Aim : To identify the functic Apparatus Required : Test HOH, FeCls. State: Solid Colour: White Odour: ‘Vinegar Like Flammability: Burn with non sooty flame (Aliphatic) Preliminary test S.no._ | Experiment 1 Litmus test : Litmus solution turns from Organic compound + 2 drops of litmus solution. | blue to red. 2 (Organic compound + NaHCO; solution. Colourless, odorless gas with brisk effervescence. Confirmatory test : ‘S.no. | Experiment Observation | Inference 1 | Ester test Fruity smell of O Organic compound + | ester i C3HjOH + cone. HS, + Heat ne aed ; confirmed, 2 | FeCh Test: Organic | Red colour ° compound + dil FeCl, | appear i) solution. oe Nee confirmed Chemical Reaction: NaHCO Test : RCOOH + NatiCO, —>RCOONa+CO, T+ HO Easter Test: RCOOH + R- OH“ RCOOR + HO 180 (Fruity smell ester) FeCl, Test : RCOOH + NH\OH —> RCOONa RCOONa + HO ——> Ammoniac salt (Soluble) RCOONH, + FeCl; ——> (RCOO), Fe + 3NH,CI (RCOO,)Fe + HO —> Fe(OH) (R COO), + RCOOH Basic ferric acetate. Result : The functional group present in the given organic compound is carboxylic acid / o i |- ¢ - on a‘Aim : To identify the functional group in the given organ Apparatus Required ; Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, metal, dil HpSOy, CH\COOH, Physical Properties: State: Liquid Colour: Colourless Odour: Spirit Like Water Solubility: Soluble in Water Flammability: Burn with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic) Preliminary test : S.no._| Experiment Observation oi Organic compound + blue litmus solution. No change es ‘group absent 2 Organic compound + dil HCI + NaOH No ppl. or oily layer ~ NHL erp. Absent F 3 ‘Organic comp + Na metal H, gas evolved ~OH (alcohol) Group may | be Confirmatory test : S.no. | Experiment Observation | Inference 1 Cerric ammonium nitrate _ | Red colour - OH group. Test confirmed Organic compound + cerric: ammonium nitrate 2 Ester Test : Fruity smell of | - OH erp. Organic compound + ester. confirmed CH,COOH + Cone. H,SO, (12 drops) + Heat. ‘Chemical reaction : 1 Na Metal test : - 2ROH + 2Na~ OH —>2RONa + H, T 2 CERRIC AMMONIUM NITRATE TEST : 2ROH + (NH,), Ce(NO,), —>(ROH) , Ce(NO,), +2NH, NO, (Red Colour) 3 Easter Test ROH +R COOH > RCOOR + H,O Alcohol acid ester ‘The functional group present in organic compound is alcohol group (OH). Resulls Appar Regret: Test tube, test ube sland, est te holder, dropper Ii Phthalic anhydride, Con. H;SO,, NaOH. _ Physical Properties: : Solid oe White Odour: Phenolic Smell Water Solubility: Water insoluble Flammability: ‘Bur with non-sooty flame (Aromatic) Preliminary test : Sno. | Experiment ‘Observation ; 1 | Organic compound + blue | Blue litmus turn | -COOH or litmus solution. Red phenolic ~ (OH) maybe 2 __ | NaHCO, test No effervescence | - COOH absent Organic compound + Phienolic group Nal1CO, solution ‘may be Confirmatory test: Sino. | Experiment ‘Observation | Taference a 1 [FeCl Test Green blue or | Phenolic ( OF) ; Organic compound + FeCl | violet ‘group. confirmed ’ colouration 4 [2 Phinatictest: Intense green__| Phenol (OF) grp. ‘Organic compound + blue orred | Confirmed pthalic acid'+ 2-3 drops | colouration H,SO, + then cool and dil. NaOH. ‘Chemical Reaction Confirmative test : FeCl, test 3C, H,OH+ FeCl, —> Fe(OC, H,), + 3HCI (Ferric peroxide ) Cd Oe COS oO C) ©) Maes (Viole) he given organic comp. contains phenolic OH) erpere ile sokilon, Schiff reagent. se "Liquid feaisare Colourless Odour: Bungent Soluble in Water ‘Water Solubility: Flammabil Burm with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic) Preliminary test ‘S.no._| Experiment Observation Inference Th [Orga conpoand Hoe Ro charge -COOHo litmus solution. phenolic group absent 2) ‘Organic compound + ‘No ppt or oily NH; gup._ ‘NaOH+ dil HCI layer Absent 3 ‘Organic comp +2 ml of 2, | Orange—red ppt. | - CHO or ketonic 4 DNP shake & allow it to ~ group present. stand. Confirmatory test : | Sno. _| Experiment Observation Inference 1 ‘Schiff's solution test : Pink colour -CHO group present Organic compound + 2 ml of Schiff's reagent. Obtained 2 Fehling’s solution test : Organic compound + | Red ppt. ~ CHO ggp present. Febling’s solution (A + B) + boil in a water bath ‘Chemical reaction : ‘ Prema te DZD DNE St: at —n, NHON=CH-R RCH + ©) = C) ri i | NG. ‘No, (2,4 DNP) (aldchyde — 2, 4 dil nitro phenyl hydrazone) (Orange — red ppt) ») —Confirmatory Test: Cu(OH), pee H,O R-CHO+2Cu1O—+ Cu,0+ R- COOH (Red ppi) R-CHO+ 2Cu* + 50H —+ RCOO” + Cu,0+3H,O Result : Given organic compound contains aldehydic grp. ( aa 10)EXPERIMENT - 21 Aim : To identify the functional group in present inthe given organic compound. Apparatus Required : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper, litmus solution, 2,4 DNP, dil HCI, NaOH, Sodium, nitro pruside, meta dnitro benzene Properties: State: Liquid Colour: Colourless Odour: Nall paint remover like Water Solubility: Water soluble Flammability Bum with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic) Preliminary test: S.no, Experiment Observation Inference 1] Organic compound + blue litmus | No change =COOH or: solution phenolic group absent 2 | Organic compound + NaOH+ dil [No ppt orolly | - NH; gup. HCI layer: Absent 3 | Organic comp +2 ml of 2, 4 DNP | Orange—red ppt._| - CHO or ketonic shake & allow itto stand = group present Confirmatory test: S.no. Experiment [Observation | Inference 1 Organic compound + sodium nitro prusside +2 | Red colour or wine | -CHO group present =3 drops of NaOH and shake ted colour 2 (Organic compound + Meta dinit Violet colour which | Ketonic grp confirmed. NaOH fades on standing. ‘Chemical reaction : 1 Preliminary test : (2,4 DNP test iS NH.—NH, NH.-N = C R | | R \ NO; C=0+4 1 R hiofKetone 2, 4 dinitropheny b- Confirmatory test (Sodium Nitroprousside Test : oO \ CH,- C -CH,+OH —+CH,COCHS [Fe(cm,NO} +cH, C - Nos >to C hyfeyone) +H,O Result : Given organic compound contains Ketonic group (>C = 0)EXPERIMENT ~ 22 Aim : To study carbohydrates in pure form of detect its presence in food. Appeartus required : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, burner etc. a Theory : Carbohydrates are Polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones, their derivatives which yield them on hydrolysis carbohydrates are classified as sugars and non sugars. Sugars I and cane sugar are crystalline. Among sugars, glucose, fructose and lactose are reducing Sugar. Test : Experiment Observation T_ | Conc. H,SO, test: Charring with ‘Sample + burnt sugar Conc. H»SO, + Heat smell. 2 | Molisch test : Reddish purple ‘Aq, Solution of sample + 2 | ring in formed drops of 1% a naphthol at the junction + conc. H,SOs. of 2 layers 3. | Fehling solution test : Red ppl Reading Sample solution + 1 m/of Sugar persent febling A + 1 m/of Febling B +A 4 | Tollens reagent : Silver mirror is_ | Reducing sugar present. Aq. Solution of sample +2 | formed along m/of Tollens eagent + A the surface of test tube, 5 | Benedit’s Solution test: Red ppt Reducing sugar present ‘Aq solution of sample + Benedict's reagent + Heat 6 | Todine test : Violet colour | Starch is present. Sample Solution + few drops of iodine solution Result : Carbohydrates is present.EXPERIMENT - 23 ‘Aim : To study fat in pure form and to detect into presence in given food sample. Apparatus required ; Test tube stand, test tube holder, burner etc. Theory : Fats and oil are esters of long chain fatty acids and glycerol ant ay 8 saturated fatty acids while oil contain unsaturated fatty acids. Test : \d thus also called glycerides. Fats conta S.no. EB ixperiment Observation Inference 1 ‘Spot Test : Put a small amount of ‘Translucent spot Fat is present. Take a few drops of sample in a test tube. Add few drops of potassium bisulphite to it and Heat. appears due to the form of acrolein vapours, ‘sample on a filter paper and press | appears on the filter with another filter paper paper Acrolein test : Irritating smell Fat is present Solubility test : Take a small amount of sample in 3 test tubes. Add water, alcohol and chloroform in 1, 2, 3 test tube respectively. Sample does not dissolve in H,0 but is soluble in alcohol on heating and soluble in chloroform. Fat is present Result : Fat is present.EXPERIMENT ~ 24 Aim : To study proteins from sample and detect their presence in food sample. Apparatus required : Test tube stand, test tube holder, glass rod, burner etc, Theory : Proteins are high molecular mass, long chain polymers composed of « amino acid. Amino acid molecule that have both -NH; and -COOH group. Test : S.no. Experiment Observation Inference 1 Biuret test: Sample +NaOH+ | Bluish violet colour | Protein is present Dil CuSO, solution appears 2 ‘Xanthoprotein test : ‘Yellow ppt. Protein is present Sample + few drops of conc.HNOs +A 3. Million’s test : White ppt Protein is present Sample + 2 drops of millions which changes to reagent + A brick red on boiling 4. Ninhydrin test : Blue colour appear __| Protein is present Protein sample + Few drops of ninhydrin solution + Boil the contents for 1 minute Result : Protein is present.