Lecture 11 - Approximate Method

Structural Engineering 1
(ENGR2842 and ENGR8862)

Semester 2, 2020
Lecture 11 – Approximate Method
Dr Aliakbar Gholampour
Lecture overview
• Static indeterminacy
• Degree of indeterminacy
• Point of contraflexure
• Application of Approximate Method
– Beams
– Frames
• Portal Frame analysis
• Portal Truss analysis
2
Static indeterminacy
• Statically indeterminate members or structures can not be solved
by static equations alone (i.e., ΣFx = 0, ΣFy = 0 and ΣM = 0).
Statically determinate
No. of unknown reactions = 3
No. of equations = 3
Statically indeterminate
No. of unknown reactions = 6
No. of equations = 3
3
Background
• Up until the early part of the 20th century statically indeterminate
structures were avoided as they were difficult to analyse.
• Statically determinate structures were preferred as their behaviour was
considered to be more predictable.
• Modern methods of analysis have led to statically indeterminate
structures being the standard for construction today.
4
Pros and Cons
• Advantages of indeterminacy
– Savings in materials (reduced internal loads)
– More rigid structures (deflection control)
– More attractive with seamless connections
– Greater redundancy
• Disadvantages of indeterminacy
– Increased difficulty in design and analysis
– Interference from adjacent members – i.e. support settlement causes loads to
be redistributed
5
Degrees of indeterminacy
• Degree of indeterminacy (DOI) = number of unknown reactions –
number of equations.
• Statically determinate structures have a DOI of zero or less.
DOI = 2 – 3 = -1
i.e. statically determinate
(but unstable, move)
DOI = 3 – 3 = 0 DOI = 4 – 3 = 1
i.e. statically determinate i.e. statically indeterminate
6
Example 1
• How many degrees of
indeterminancy (DOIs) do the
following members have? 2
3
4 5
7
Example 1
***Solution explained by hand***
See lecture video for explanation
8
Point of contraflexure
• In a structural member, a point of contraflexure is a location
where the bending moment changes from positive to negative
(where the BMD crosses the x-axis)
• At this location the internal bending (M) = 0 so only axial and
shear forces are being resisted internally (as hinge)
• Knowing M = 0 at these locations helps us analyse statically
indeterminate structures
(Terminology note: A ‘point of contraflexure’ is when M = 0,
an ‘inflection point’ is when V = 0)
9
• Example:
(Statically indeterminate)
SFD (kN)
BMD (kNm)
10
• To help with analysis of statically indeterminate structures we can replace
points of contraflexure with hinges. Hinges, resist axial and shear forces
but no moment. For example:
Place hinge at point of contraflexure and analyse sections separately
V
≡ A + A
V
(beam from previous example)
Statically indeterminate Statically determinate
11
Assumptions for Approximate Analysis
• Approximate method of
analysis for beams
Hinges at 0.21L
Hinges at 0.1L
12
Assumptions for Approximate Analysis
L
Blue = fully fixed ends

Red = partially fixed ends
Black = pinned ends
(Fully fixed ends resist a higher

BMD (kNm) moment at the connection. A
pinned end connection resists
zero moment)
0.1L
0.21L
13
Example 2
• Solve the member end reactions for the following beam which
has a fully rigid connection with the columns.
• L = 6 m and w = 5 kN/m
14
Example 2
15
Example 3
• Determine the internal moments just to the right of H and just
to the left of G
16
Example 3
17
Lateral loading on frames
• The loads considered so far have
been vertical and only applied to
beams. The approximate method of
analysis can also be applied to
statically indeterminate frames
with lateral loads if we follow the
same assumptions and procedures.
18
Deflected shapes
In statically indeterminate
frames, analysing deflected
shapes allows us to identify
where locations of points
of contraflexure occur
Pinned support frame Fixed support frame
19
Assumptions for analysis
• For laterally loaded portal frames and trusses the following
assumptions can be applied:
– Hinges exist at half beam length
– Hinges exist at half column height for fix end portal frames
– Exterior columns resist 1V, whereas interior columns resist 2V.
60 kN
60 kN
3m
2m 2m 2m
ΣFx = 0, so V = 10 kN
20
Portal Frames
Pin end portal frame

21
Portal Frames
Fix end portal frame

22
Portal Trusses
Fix end portal truss

23
Example 4
6m 4.5 m
67.5 kN
Using the portal frame A B C
analysis method, 3.6 m
approximately determine the 112.5 kN

D E F
forces in each member of the
3.6 m
following frame
G H I
24
Example 4
25
Example 5
• Using the approximate method,
determine the forces acting in the
members of the following portal truss
26
Example 5
27
Take home message
• Degree of indeterminacy (DOI) = number of unknown reactions –
number of equations.
• Points of contraflexure (hinge) occur at:
– 0.21L for fully fixed beams with a vertical UDL
– 0.1L for partially fixed beams with a vertical UDL
– 0.5L (beams) and 0.5H (columns) for portal frames with lateral loads
– 0.5H (columns) for portal trusses with lateral loads
• Columns in a portal frame or truss contribute to the following
shear forces:
– Internal columns = 2V, external columns = 1V (V is shear force)
28
Next week session
• Next week on Wednesday 28/Oct at 3-5pm,
we run a special face-to-face session in Main
Lecture Theater 1.
• In that session, companies talk about
opportunities and placement.
• I will do exam revision as well!
29

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Structural Engineering 1

(ENGR2842 and ENGR8862)

***Solution explained by hand***

See lecture video for explanation

Statically indeterminate Statically determinate

Blue = fully fixed ends

(Fully fixed ends resist a higher

***Solution explained by hand***

See lecture video for explanation

***Solution explained by hand***

See lecture video for explanation

Pinned support frame Fixed support frame

Pin end portal frame

Fix end portal frame

Fix end portal truss

approximately determine the 112.5 kN

***Solution explained by hand***

See lecture video for explanation

***Solution explained by hand***

See lecture video for explanation

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