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    6.electronics Chapter-6 C-18 2nd Sem Physics

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    Sharath chandra prasad
    The document provides an overview of electronics and semiconductor physics concepts. It discusses the following in 3 sentences or less: 1) The basics of electronics, semiconductors, energy bands, and conductivity types. 2) How intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors work, including n-type and p-type materials. 3) PN junction diodes, including biasing, rectification, and applications such as LEDs, solar cells, and circuits.

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    6.electronics Chapter-6 C-18 2nd Sem Physics

    Uploaded by

    Sharath chandra prasad
    20 views10 pages
    The document provides an overview of electronics and semiconductor physics concepts. It discusses the following in 3 sentences or less: 1) The basics of electronics, semiconductors, energy bands, and conductivity types. 2) How intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors work, including n-type and p-type materials. 3) PN junction diodes, including biasing, rectification, and applications such as LEDs, solar cells, and circuits.

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    6.Electronics Chapter-6 C-18 2nd Sem Physics

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    The document provides an overview of electronics and semiconductor physics concepts. It discusses the following in 3 sentences or less: 1) The basics of electronics, semiconductors, energy bands, and conductivity types. 2) How intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors work, including n-type and p-type materials. 3) PN junction diodes, including biasing, rectification, and applications such as LEDs, solar cells, and circuits.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views10 pages

    6.electronics Chapter-6 C-18 2nd Sem Physics

    Uploaded by

    Sharath chandra prasad
    The document provides an overview of electronics and semiconductor physics concepts. It discusses the following in 3 sentences or less: 1) The basics of electronics, semiconductors, energy bands, and conductivity types. 2) How intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors work, including n-type and p-type materials. 3) PN junction diodes, including biasing, rectification, and applications such as LEDs, solar cells, and circuits.

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    Chopte EIECTRONS

    ElectionicS is the bianch of ciene which daals


    with the study of fow cal cortol of electrorss ard
    t e behaviour and effats in vaccm,nes and in
    Semiconducti s.

    Solicd
    ohd s a smpe of matter ín which mokcues
    ave closed packly with chemcal bonds and
    whOse

    Size and shape ane relertivehy 3table.

    Enagy Band:
    ot elections inthe ouimast
    The etot enemy evels
    orbit of an atom na eolid iS call enetgy barnd

    Valence Borrd
    The onegy bond which s tmed
    ees tf Corndluction Band
    by -the set of enengg
    the valepeigt e vaena ckctons for biclder
    fs lled valece bnd. CHap
    Carduction Baud: Vaiince bond
    he erer91 band whch
    is tomes

    the set of eletragy levelaf


    y oalled
    decthors s
    the Aire
    Conducticn band

    .
    -Houbidden vd:
    The ctiengy gap which is picxT betwetr) valene
    lard avd Ctnduction band is aled tulidcen ba

    1nsuato6 oidder
    he substares which do not
    alow the {lowof ceathicaunerit er
    eve
    thcugh thiem ave alel olere b d
    Bulat01S.

    Corductors
    The Substances whicth ensiy
    Corcluchion iord
    allow the fbw ot eectic
    Gurerrtthrough then ane
    Yoer ce bond
    Called Corductors.

    SapLouductos
    he abstonaas whoae eectnal
    anductvity kics in betueenorcuction bard
    ConcuctorS and maulertors ev erní
    ere
    ae aled Saricohduc tors. Vealchce boncd
    fers level:
    em evel bte Hghest ed
    in e cclectio) tt eegy Cvalen bond
    levets of ekchons msolas
    at absclusc zao J
    tCmpercituie.
    IntrinsiC Semicoductors
    hc senicotuctor which i3 in
    cxlicmely puc
    Jom 1s alla irtrinsIc Semicornductor.
    Cc: Ciystalline tovm ot
    put liao) and Germarium

    Fie abnc of ekcion at a paticular plhce nan


    Cto is allkc os hole.
    Band
    Electhons revolve gnound the nuceus at defived
    eneicy levels colled boncds.

    Coping:
    The poccs5 of adcding impuTties toatminductor
    s aled ooping
    Extiraic Senicorguctor
    The puc Seicorductradded byn 5mall amaurt
    of Gurtable împurtuy is calcd extrinsic semíconducth
    The aC oftwotypes:

    n-type Semicondustors:
    The tpe of senhcorouctor frmed nhen a small
    aour of penta vakrrt mpuity s added 10
    a pie eni onductor 15 caled type

    sci conclucttr. mti»ts xes air fewrel and


    1CVe in the nolceuE md hon |Siive Ct1crCn.
    Jn n-tyPe Semicorductor5, free
    eClc
    elcctions the nojovty
    aue

    aiers whstle holes ant


    oiro fty arriers.

    p-type enicorductois
    The tpe of seniconductor
    smallamourt hole
    tomed when a

    oftrialert mpurty 1
    addad to a puie Sci
    conductrS s.CEa a9 G
    P-tupe tamiconduc

    In apatYPG SEmion dudtor


    hocs ale the majorit aiels Wkik elkcton3 are the

    niroity cameis.
    p-h junchan dliae
    The mtrlaa tomed nhen a

    ptyp seiCorductor is (Oine ur


    t0 he n-type Smiarductor
    19 called Pn junctio
    Gienerally a pn junction 5
    :
    ivimed bay dopiu 19 a shingk
    Semiconductor Cystalbu
    Surtable dopat5.
    tkctions fo n- type diffuses to p type onc
    hoes Hiomp p-typo dhffusas to n-type Wherna
    ertain number of hkocrtive arol postive lon oes ae

    left on ethersíole of the jurction,fui thor dfuson s


    peventcc becausc negative charge on p-sicle repels tice
    eechons to entcr p-Side fom n-side and positive
    n-side repes hols to cnter n-sic tom
    chavge orn

    p-6de. Thus c baitiCr 15 Belup against 0vEnerst


    t cection5 and hoes. This reqio n is cclled dapletion
    legion bea use chage cariers have becn dleplettd
    in hs region. A p-runcion dioce alons the elbctic
    Curvet în ony one divectiCn and blocks in ievei5e
    civection.
    çlicde
    Biasing Df p-n Lurction
    extcrnal voltage to a
    The pioces5 f afplyng
    p-njunction aemiconductor dioce is calkd biasna
    ornaid bias:
    Basing thu junction in idh Pype n-type
    Unbaascd
    the otnal
    a divecti0nthat
    aarces ve pPctertial
    vo tage
    barier ond pemrts t e
    Currcot f cw 5 alled p p e V e Ve ntype

    forwand bas.
    nths piDCSS,
    positive
    onnectrd to p- tyPe and
    erîal
    botteyi'ss
    ofthu battoy
    nejative tomxral 0 n-tyR
    dt acts as onducitor in towvaid bias. he
    nogtitude
    ef aurert deperds on the aplied torn voltage.

    keve1seBia9
    such a drecton thot e
    Basing trs junction.in
    the poterstial bamer and
    exter ral vo tage mcteases
    alled vevErSe bosing
    prCvernts the aternt fow is

    Inthispoe,positiue tvnínal
    of the barttay is conreciteal to
    n-typc and neqative rmival
    irsulator Unaia Seo
    to p-type. It acts cs
    n revers bias.n his

    pOCe6s barnier stergthen


    t and he resulting baio o e e |00o O
    offers igh resstane t

    the Cunent ard prevents Pbpeve tve ntype


    a r i e r t in he
    the flow of
    Cirauit
    ApplicaTtics_ cfprncloce
    P-ncliocdes are SEd:
    n ve ltage iegulattr5.
    i n vo tage multiplievs
    ai asrectifias in RC pcwer Su pplies
    ninectcton and dencdulatiorn ciraits
    i n aopurtos. 1ndios, ladars,.ctc. torwave shang
    -in clompîng chats of TVreccivers
    irLoser diocks aie usd n qptial communications
    iLars Switches n díortal logic cicuits
    b) LEDs e used in dioftal dtsplaye
    LeDs ave used in decoictive lightng awangemeris.

    hineiple ot Diederis aKectfler


    Kectifier diods is a semicornductor devia that
    connetts altnating airkent whích periodially
    reveies divec tion to divection arent richfous
    in only one ditection. Rectification is the convesicy
    of A.C o D.C
    This rEctiticarti0n can be doe by
    1tlalf Nave rectiier and
    Tll- ave ectifier.

    itiittitt
    initiig Lpds LED
    Wokirg incplc of Light
    Dodo lLEDJs light aemittin
    srall
    Light Emitting im dilfeiert
    dcviaz which ís apabe ofen
    itting light
    emíts lhght wha
    olouis. H i5a pnjunctioh diode that
    is applied to.fts leads. Thís deviae
    a 5uitabe voltage
    works on he prirdiple of ceatoluminesenCe
    move Refective
    Wlhen tlee ekhons
    PoR
    acto55 the p-hjuriction Cnsy Seniconluro

    ie
    diode an fall to 8Wirgbond

    Leod
    cmpty
    hoes
    P-type reGan, -tcie
    în the
    bstion
    flatspot
    elcctins dhoptoimthe Cothonl
    conductionbard T0a
    Anoolc

    lower Obrtal. tera,


    In the torm of photong.
    the ekchpns velaE ehagY
    the YP b é tnires he tiequeay
    The 6ize tt aregI
    The tiequienayof photon de tmines
    of the ploton.
    the olbur of the llgt
    Nake:
    Galliuim-fisenice-hosphoTUS pioddCS Red eel or
    ejelow light
    Caallia-phosphortvs picdu'
    rEdor gieeylight
    GallGall fumthr5e ict picducrsintiocd tight
    Advartagesof LEDs:
    . y aie Simallin size and lgnt n vEWeIgL

    2huy er teqive vey low vo tage and currer


    h e y do not ncd any warm p time

    4 hey vespanse tíe 5 veiy les)


    5hey aan have a long he Sparn

    6 hey qeneiate veny tte heat


    . hey Ht mot eastly mto moden electiomc
    áiauits.

    worki pncipe pf Splar a


    olar cell is an elkctonic devie which whves

    lit eneigy cliectly îito electicil eneigy. It works


    of vo tac offect and hene it
    on-the píncipk phosto
    6.also called photoucltalc all
    isbasicelly a pn junction diode. The u Pperlaye
    r

    s n-tupe and-thin The lower layer is p-type ancd


    thick. here are electrodes on both ptype ahd n-typc

    layos ront Electric


    Electon wdPhgton Contoct
    n-type
    ON DeplethonZ0he
    -phype

    Electon-1loleBh Electrical
    omption Contact
    Ihe ciffeuson ceates depletiovn of dections and
    a

    hc Chectes a depetíon zerereqiononeithersick


    of he junction.
    When solar cell,s expoSecd to sunlignt photors
    alls on thu rtype layer and iench the depetion
    o n aroUnd the junction. Thest photor6 are
    abeotbed in te deple thHo n reqíon and a lage
    nunber of electron-hok paîrs ais Created. The detno
    field acto55 the depletion) teqjo) forces the electrons
    gerneicntcd oy light to pass cosi ly to the n-side.
    the
    ames to p-Side.
    The holes in tho depetion tegion
    reated fiee elkctiors and holeS
    lhese rewly
    nntt ee CIOoD, Ve junction because ot pontia)
    1he negortive chargs ehue to
    barner. Jn tns vay.
    is tiapped tOpass
    the light erencatrd elkctions
    on n-sidle and the positive chaige due to de
    holes 'i3 tiCppeel orn.p-sidk of
    lght geneiated
    heve wil be a pottól
    the p-n junction.
    betweern tese wd sioes ond the solar
    iffevence
    mal batteny.
    cell behaves like a

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