MODULE 4 Cognitive

MODULE 4
LEARNING
Learning: Definition, Characteristics and Types of Learning in Psychology
The process of learning is continuous which starts right from the time of birth of an
individual and continues till the death. We all are engaged in the learning endeavours in order
to develop our adaptive capabilities as per the requirements of the changing environment.
For a learning to occur, two things are important:
1. The presence of a stimulus in the environment and

2. The innate dispositions like emotional and instinctual dispositions.
A person keeps on learning across all the stages of life, by constructing or reconstructing
experiences under the influence of emotional and instinctual dispositions.
Psychologists in general define Learning as relatively permanent behavioural modifications

which take place as a result of experience. This definition of learning stresses on three
important elements of learning:
▪ Learning involves a behavioural change which can be better or worse.

▪ This behavioural change should take place as a result of practice and experience.
Changes resulting from maturity or growth cannot be considered as learning
▪ This behavioural change must be relatively permanent and last for a relatively long
time enough.
John B Watson is one amongst the first thinkers who has proven that behavioural changes
occur as a result of learning. Watson is believed to be the founder of Behavioural school of
thought, which gained its prominence or acceptability around the first half of the 20th
century.
Gales defined Learning as the behavioural modification which occurs as a result of

experience as well as training.
Crow and Crow defined learning as the process of acquisition of knowledge, habits and
attitudes.
According to E.A, Peel, Learning can be described as a change in the individual which takes
place as a result of the environmental change.
H.J. Klausmeir described Learning as a process which leads to some behavioural change as
a result of some experience, training, observation, activity, etc.
The key characteristics of the learning process are:
1. When described in the simplest possible manner, learning is described as an

experience acquisition process.
2. In the complex form, learning can be described as process of acquisition, retention
and modification of experience.
3. It re-establishes the relationship between a stimulus and response.
4. It is a method of problem solving and is concerned about making adjustments with the
environment.
5. It involves all those gamut of activities which may have a relatively permanent effect
on the individual.
6. The process of learning is concerned about experience acquisition, retention of
experiences, and experience development in a step by step manner, synthesis of both
old and new experiences for creating a new pattern.
7. Learning is concerned about cognitive, conative and affective aspects. Knowledge
acquisition process is cognitive, any change in the emotions is affective and conative
is acquisition of new habits or skills.
Types of Learning
1. Motor Learning: Our day to day activities like walking, running, driving, etc, must
be learnt for ensuring a good life. These activities to a great extent involve muscular
coordination.
2. Verbal Learning: It is related with the language which we use to communicate and
various other forms of verbal communication such as symbols, words, languages,
sounds, figures and signs.
3. Concept Learning: This form of learning is associated with higher order cognitive
processes like intelligence, thinking, reasoning, etc, which we learn right from our
childhood. Concept learning involves the processes of abstraction and generalization,
which is very useful for identifying or recognizing things.
4. Discrimination Learning: Learning which distinguishes between various stimuli
with its appropriate and different responses is regarded as discrimination stimuli.
5. Learning of Principles: Learning which is based on principles helps in managing the
work most effectively. Principles based learning explains the relationship between
various concepts.
6. Attitude Learning: Attitude shapes our behaviour to a very great extent, as our
positive or negative behaviour is based on our attitudinal predisposition.
3 Types of Behavioural Learning
The Behavioural School of Thought which was founded by John B Watson which was
highlighted in his seminal work, “Psychology as the Behaviorist View It”, stressed on the
fact that Psychology is an objective science, hence mere emphasis on the mental processes
should not be considered as such processes cannot be objectively measured or observed.
Watson tried to prove his theory with the help of his famous Little Albert Experiment, by
way of which he conditioned a small kid to be scared of a white rat. The behavioural
psychology described three types of learning: Classical Conditioning, Observational
Learning and Operant Conditioning.
1. Classical Conditioning: In case of Classical Conditioning, the process of learning is

described as a Stimulus-Response connection or association.
Classical Conditioning theory has been explained with the help of Pavlov’s Classic
Experiment, in which the food was used as the natural stimulus which was paired with
the previously neutral stimuli that’s a bell in this case. By establishing an association
between the natural stimulus (food) and the neutral stimuli (sound of the bell), the
desired response can be elicited. This theory will be discussed in detail in the next few
articles.
2. Operant Conditioning: Propounded by scholars like Edward Thorndike firstly and

later by B.F. Skinner, this theory stresses on the fact that the consequences of actions
shape the behaviour.
The theory explains that the intensity of a response is either increased or decreased as
a result of punishment or reinforcement. Skinner explained how with the help of
reinforcement one can strengthen behaviour and with punishment reduce or curb
behaviour. It was also analyzed that the behavioural change strongly depends on the
schedules of reinforcement with focus on timing and rate of reinforcement.
3. Observational Learning: The Observational Learning process was propounded by

Albert Bandura in his Social Learning Theory, which focused on learning by imitation
or observing people’s behaviour. For observational learning to take place effectively,
four important elements will be essential: Motivation, Attention, Memory and Motor
Skills.
What is the nature of learning?
Learning is Change in behavior :
But in desirable form, i.e. these changes should occur in a positive direction. Learning
includes all three aspects of human behavior. So, it includes cognitive, affective and conative
aspects of mental process.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
https://www.verywellmind.com/classical-conditioning-2794859
OPERANT CONDITIONING
https://www.verywellmind.com/operant-conditioning-a2-2794863
SOCIAL LEARNING
https://www.verywellmind.com/social-learning-theory-2795074
What are the 4 stages of social learning theory?
The social learning theory proposes that individuals learn through observation, imitation, and
reinforcement. According to the theory, there are four stages of social learning:
1. Attention: In this stage, individuals must first pay attention to the behavior they are
observing. This requires focus and concentration on the model’s behavior.
2. Retention: In this stage, individuals must remember the behavior they observed.
This involves cognitive processing and memory storage.
3. Reproduction: In this stage, individuals attempt to reproduce the behavior they

observe. This may involve practicing and refining the behavior until it can be
performed accurately.
4. Motivation: In this stage, individuals must have a reason or motivation to perform

the behavior. This may involve reinforcement, punishment, social approval,
disapproval, or other incentives.
Why is social learning theory important?
Social learning theory helps us understand how our environment and the people around us
shape our behavior. It helps explain how individuals develop new skills and behaviors by
paying attention to the behavior of others and then trying to reproduce that behavior
themselves.
It is an important theory for psychologists, educators, and anyone interested in human

behavior and development.

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MODULE 4

For a learning to occur, two things are important:

1. The presence of a stimulus in the environment and

Psychologists in general define Learning as relatively permanent behavioural modifications

▪ Learning involves a behavioural change which can be better or worse.

Gales defined Learning as the behavioural modification which occurs as a result of

The key characteristics of the learning process are:

1. When described in the simplest possible manner, learning is described as an

3 Types of Behavioural Learning

1. Classical Conditioning: In case of Classical Conditioning, the process of learning is

2. Operant Conditioning: Propounded by scholars like Edward Thorndike firstly and

3. Observational Learning: The Observational Learning process was propounded by

What is the nature of learning?

Learning is Change in behavior :

3. Reproduction: In this stage, individuals attempt to reproduce the behavior they

4. Motivation: In this stage, individuals must have a reason or motivation to perform

Why is social learning theory important?

It is an important theory for psychologists, educators, and anyone interested in human

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