Let’s Get started S Look at the pictures given below and answer the questions that follow, (a) At what time do you wake up in the morning? (b) At what time do you get ready for school? (c) How long does it take to reach your school? (d) How long is each period in your school? a ————— (©) At what time do you come back home? 3 (f) At what time do you go to bed? Is time measurement necessary in our life? What will tg i is i happen to of the activities that we do on a routine basis in the absence of time mee post i it will be d things” time, such as, waking up, getting dres : difficult for us to do sed and 80ing to school on time.le moon and revolution of mir, & Eihe €vents such as sunrise and sunset, ‘arth to measure time, fal between one sunrise to ion of the Clock srogressed, the need to measure time intervals much shorter than a day was ved the way for the evolution of clocks. Many devices have been invented e time. The study of these devices as well as the study and measurement of led horology. Some instruments he measurement of short intervals discussed below: sundial has a circular plate with lar metallic plate called gnomon .d as n6d-man) fixed at its centre, an angle (Fig. 12.1). The device is Fig, 12.1: Sundial pen sunlight in such a way that g n points in the north-south ion. The shadow of gnomon on the r plate indicates the time. drawback of using 2 sundial is that notbeused during nighttime days when there are no sunrays fallin; i ime at : The Greeks invented water: ‘clocks to measure time at s based on the rising and falling fa liquid column. Time 3 ‘by the: regulated flow ‘of liquid into or out ofa vessel. The water clocks was that they required regular monitoring ate of flow: of water would vary with temperature (Fig. 12.2). A sand clock is also known as an hourglass. It es the passage of a few minutes or an hour of time. eee Gnomon OE gon the device.EE i are| ted trickle ss bulbs a emotes, itcanbe are ornamental A sand clock has two vertical gla b of sand from top to bottom. Once the top hourglasses inverted to begin timing again. These ee ard games (Fig. 12.3) or used as egg timers for cooking and for is based dulum clock is base: Pendulum clock: As the name suggests, aPENAT is and on a pendulum. Let us first understand what 4 pent then learn how it is used in pendulum clocks. Asimple pendulum has a metallic bob suspended from a rigid stand by a thread. The rest position of the bob is called the mean position or equilibrium position. When displaced, the bob of the pendulum undergoes a ‘to-and-fro motion’. The pendulum is said to have completed one oscillation when the bob moves from one extreme position (A) to the other (B) and back (Fig. 12.4). The time taken by the pendulum to complete one oscillation is called the time period. The time period of a simple pendulum varies with the length of the thread, but does not vary with the mass of the bob or with the distance of the bob from the mean position (for small distances). The oscillations of a simple pendulum are periodic, that is, they repeat themselves at fixed intervals. Such a motion is called periodic motion. In pendulum clocks, the periodic motion of a pendulum is used to move the hand, which indicates the time. The pendulum in a pendulum clock swings continuously under the influence of ‘wound up springs (or batteries) and controls the action of its hands. Equilibrium position Fig. 12.4: Pendulum Saasstancy of time period of a pendulum d; Retort stand, string measuring et cork, pendulum weights of and stopwatch pendulum using the retort stand, 9 and the string. Use the split rubber cork nsion point of the retort stand so that s suspended firmly. Make sure that it 4 | . “Extreme: Extreme P Become sition position SiMe? ent pimeperod ly ich ready. Pull the bob a little left from the mean position and hold. ob gently and start the stopwatch ne taken for five oscillations. trials. vation and tabulate your readings. 2 taken by the pendulum remains constant. clock: With the invention of quartz crystal in 1921 and srtz clock in 1927, timekeeping accuracy was highly ‘Agquartz timepiece can keep time ‘accurately to about one second every 10 years. : ic clock is a device that uses an er Paeneanchcy in the ultraviolet region of ‘the Bacto peri ofatoms as the standard. Atomic clocks agnet most accurate timekeeping devices (Fig. 12.6). I etornicclocs are consider so Guyioes,atomiccocis being more course quartzclocks. Fig. 12.6: Atomic clock locks. Their working is based on the radiation released byN —_ Units of Time ¢ ime-measuring devices, the With new inventions and developments in Ue pe nae a ae fan hou ny, measurement of time could be taken beyond a day ang second. The SI unit of time is second. f i its is given below: The relationship between various time-measuring units is gi i = onds 1 day = 24 hours, 1 hour = 60 minutes and 1 minute = 60 sec i xample, it j, Different units of time are used based on the requirement. For example, it js 8PPropriate to mentio; mn the age of a person in years, the time for short travellin, distances in hours and the running time of an athlete in minutes or seconds, 7 days =1 week 4 weeks = 1 month ks which can 12 months = 1 year Ad These clocks are 10 years = 1 decade 4 Sasa o 10 decades =1 millennium SLOW AND FAST MOTION Figure 12.7 shows some vehicles moving ona road in Spon the same direction, Among these vehicles, which is the i] fastest and the slowest? Pesconds ‘The distance moved by an objectina given intervaloftime os or the time taken for covering a fixed distance will help us cir] a! decide whether a vehicle is moving faster or slower Therefore, vehicle D moves the fast distance of 500 m in 19 seco; slowest as it covers the sams 9 seconds ‘est as it covers the nds and vehicle B ™moves the e distance in 25, seconds, I Startingline —_Finishinglin¢ Initial and final Speed The distance covered by a body in unit time is called speed, Speed = Distance travelled _ Time takenn/h to m/s, the value needs to be multiplied by es = C=. a A fighter jet aircraft can travel at a speed 3600 - of about 2400 km/h (666.6 m/s), which is «almost 2.35 times the speed of sound. a i speedometer console, which consists ne es odometer. The speedometer Speedometer Bae instantaneous speed of the vehicle while a ae displays the distance travelled (Fig. 12.8). Odaetar odom: Fig. 12.8: Speedometer console j viform and Non-Uniform Speed me vehicles moving on the road. Do they cover equal distances in equal er if time? You will find that vehicles keep changing their speed throughout vi pe “motion. Vehicles generally do not move with a constant speed. their Ovoi i jowever small it j Ifan object covers equal distances in equal intervals of ee os pa t i) ng Said to be moving with uniform speed or constant oe en i _ distances in equal intervals of time or equal iste Re iment said to be moving with non-uniform speed 0 varying — In daily life, it is rare to find any object moving with aconstant speed, and soy), calculate the average speed of the objects in motion. Total distance travelled Total distance — Average Total time taken [Distance (metres) | Time (secon. DISTANCE—TIME GRAPH 0 pee The distance travelled and time taken can be 5 presented in many forms. The simplest of all 10 isa table as shown alongside: 45 The data given in the table above can also be presented as a line graph shown alongside. A line graph is drawn by plotting the data into X- and Y- axes and joining the points. In the line graph shown here, the distance covered has been taken on the Y-axis and the timetaken to cover that distance on the X-axis. gt If an object is stationary (that is, at rest) with respect to 5 time, then we get a horizontal line (parallel to the time axis) on the distance-time graph. Time increases to the right, but distance does not change (Fig. 12.9 (a)). 0 Time If an object is moving at a steady speed, it covers equal distances over equal intervals of time. Time increases to the right and distance increases Steadily with time. This's the condition of uniform speed. The distance-time graph for uniform motion givesa straight line (Fig. 12.9 (b)). If an object is moving with varying speed, it covers un. intervals of time. Time increases to the right and dist: with time. This is the condition of non-uniform speed. The distance-time graph fora non-uniform motion is a curve ——. Time (Fig. 12.9 (c)). (@) Stationary object equal distances for equal lance increases unsteadily Distance Distance Distance Time Time ©) Objectmoving with _(c) object mvs uniform speed non-unifor Fig. 12.9: Distance-time graphle graph ne graph, follow the steps given below: ings. 1 sheet, draw X-axis and Y-axis. Name X-axis as ‘Distance’ and Y-axis e values appropriately for distance and time on the graph. he tabular column and identify the points on the graph where the body ain a distance ata particular time. Do the same for all the values of time. Bs & : Distance (m) e correct option for each of the following. vyels with a uniform speed of 60 km/h. What would be the time ‘the car to travel a distance of 180 km? (@ 3h @4n Total time p) Total Distance (@) None of these a Jpas to cover 20 km in 2h. What should be his speed? (b) 20 km/h (c) 1/10 km/h (@) 40km/hSi unit Motion of objects Distance-time graph comparing represented by for unitorm speed is aEXERCisE ct option for each of speed is Bo (b) km/h ae following formulae isused t the following, (©) km/min 'o calculate distance? (4) m/min (b) Speed x Time (4) 1/(Time x Speed) f the following devices was invented by the Greeks to measure the time at ndial (b) Hourglass (c) Waterclock (d) Atomic clock tance-time graph for an object at rest is: 5 y Distance oistance Oistance i () 0 mm @) house. The distance of his 0 minutes to reach his school from his taut! is 1.2 km. What is his speed during this journey? 2m/s (b) 2km/min (0) 20 m/min (@) 20km/n lanks using the correct option. oo atv S ieee pendulum to complete one oscillation is called ue "(epeed/time period) fa simple pendulum is obj .d at the free end of the string o! Bence cnectet - (bob/gnomon) eaistance moved by an object mactenna i calerusrsnaeunsron Ge, istance pe aa completes 15 oscillations in 30 seconds. The time period of simple pen is seconds. (2/30) eels se erlico A dae an object in motion is constant, such a motion is called ifthe speedo " (uniform/non-uniform) ther the following statements are true (1) or false (F). te whe dy in unit time. gistance covered by abo at is the iform motion is always a curve. e-time graph for uni "The distane fy 5S." YF PONE yop Daw PoaRYN timekeeping. a i ‘or q Sundials could notbe used a Pig" a used to make clocks and watches ‘ has L Periodic motion of a pendulum i rms. . Define the following te Bee on Day 4 . ‘ 4, Speet ae Be speed . Horology Give reasons for the following. ; i, The time period of a given simple pendulum is cons Sundial cannot be used onacloudydayoratmight. = In our day-to-day life, it is rare to find an object moving goth ggotant speed The distance-time graph for uniform motion gives a pazient pee: Acar is moving with a speed of 25 m/s and and a bus is moving with a Speed of 90 km/h. Both the vehicles are moving with the same speed. Answer the following questions briefly. Graphically represent the nature of the distance-time graph of motion of the given objects. (a) Anathlete running with constant speed () A train waiting ata station for another train to pass by A water clock is better for measuring time than a sundial. Why? Differentiate between Periodic and non-periodic motion With examples. Define speed. Mention the SI unit of speed, - Answer the following questions in detail, (a) The length ofa simple end isi ae ie pendulum is increased, What happens to its time What is distance-time graph? wh, body in the following cases? Repr (a) The body is at rest (b) The body is moving with co nstant g) eed () The body is moving with va ‘ tying speed