3: THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECURE
The beginning of architecture must be placed within the Neolithic Age, the new stone age,
which m lasted roughly from 8000 to 3000 BC. Before the Neolithic Age (Paleolithic and Mesolithic
periods), man used caves for shelter and most probably for religious ceremonies.
ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE

OF
Ancient Greek architecture is essentially columnar and trabeated. The columns taper
towards the top. The effect is a muscular - like human quality of the columns. The spacing of
the columns towards the corners is sometimes narrower, which also makes for a better, dynamic
visual appearance. In elevation, the Greek temple contains of three arts: the platform or
base, the columns, and the superstructure or entablature. The combination of the three parts is
called an architectural order.
Doric order was the earliest of the Greek architectural order. The columns rest on a
three – stepped platform or base. The capital consists of two elements, a lower, called echinus
(circular and cushion – like) and an upper, the abacus (square) that provides the immediate
support of the entablature.
The Doric order is massive and severe in appearance. The Corinthian order was
developed much later, a variant of the Ionic order. It does not consist of volutes but of stylized
acanthus leaves. The Ionian and Corinthian orders were regarded as feminine. The Corinthian
and Ionic order form an inverted bell shape.
There are five orders of classical architecture - Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite
- all named as such in later Roman times. Greek architects created the first three and hugely
influenced the latter two which were composites rather than genuine innovations. (courtesy by
Pinterest)
ETRUSCAN AND ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
The Etruscan house was simple rectangular

structure which grew progressively more complex.
The Etruscan temple was intended to function
primarily as an interior space. It was a place of shelter
protected by the wide overhang of its roof.
Ancient Roman architecture is a combination

of axis and center. The Romans were the first to
develop interior architectural space on a large scale.
The typical Roman values of order, persistence,
tenacity in reaching the goal, superiority over the
barbarians, and the outgoing conquering mentality are
all embodied in the Roman apartment house, the
Colosseum of Flavian Amphitheatre of Rome (70 –
83 AD), the Basilica Ulpia in Rome, the Pantheon, the
Baths of Caracalla, and the Basilica of Maxentius in
Rome. Courtesy by Elam’s Art History
ARCHITECTURE IN THE MEDIEVAL WORLD
The architectural form and style in this era are classified into:
1. Early Christian
2. Islamic Architecture
3. Carolingian, Ottonian, and Romanesque Architecture
4. Gothic Architecture
Early Christian Architecture
Two Types The term early Christian architecture refers to the architecture of the early
Christian churches of the roman era. This is further divided into two building types:
1. Christian Basilica, a rectangular building with an apse for the altar at one end, and as far as
the form is concerned, based on the straight line, interpreted as path; and the martyrium, a
circular building, interpreted as center
Example: Santa Sabina, Santa Costanza, Old St. Peter’s Basilica, and the Church of the Holy
Sepulcher in Jerusalem.
2. Byzantine Architecture is represented by San Vitale Dome and Hagia Sophia. Byzantine
architects created a totally spiritualized space. The dome of heaven served as a point of departure.
The spiritualized space of the dome of heaven is reached only after passing through some
preparatory low and difficulty spaces, symbolizing the necessary persistent effort a Christian must
exert to reach his final destination.
Hagia Sophia
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/22/opinion/hagia-sophia-
mosque.html
Islamic Architecture (850 – 1600 AD)
The most important contribution of Islamic architecture is the development of a new kind of
interior space, using Roman and Byzantine dome as a point of departure. Beside the mosque as the
principal building type of Islam, there were the palace, the tomb, and the fort. Examples of these
types of Islamic architecture are the Great Mosque of Samarra on the Tigris River, the Alhambra
Palace in Granada, Spain, and the Mausoleum Taj Mahal in Agra, India.
Taj Mahal floor plan

Mausoleum Taj Mahal in Agra, India
Carolingian, Ottonian, and Romanesque Architecture (800 – 900 AD)
Carolingian architecture was characterized by an emphasis on the west work, temporal power
of the emperor. The Pope and the emperor join hands in perfect quality. This architecture was
exemplified by St. Michael Church in Fulda, Hesse, Germany.
Ottonian architecture is an architectural style which flourished during the reign of Emperor
Otto the Great (936-975). The style was developed in the mid-10th century and lasted until
the mid-1Ith century. The Ottonian preserves the Carolinian double ended feature with apses
at either end of the church.
Romanesque architecture (100-1200 AD) was characterized by the bay system, cross- or
groin-vaulting, semi-circular arches for the opening in the walls, massive enclosing walls, and
the incorporation of towers into the church building proper.
Three types of church buildings were established during this period:

 pilgrimage churches,
 monastic churches,
 imperial cathedrals.
The prevailing type of Romanesque church was the elongated basilica-type design along the
path.
Examples of Romanesque architecture:
 Cathedral Santiago de Compostela (pilgrimage church),
 Cluny Abbey in France,
 Imperial Cathedral of Germany,
 St Mark's Basilica in Venice, Italy,
 Basilica di Sant'Ambrogio in Milan, Italy,
 Cathedral of Pisa in Tuscany, Italy
Pisa Cathedral is a medieval Roman Catholic cathedral dedicated to the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, in the
Piazza dei Miracoli in Pisa, Italy. It is a notable example of Romanesque architecture, in particular the style known
as Pisan Romanesque. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Pisa.
https://www.encirclephotos.com/image/pisa-cathedral-and-leaning-tower-of-pisa-in-pisa-italy/
Gothic Architecture (1150 – 1500 AD)
The Gothic Age produced just one primary building type, the city cathedral. The features of
the Gothic style are: the pointed arch, the flying buttress, and the rib vault that reflects the
transcendental character of Gothic culture.
The outside of the cathedral is related to the interior space. Towers and spires express the
transcendental character as well.
Gothic architecture is a carved or molded architecture-the press, door jambs, and window
frames of Gothic structure are carved or moulded.
Examples of Gothic architecture:
 Choir of Abbey Church of Saint-Denis,
 Laon Cathedral in Paris,

 Notre Dame de Paris,
 Chartres Cathedral,
 Reims Cathedral, and Amiens Cathedral in France,
 Salisbury Cathedral in England, and
 St. Elizabeth Cathedral in Germany
The Cathedral of St Elisabeth is a Gothic cathedral in Košice. It is Slovakia's largest church and one of the
easternmost Gothic cathedrals in Europe. The record of the existence of Kassa, dating from 1230, is connected with
the existence of the rectory church. According to historical and archaeological sources, the present-day cathedral was
built on the place of an earlier church also consecrated to St Elisabeth of Hungary. It was referred to in documents
of 1283 and 1290, in which the bishop of Eger Andrew II exempted Košice parish from the dean's sphere of
jurisdiction.https://www.google.com/search?q=St.+Elizabeth+Cathedral&oq=St.+Elizabeth+Cathedral&aqs
ARCHITECTURE IN THE MODERN WORLD
Architecture in the Modern World is divided into Renaissance Architecture and Baroque
Architecture.
The Renaissance Architecture in Italy (1420-1600 AD)
The dome is a double shell structure built according to Gothic style.

Spaces and enclosing surfaces are on simple proportional relationships. Basic module utilized
the paneling of white and colored marbles.
Structures follow the system of rectangles and circles.
Renaissance architecture makes man standing in the center of the dome, revealing self-
sufficient individuality of man, acting not by the grace of God, but more by the power of his
own agency.
The structures established during this time were:
 Santo Spirito, Pazzi Chapel,
 Palazzo Medici Riccardi, and Palazzo Rucellai in Florence, Italy
 Basilica of Sant'Andrea in Mantua, Italy.
The Pazzi Chapel is a chapel located in the "first cloister" on the southern flank of the Basilica di Santa
Croce in Florence, Italy. Commonly credited to Filippo Brunelleschi, it is considered to be one of the
masterpieces of Renaissance architecture. https://www.google.com/search?q=pazzi+chapel&sxsrf
Baroque Architecture (1600-1750 AD)
The original meaning of the term "baroque" was odd, irregular, and grotesque.
In 1880, the term lost its derogatory flavor and became associated mainly with the architecture
of Borromini and Guarini. Baroque art grew out of Renaissance art.
The architecture form of the Baroque architecture consists of two centers and a path
connecting them. One center, the interior, is located under the tomb and is occupied by the
main altar. The other center, the exterior is made up of the obelisk. The path connects the
exterior and interior space of the facade.
Both centers, interior and exterior, convey the meaning of goal, of arrival, arrival at the end
of a pilgrimage, and final arrival at the end of our life-path under the dome of heaven.
This type of architecture is exemplified by:
 St. Peter's Basilica and San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane in Rome
 Royal Church of San Lorenzo in Turin, Italy.
San Lorenzo, also known as the Royal Church of Saint Lawrence, is a Baroque-style church in Turin,
adjacent to the Royal Palace of Turin. The present church was designed and built by Guarino Guarini during
1668–1687 https://www.google.com/search?q=Royal+Church+in+Turin&sxsrf.
ARCHITECTURE IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
Contemporary architecture is characterized by the use of industrial material especially steel,

glass and concrete deprived of ornamentation and assembled so as to form simple geometric
volumes freely laid out in space.
The development of architecture prior to the international style includes:
 Romanticism (1750-1850 AD) and beyond;
 Architecture of the Engineers (I 1800-1900 AD);
 Architecture of the Chicago School;
 Architecture of Art Nouveau;
 Architecture of Pioto-Rationalism;
 Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright up to 1914.
Architecture of Romanticism
The architecture of Romantic Classicism was more linear, stiffer, geometrically more regular,
and more academic than its Italian counterparts. Romantic Naturalism expressed freedom
from rules and an escape from the harsh rigor of reason into the world of intuition and the
natural. The forms of the architecture of Romantic Naturalism is not linear but spatial, more
painterly, and picturesque. The use of natural materials was favored.
The architecture of Romanticism remained essentially lifeless. The indiscriminate use of
forms from the past without concern for function and technique made these forms devoid of
meaning. Examples of Romantic architecture are the Guardian of the Fields at Ledoux, and
German Embassy in Petersburg, and the Street Facade of Altes Museum.
The architecture of the Engineers such as bridges, railroad stations, and large halls for work
and exhibitions were the first to exhibit new ideas and paved the way for contemporary
architecture. This new architecture was made possible through the availability of new building
materials, iron and steel, that revolutionized the whole building industry.
Examples of the architecture of Engineers are the Severn Bridge of England and Wales and
the bridges over the Mena Strait.
The Altes Museum was Berlin's first museum and

the nucleus of the Museum Island. It was built
between 1823 and 1830 by the architect Karl
Friedrich Schinkel. Being one of the most
important examples of neo-classical architecture,
the Altes Museum was trend-setting well into the
20thcentury.
https://www.google.com/search?q=street+facade+of+altes+museum+was+fo
unded+in&oq
The former Embassy of Germany in Saint

Petersburg is considered the earliest and most
influential example of Stripped Classicism. It
was built to house the diplomatic mission of the
German Empire in Saint Petersburg, the capital
of the Russian Empire.
https://www.google.com/search?q=german+embassy+in+saint+peter
sburg+russia&sxsrf=
S. R. Crown Hall, designed by the German-

American Modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der
Rohe, is the home of the College of Architecture at
the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago,
Illinois.
https://www.google.com/search?q=crown+hall+chicago&sxsrf=
Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower proved that the new materials iron and steel produced by industry could
convey architectural meanings and values better than the old traditional materials of stone and
wood.
The Eiffel Tower embodies the triumph of man over the forces of nature. It symbolizes high
achievement of man-that he can conquer, subdue, and control nature using these new
materials.
Contemporary architecture comes to a first climax and synthesis in the Architecture of the
International Style, which some call the Architecture of Rationalism and Functionalism.
The architecture of the International Style was, above all, characterized by the spirit of
functionalism which believed architectural forms expressed the functions well, and as such,
were good forms.
The architects of the International Style showed a seemingly genuine concern for the
emotional and physical well-being of men. Urban planning was intended to provide a healthy
city environment.
Famous architects from this period were Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, and Mies.
Some of the buildings constructed during this era are the Bauhaus Building in Germany,
Tugendhat House in Czech Republic, the Villa Savoye in France, and Centennial Hall and
Einstein Tower in Germany.
It’s probably the world’s most over-exposed

landmark. La dame de fer, as Parisians would
have it, or “The Iron Lady,” has become an iconic
symbol of Paris, even more recognizable than
much older landmarks like Notre Dame de Paris.
It has also become a global symbol of travel. It is
an oddly industrial tribute to a city that prides
itself more on culture, history, and tradition. It is
named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose
company designed and built the tower
https://www.google.com/search?q=eiffel+tower+in+paris&sxsrf
By day, the Eiffel Tower is a focal point of the Paris

The Einstein Tower is an astrophysical skyline. Set amidst parkland in downtown Paris right
observatory in the Albert Einstein Science Park next to the Seine, it becomes a spring outdoor
in Potsdam, Germany built by architect Erich meeting place. By night, it’s a brilliantly illuminated
Mendelsohn. It was built on the summit of the beacon that shimmers in the hourly light show. Paris
Potsdam Telegraphenberg to house a solar is, after all, known as the City of Light.
telescope designed by the astronomer Erwin
Finlay-Freundlich.
https://www.google.com/search?q=einstein+tower&sxsrf
EXPLAIN
In this phase of your module you are going to recall and analyze the theories presented about the
history and development of art.
How well do you understand this Module? Express yourself by answering the following
questions:
1. What is the importance of art from the prehistoric to the contemporary society?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the subject matter of Renaissance painting?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. What were given emphasis during the golden age of Greek sculpture?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. What does the Eiffel tower in Paris stand for?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
ELABORATE
Congratulations! You are done reading the history and development of art. I want you to elaborate
the given questions below.
Questions:
1. Is nature an art? Explain your views in no more than 10 sentences.
Write down your explanation
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
B. List down five characteristics of a beautiful art. Defend your answer.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
EVALUATION
ENRICHMENT EXCERCISES
This portion of your evaluation culminates the big ideas learned from the module and I want
you to connect these ideas to your personal life by accomplishing the given task.
Visit the church in your hometown and take pictures of its structure
then identify the architectural design.
Pictures
Caption:
Pictures
CAPTION
Congratulations! For
finishing module 3. You
can proceed reading
Module 4
REESOURCES
A. Books
Leano, Roman D., Jr. and Agatani Jenny Marsha B. (2018). Art Appreciation for College Students.
Copyright. Mindshapers Co., Inc. Intramuros, Manila Philippines
Ariola, Mariano M. (2014). Introduction to Art Appreciation: A textbook in Humanities, Second
Edition. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City, Manila Philippines .
Pictures Attribute:
Altamira Cave Paintings: https://www.touropia.com/prehistoric-cave-paintings/

Pre – historic Greek painting; https://www.google.com/search?q=sample+prehistoric+greek+painting&sxsrf
Etruscan painting Three Musicians https://www.google.com/search?q=etruscan+painting&sxsrf
Roman period painting: https://www.google.com/search?q=famous%20roman%20paintings
Chinese figure paintinghttps://www.google.com/search?q=chinese+figure+painting&sxsrf
Chinese landscape painting: https://www.artistsnetwork.com/art-mediums/watercolor/chinese-landscape-

painting/
Chinese Jar Zhou Dynasty: https://www.google.com/search?q=Bronze+Jar+Zhou+Dynasty
Chinese Bronze Image: https://www.google.com/search?q=chinese+bronze+image
Jade in ancient China: https://www.google.com/search?q=jade+in+ancient+china&sxsrf
Song dynasty ceramic: https://www.google.com/search?q=Classical+ae+of+chinese+ceramic&tbm
Japanese handscroll painting:https://www.openculture.com/2016/01/splendid-hand-scroll-illustrations-of-

the-tale-of-the-genjii.html
Japaners screen painting: https://www.google.com/search?q=japanese+screen+painting&sxsrf
Mary painting: https://www.google.com/search?q=Early+christian+art+Mary&tbm=isch&ved
Christ painting:https://www.google.com/search?q=byzantine+period+paintings&tbm=isch&ved
Creation of Adam painting: https://fineartamerica.com/featured/the-creation-of-adam-michelangelo-.html
Peter Paul Ruben painting : https://spokenvision.com/peter-paul-rubens-one-greatest-baroque-painters/
The Embarkation: https://www.invaluable.com/blog/rococo-painting/
Mt. Fuji Painting : https://www.google.com/search?q=mt+fuji+painting+hokusai&tbm

Module 3 History and Development of Art Repaired

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 3 History and Development of Art Repaired

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 3 History and Development of Art Repaired

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DR. JEAN RACHEL A.

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

 Pinpoint the underlying history and philosophy of the movements;

In two minutes, write down words connected with

Questions for Discussion

1. Of all the words written on the board, what is most common?

3. What does these words signifies?

LESSON 1: THE DEVELOPMENT OF PAINTING

A. PRE- HISTORIC PAINTING (40,000 BC – 9000

PRE- HISTORIC PAINTING

Discovered in the late 19th century,

PRE – HISTORIC GREEK PAINTING

Pre – historic Greek Art was seen in four

1. Formative or Pre - Greek Period

PRE – HISTORIC ROMAN PAINTING

Pre – historic Roman Art encompassed

1. Etruscan period (2000 – 1000 BC)

Art in these periods served the cult of

CHINESE ART AND PAINTING

Earliest Chinese painting was ornamental, not representational. It consisted of patterns or

Bronze Jar Zhou Dynasty Chinese Bronze Image

Jade is a hard, beautiful stone that was

The classical age of Chinese ceramics is the

Beginning in the 900’s paintings with

Screen painting is often thought of as one

B. PAINTING IN THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

Art Classification during Medieval Period

EARLY BYZANTINE GOTHIC

EARLY CHRISTIAN PAINTING

Subject matters of art in this

Gothic paintings were religious,

Franco – Flemich painting came

C. PAINTING IN THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD

The Renaissance is divided into three periods:

1. Early Renaissance (14th - 15th century)

The Creation of Adam, Michaelangelo

D. PAINTING IN THE BAROQUE PERIOD

The famous painters in this period include

Woodblocks were first used in Japan to

The artists Hokusai and Hiroshige

Japan has one of the oldest ceramic

H. 19TH CENTURY PAINTING (MODERN ART)

STARRY NIGHT, VINCENT VAN GOGH

LESSON 2: THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCULPTURE

A. PRE – HISTORIC SCULPTURE

1. First Dynasty Period

The form of Egyptian sculpture are palettes

Pre – historic Greek sculpture had gone through

Pre – historic Roman sculpture portrayed

Byzantine sculpture is classified into two:

1. Early Byzantine Sculpture

Romanesque sculpture gave

Gothic statues of human figure were

Renaissance sculpture is divided into three

1. Early Renaissance Sculpture

Baroque sculpture started in 17th

Rococo sculpture, being highly ornate

The figure by the central master of

19th CENTURY SCULPTURE

There are two schools in this period: