KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI

SALT ANALYSIS-AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (NH4Cl)

IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment
1 colour
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your fingers and
rub with a drop of water.
3 Dry Heating Test:Heat a small quantity of the salt in a dry
test tube.
4 Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with conc.HCl,
in a clean watch glass. Place a small amount of this paste
on a glass rod and introduce it into the flame. Note the
colour imparted to the flame.

5 DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in a test

tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric acid.

6 Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a test tube,

add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid.

Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of s
water to it. Stir and boil the content for about 10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tube and

7 Test for Carbonate, CO32-

Dil. HCl test:To a portion of the salt solution, add dil HCl.
Pass the gas evolved through lime water.

8 Test for Sulphite SO32-

BaCl2 test: To a portion of the salt solution in a test tube
add barium chloride (BaCl2) solution.

9 Test for Sulphide, S2-

Sodium nitroprusside test:Take a portion of salt solution
in a test tube and add a few drops of sodium
nitroprusside solution.

10 Test for Nitrite, NO2-

FeSO4 test: Take a portion of aqueous solution, add some
dil. acetic acid and ferrous sulphate solution.

11 Test for Nitrate, NO3-

Copper chip test: Heat a small quantity of the original
salt with concentrated sulphuric acid and a few copper
chips.
12 Test for Cl- Br - and I-

1. AgNO3 test: Acidify a portion of aqueous solution with

dil. HNO3 and then add AgNO3 solution.

2.Maganese dioxide test:Heat a pinch of the salt with a

small quantity of MnO4 and conc. H 2SO4.

3.Chromyl chloride test: 1. Mix a small quantity of the

salt with a small amount of powdered potassium
dichromate and add conc. H2SO4.

2. Heat the test tube and pass the red vapours evolved
into the gas test tube containing NaOH solution.
3.To the yellow solution thus obtained, add dil. CH 3COOH
and lead acetate solution

15 Test for Acetate, CH3COO-

Ferric chloride test:Take the salt solution. Add neutral
ferric chloride solution. Filter. Divide the filtrate into two
portions.
16 Test for Oxalate, C2O42-
CaCl2 test: Take a water extract. Add small amount dil.
acetic acid and boil off CO2. Add calcium chloride
solution.

17 Test for Sulphate, SO42-

Lead acetate test:To a part of aqueous solution of the
salt add lead acetate solution. Add excess of hot
ammonium acetate to this precipitate.
18 Test for Phosphate, PO43-
Confirmation of Phosphate, PO43-
1. Ammonium molybdate test:To the aqueous solution
add concentrated nitric acid and boil. Add ammonium
molybdate solution in excess and again boil.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

1 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH )To a small amount of solid
4
+

salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH solution and heat the
contents.

Bring a glass rod dipped in dil. HCl near the mouth of the
test tube.
Nessler’s Reagent test:When the gas evolved in the
above test is passed through Nessler's reagent taken in a
test tube.
Result:
THE GIVEN SALT CONTAINS
ACIDIC RADICAL: Cl-
Basic radical:NH4 +
Salt :NH4Cl
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS-AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (NH4Cl)
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
Observation Inference
White May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.
Ammoniacal smell May be NH4+
Colourless gas with pungent smell, gives
The gas evolved is HCl. Cl- may be present.
white fumes with ammonia.

no characteristic coloured flame absence of Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ or Mn2+ Pb2+

No characteristic gas is evolved. CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.
Colourless gas with pungent smell, form
white fumes with aqueous ammonia when The gas evolved is HCl. This may be due to the presence
a glass rod dipped in aqueous ammonia is of Cl-.
shown over the mouth of the test tube.
NaCl + H2SO4 àNaHSO4 + HCl
HCl + NH3à NH4Cl

e 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of distilled
10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate extract.

No Brisk effervescence and evolution of

Absence of CO32-
colourless odourless gases.

No white precipitate is formed Absence of SO32- and SO42-.

No Purple or violet colouration is obtained. Absence of of S2-

No dark brown or black colouration is

Absence of NO2-
obtained.

No Dark brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide

are evolved Absence o NO3-
 A white precipitate is formed which is
soluble in ammonium hydroxide. This confirms the presence of Cl-

AgNO3 + HClàAgCl + HNO3

AgCl + 2 NH4OH à Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
Evolution of greenish yellow gas having a
pungent irritating smell. It turns moist This confirms the presence of Cl-
starch-iodide paper blue.
2NaCl+MnO2+3H2SO4à2NaHSO4+MnSO4+
2H2O+Cl2
The red fumes is due to the formation of
presence of Cl- is confirmed
chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2).
4NaCl+K2Cr2O7+3H2SO4à2Na2SO4+K2SO4+2
CrO2Cl2+3H2O
The solution turns to yellow CrO2Cl2 reacts with NaOH to form yellow solution of
CrO2Cl2+4NaOHàNa2CrO4+2NaCl+2H2O sodium chromate (Na2CrO4).
A yellow precipitate is formed.
Na2CrO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 àPbCrO4(s) This confirms the presence of Cl-
+2CH3COONa

No Reddish coloured filtrate. Absence of CH3COO-

No White precipitate is formed. Absence of C2O42-

No white precipitate Absence of SO42-

No yellow precipitate is formed. Absence of PO43-

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

Characteristic ammoniacal smell.
(NH4)2 SO4 + 2NaOH àNa2SO4 + 2NH3 + The gas evolved is NH3. Presence of Group Zero (NH4+).
2H2O
White fumes is produced.
Presence of NH4+ is confirmed.
NH3 + HClà NH4Cl
Brown precipitate is formed Presence of NH4+ is confirmed.
2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH àHgO.Hg(NH2 )I + 7KI + 2H2O
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation
1 colour White
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your
fingers and rub with a drop of water.
Vinegar like smell.

3 Dry Heating Test:Heat a small quantity of the salt

in a dry test tube. Colourless gas with the smell of vinegar.

4 Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with

conc.HCl, in a clean watch glass. Place a small
amount of this paste on a glass rod and introduce
it into the flame. Note the colour imparted to the Dull bluish - white
flame.

5 DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in

a test tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric
acid. No characteristic gas is evolved.

6 Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a Colourless gas with smellof vinegar,turns
test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid. blue litmus red.
CH3COONa + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + CH3COOH
1) Sulphate: Boil a small amount of salt with dil.
HCl in a test tube. Filter the contents, and to the A yellow precipitate is formed.
filtrate add few drops of BaCl2 solution.

Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of s
distilled water to it. Stir and boil the content for about 10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tu
extract.

7 Test for Carbonate, CO32-

Dil. HCl test:To a portion of the salt solution, add
dil HCl. Pass the gas evolved through lime water. No Brisk effervescence and evolution of
colourless odourless gases.

Test for Sulphite SO32-

BaCl2 test: To a portion of the salt solution in a white precipitate.The white precipitate is
test tube add barium chloride (BaCl2) solution. insoluble in dil. HCl.

Test for Sulphide, S2-

8 Sodium nitroprusside test:Take a portion of salt
solution in a test tube and add a few drops of No Purple or violet colouration is obtained.
sodium nitroprusside solution.

Test for Nitrite, NO2-

FeSO4 test: Take a portion of aqueous solution,
add some dil. acetic acid and ferrous sulphate No dark brown or black colouration is
solution. obtained.
 Test for Nitrate, NO3-
Brown Ring test: Add a small quantity of freshly
prepared solution of ferrous sulphate to a part of
the aqueous solution and then pour No dark brown ring is formed at the
concentrated sulphuric acid slowly junction of the layers.

9
Test for Cl- Br - and I-
1. AgNO3 test: Acidify a portion of aqueous
solution with dil. HNO3 and then add AgNO3 No characteristic precipitate is formed
solution.
Confirmation of Acetate, CH3COO-
1.Oxalic acid test:Take a small quantity of the salt in a Smells like that of vinegar.
watch glass. Mix it with solid oxalic acid. Prepare a
paste of it with a few drops of water. Rub the paste 2CH3COONa+(COOH)2à (COO)2 Na2
and smell it. +2CH3COOH
Ester test:Take a small quantity of the salt in a test-
tube. Add conc. H2SO4 (2 ml) and heat. Now ethyl Pleasant fruity smell of ester.
alcohol (1 ml). Shake. Pour the contents of the tube in
a beaker full of water. Stir. 2CH3COONa+H2SO4à Na2SO4+2CH3COOH

CH3COOH+C2H5OHàCH3COOC2H5+ H2O

Ferric chloride test:Take the salt solution. Add

neutral ferric chloride solution. Filter. Divide the Reddish coloured filtrate.
filtrate into two portions.
FeCl3 + 3CH3COOH -> (CH3COO)3Fe + 3HCl
(i) To one part, add water and boil.
Reddish brown precipitate.

CH3COO)3Fe + 2H2Oà (CH3COO) (OH)2 Fe +2CH3COOH

(ii) To second part, add dil. HCl. Reddish colour disappears.

Test for Oxalate, C2O42-

10 CaCl2 test: Take a water extract. Add small
amount dil. acetic acid and boil off CO2. Add No White precipitate is formed.
calcium chloride solution.

Test for Sulphate, SO42-

Lead acetate test:To a part of aqueous solution
of the salt add lead acetate solution. Add excess No white precipitate is formed .
of hot ammonium acetate to this precipitate.
Test for Phosphate, PO43-
1. Ammonium molybdate test:To the aqueous
solution add concentrated nitric acid and boil.
Add ammonium molybdate solution in excess No yellow precipitate is formed.
and again boil.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

1 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)To a small amount
of solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH
solution and heat the contents. No ammoniacal smell.

2 Analysis of Group I To a small amount of salt

solution taken in a test tube, add dil. hydrochloric White precipitate is formed
acid.

Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) à PbCl2(s)

Confirmation of Pb 2+

Dissolve the white precipitate in hot water -

Divide the solution into three parts.

1.Cool one part of the solution. White crystalline precipitate is formed.

2. Potassium iodide test:To the second part of Yellow precipitate is formed.
the solution, add potassium iodide solution. PbCl2 + 2KI à PbI2 + 2KCl
3. Potassium chromate test:To the third part of Yellow precipitate is formed.
the solution add potassium chromate solution. K CrO + Pb(NO ) àPbCrO ↓ + 2KNO
2 4 3 2 4 3

The given salt contains:

Acidic radical: CH3COO-
Basic radical: Pb2+
Salt: (CH3COO)2Pb
 Inference
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.

May be CH3COO-

CH3COO- may be present.

Presence of Pb2+

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.

CH3COO- may be present.

+ CH3COOH

The white precipitate is BaSO4. This indicates the

presence of SO42-.

ling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of

collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate

Absence of CO32-

Absence of SO32- and presence of SO42-.

Absence of of S2-

Absence of NO2-
 Absence of NO3-

Absence of Cl- Br - and I-

Presence of CH3COO- ion.

This confirms the presence of CH3COO-

CH3COOH

H5+ H2O

The reddish coloured filtrate is due to the formation of

(CH3COO)3Fe.
Fe + 3HCl
This confirms the presence of CH3COO-

) (OH)2 Fe +2CH3COOH

This confirms the presence of CH3COO-

Absence of C2O42-

Absence of SO42-

Absence of PO43-

SIC RADICALS
Absence of Group Zero (NH4+).

Presence of group I (Pb2+).

Presence of Pb2+ ion is confirmed.

Presence of Pb2+ ion is confirmed.

Presence of Pb2+ ion is confirmed.

 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS-AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (NH4Cl)
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation Inference
1 colour May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc
White are absent.
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO- and S2-
between your fingers and rub with a No characteristic smell smell
drop of water.
3 Dry Heating Test:Heat a small Absence of CO32- , C2O42-,S2-, SO32-,
quantity of the salt in a dry test tube. No characteristic gas is Cl- ,I- ,CH3COO-, NO2- and NO3-
evolved.

4 Flame test: prepare a paste of the Presence of Zn2+ or Mn2+

mixture with conc.HCl, in a clean
watch glass. Place a small amount of
this paste on a glass rod and Green flashes
introduce it into the flame. Note the
colour imparted to the flame.

5 DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be
the salt in a test tube and add 1-2 ml No characteristic gas is absent.
of dilute sulphuric acid. evolved.

6 Absence of Cl- ,I- ,CH3COO- and NO3-

Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of No characteristic gas is
salt in a test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc. evolved.
sulpuric acid.

Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g
of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of distilled water to it. Stir and boil the content for about 10
minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate extract.
7 Test for Carbonate, CO32-
Dil. HCl test:To a portion of the salt No Brisk effervescence and Absence of CO32-
solution, add dil HCl. Pass the gas evolution of colourless
evolved through lime water. odourless gases.

8 Test for Sulphite SO32-

BaCl2 test: To a portion of the salt
white precipitate.The white Absence of SO3 and presence of SO4 .
2- 2-

solution in a test tube add barium

chloride (BaCl2) solution. precipitate is insoluble in dil.
HCl.

9 Test for Sulphide, S2-

Sodium nitroprusside test:Take a Absence of of S2-
portion of salt solution in a test tube
and add a few drops of sodium No Purple or violet
nitroprusside solution. colouration is obtained.

10 Test for Nitrite, NO2-

10
FeSO4 test: Take a portion of aqueous Absence of NO2-
solution, add some dil. acetic acid and
ferrous sulphate solution. No dark brown or black
colouration is obtained.

11 Test for Nitrate, NO3-

Copper chip test: Heat a small Absence o NO3-
quantity of the original salt with
concentrated sulphuric acid and a No Dark brown fumes of
few copper chips. nitrogen dioxide are evolved

12 Test for Cl- Br - and I-

1. AgNO3 test: Acidify a portion of Absence of Cl- Br - and I-
aqueous solution with dil. HNO3 and No characteristic precipitate
then add AgNO3 solution. is formed

15 Test for Acetate, CH3COO-

Ferric chloride test:Take the salt Absence of CH3COO-
solution. Add neutral ferric chloride
solution. Filter. Divide the filtrate into No Reddish coloured filtrate.
two portions.

16 Test for Oxalate, C2O42-

CaCl2 test: Take a water extract. Add Absence of C2O42-
small amount dil. acetic acid and boil
off CO2. Add calcium chloride No White precipitate is
solution. formed.

17 Test for Sulphate, SO42-

Confirmation of Sulphate, SO42-
1.BaCl2 test:To a part of aqueous This confirms the presence of SO42-
solution of the salt add barium A white precipitate is
chloride solution. formed.The white precipitate
is insoluble in dil. HCl.

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 2NaCl + BaSO4↓

3. Lead acetate test:To a part of This confirms the presence of SO42-
aqueous solution of the salt add lead A white precipitate is formed
acetate solution. Add excess of hot which is insoluble in excess of
ammonium acetate to this hot ammonium acetate
precipitate. solution.
(CH3COO)2Pb(aq) + K2SO4(aq) -> PbSO4(s) + 2CH3COOK(aq)

PbSO4 + 4 CH3COONH4à (NH4)2 [Pb(CH3COO)4] + (NH4)2SO4

18 Test for Phosphate, PO43-

Confirmation of Phosphate, PO 43-
 1. Ammonium molybdate test:To the Absence of PO43-
aqueous solution add concentrated
nitric acid and boil. Add ammonium No yellow precipitate is
molybdate solution in excess and formed.
again boil.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

1 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)To a Absence of Group Zero (NH 4+).
small amount of solid salt taken in a
test tube, add NaOH solution and No ammoniacal smell.
heat the contents.

2 Analysis of Group I To a small Absence of group I (Pb2+).

amount of salt solution taken in a test No White precipitate is
tube, add dil. hydrochloric acid. formed

Analysis of Group II (Copper Group)

Take about 2 ml of the original Absence of Group II (Pb2+ . Cu2+ and As3+).
solution in a test tube. Add some dil. No characteristic precipitate.
HCl and pass H2S gas .

Analysis of Group III (Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a Absence of Group III cations (Fe3+ and
test tube add NH4Cl and excess of Al3+).
ammonium hydroxide to it and No characteristic coloured
shake. precipitate.

Analysis of Group IV (Zinc Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a Presence of Group IV cation Zn 2+.
test tube NH4Cl and Add excess of Dull white precipitate
NH4OH to it and Pass H2S gas .

10 Dull white precipitate (Zn2+)

To the dull white precipitate, add dil.
HCl to dissolve and divide the
solution into two parts.

1. Sodium hydroxide test:To one part Presence of Zn2+is confirmed

The white precipitate is due to
of the above solution in a test tube, the formation of zinc hydroxide,
add sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Zn(OH)2 which is soluble in
solution dropwise . excess NaOH due to the
formation of Na2ZnO2. .

ZnCl2 + 2NaOHà Zn(OH)2 + 2NaCl

Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH àNa2ZnO2 + 2H2O
2. Potassium ferrocyanide test:To Presence of Zn2+ is confirmed.
The white or bluish white
the second part above solution in a
test tube, add potassium precipitate is due to the
ferrocyanide solution. formation of Zn2[Fe(CN)6].

2 ZnCl2 + K4 [Fe(CN)6 ]à Zn2

[Fe(CN)6 ] + 4 KCl
The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: SO42-
Basic radical: Zn2+
Salt: ZnSO4
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation
1 colour White
Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your No characteristic smell smell
fingers and rub with a drop of water.
Dry Heating Test:Heat a small quantity of the salt Colourless gas with pungent smell, gives
in a dry test tube. white fumes with ammonia.
Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with no characteristic coloured flame
conc.HCl, in a clean watch glass. Place a small
amount of this paste on a glass rod and introduce
it into the flame. Note the colour imparted to the
flame.

DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in No characteristic gas is evolved.

a test tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric
acid.

Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a Colourless gas with pungent smell, form
test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid. white fumes with aqueous ammonia when
a glass rod dipped in aqueous ammonia is
2 NaCl + H2SO4 àNaHSO4 + HCl
HCl + NH3à NH4Cl

3 Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of s
distilled
Test forwater to it. StirCO
Carbonate, and
3
2- boil the content for about 10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tu

Dil. HCl test:To a portion of the salt solution, add No Brisk effervescence and evolution of
dil HCl. Pass the gas evolved through lime water. colourless odourless gases.

Test for Sulphite SO32-

BaCl2 test: To a portion of the salt solution in a No white precipitate is formed

test tube add barium chloride (BaCl2) solution.

Test for Sulphide, S2-

Sodium nitroprusside test:Take a portion of salt No Purple or violet colouration is obtained.
solution in a test tube and add a few drops of
sodium nitroprusside solution.

4 Test for Nitrite, NO2-

FeSO4 test: Take a portion of aqueous solution, No dark brown or black colouration is
add some dil. acetic acid and ferrous sulphate obtained.
solution.

Test for Nitrate, NO3-

Copper chip test: Heat a small quantity of the No Dark brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide
original salt with concentrated sulphuric acid and are evolved
a few copper chips.
5 Test for Cl- Br - and I-

1. AgNO3 test: Acidify a portion of aqueous A white precipitate is formed which is

solution with dil. HNO3 and then add AgNO3 soluble in ammonium hydroxide.
solution.
AgNO3 + HClàAgCl + HNO3
AgCl + 2 NH4OH à Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
2.Maganese dioxide test:Heat a pinch of the salt Evolution of greenish yellow gas having a
with a small quantity of MnO4 and conc. H 2SO4. pungent irritating smell. It turns moist
starch-iodide paper blue.
2NaCl+MnO2+3H2SO4à2NaHSO4+MnSO4+
2H2O+Cl2
3.Chromyl chloride test: 1. Mix a small quantity The red fumes is due to the formation of
of the salt with a small amount of powdered chromyl chloride (CrO2Cl2).
potassium dichromate and add conc. H 2SO4.
4NaCl+K2Cr2O7+3H2SO4à2Na2SO4+K2SO4+2
CrO2Cl2+3H2O
2. Heat the test tube and pass the red vapours The solution turns to yellow
evolved into the gas test tube containing NaOH CrO2Cl2+4NaOHàNa2CrO4+2NaCl+2H2O
solution.
3.To the yellow solution thus obtained, add dil. A yellow precipitate is formed.
CH3COOH and lead acetate solution Na2CrO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 àPbCrO4(s)
+2CH3COONa
6 Test for Acetate, CH3COO-

Ferric chloride test:Take the salt solution. Add No Reddish coloured filtrate.
neutral ferric chloride solution.

Test for Oxalate, C2O42-

CaCl2 test: Take a water extract. Add small No White precipitate is formed.
amount dil. acetic acid and boil off CO2. Add
calcium chloride solution.

Test for Sulphate, SO42-

Lead acetate test:To a part of aqueous solution No white precipitate

of the salt add lead acetate solution. Add excess
of hot ammonium acetate to this precipitate.

7
Test for Phosphate, PO43-

Confirmation of Phosphate, PO43-

1. Ammonium molybdate test:To the aqueous No yellow precipitate is formed.
solution add concentrated nitric acid and boil.
Add ammonium molybdate solution in excess
and again boil.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

1 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH4+)To a small amount No ammoniacal smell.
of solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH
solution and heat the contents.

Analysis of Group I To a small amount of salt No White precipitate is formed

solution taken in a test tube, add dil. hydrochloric
acid.

Analysis of Group II (Copper Group)

Take about 2 ml of the original solution in a test No characteristic precipitate.
tube. Add some dil. HCl and pass H 2S gas .

2 Analysis of Group III (Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube add No characteristic coloured precipitate.
NH4Cl and excess of ammonium hydroxide to it
and shake.

Analysis of Group IV (Zinc Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube No characteristic coloured precipitate
NH4Cl and Add excess of NH4OH to it and Pass
H2S gas .

Analysis of Group V (barium Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube No white precipitate appears
NH4Cl and Add excess of NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3
solution.

Analysis of Group VI (Magnesium Group)

Test for Magnesium ion ( Mg2+ )
To the original salt solution in a test tube, and a white crystalline precipitate of
add a small amount of solid NH4Cl and an excess magnesium ammonium phosphate is
of NH4OH solution and then disodium Mg2+ + Na2HPO4 àMg (NH4)PO4 + NH4OH + 2Na+ + H2O
formed
hydrogenphosphate solution

3 The given salt contains:

Acidic radical: Cl-
Basic radical: Mg2+
Salt: MgCl2
AMPUS,KARAIKUDI
IS
D RADICALS
Inference
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.
Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO- and S2-

The gas evolved is HCl. Cl- may be present.

absence of Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ or Mn2+ Pb2+

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.

The gas evolved is HCl. This may be due to the presence

of Cl-.

ling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of

collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate
Absence of CO32-

Absence of SO32- and SO42-.

Absence of of S2-

Absence of NO2-

Absence o NO3-
 This confirms the presence of Cl-

This confirms the presence of Cl-

presence of Cl- is confirmed

CrO2Cl2 reacts with NaOH to form yellow solution of

sodium chromate (Na2CrO4).
This confirms the presence of Cl-

Absence of CH3COO-

Absence of C2O42-

Absence of SO42-

Absence of PO43-

SIC RADICALS
 Absence of Group Zero (NH4+).

Absence of group I (Pb2+).

Absence of Group II (Pb2+ . Cu2+ and As3+).

Absence of Group III cations (Fe3+ and Al3+).

Absence of Group IV cations ( Zn 2+.Ni2+,Mn2+ and Co2+)

Absence of group–V cations (Ba2+, Sr2+ and Ca2+)

confirms the presence of Mg2+ ions.

+ NH4OH + 2Na+ + H2O
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA,CECRI CAMPUS,KARAIKUDI
SALT ANALYSIS
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment Observation
1 colour White
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your
fingers and rub with a drop of water. No characteristic smell smell
3 Dry Heating Test:Heat a small quantity of the salt Reddish brown fumes that turns ferrous
in a dry test tube. sulphate solution black.
4 Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with
conc.HCl, in a clean watch glass. Place a small
amount of this paste on a glass rod and introduce
it into the flame. Note the colour imparted to the no characteristic coloured flame
flame.

5 DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in

a test tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric No characteristic gas is evolved.
acid.

6 Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a Reddish brown gas with pungent smell,
test tube, add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid. turns ferrous sulphate solution black.

Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of s
7 distilled
Test forwater to it. StirCO
Carbonate, and
3
2- boil the content for about 10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tu

Dil. HCl test:To a portion of the salt solution, add

dil HCl. Pass the gas evolved through lime water. No Brisk effervescence and evolution of
colourless odourless gases.

8 Test for Sulphite SO32-

BaCl2 test: To a portion of the salt solution in a white precipitate.The white precipitate is
test tube add barium chloride (BaCl2) solution. insoluble in dil. HCl.

9 Test for Sulphide, S2-

Sodium nitroprusside test:Take a portion of salt
solution in a test tube and add a few drops of No Purple or violet colouration is obtained.
sodium nitroprusside solution.

10 Test for Nitrite, NO2-

FeSO4 test: Take a portion of aqueous solution,
add some dil. acetic acid and ferrous sulphate No dark brown or black colouration is
solution. obtained.

11 Test for Nitrate, NO3-

1.Diphenylamine test: Add a few drops of
diphenylalamine to a part of solution of the salt. A deep blue colouration is obtained.

2.Copper chip test: Heat a small quantity of the Dark brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide are
original salt with concentrated sulphuric acid and evolved
a few copper chips.
2NaNO3 + 4H2SO4 + 3Cu à3 CuSO4 + Na2SO4
2NO + O2 à2NO2
3.Brown Ring test: Add a small quantity of freshly A dark brown ring is formed at the junction
prepared solution of ferrous sulphate to a part of of the layers of the acid and the solution.
the aqueous solution and then pour
concentrated sulphuric acid slowly
 3.Brown Ring test: Add a small quantity of freshly
prepared solution of ferrous sulphate to a part of
the aqueous solution and then pour
concentrated sulphuric acid slowly NaNO3 + H2SO4à Na HSO4 + HNO3
6 FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 + 2HNO3à 3Fe2 (SO4)3 +
4H2O + 2NO

12 Test for Cl- Br - and I-

1. AgNO3 test: Acidify a portion of aqueous

solution with dil. HNO3 and then add AgNO3 No characteristic precipitate is formed
solution.
15 Test for Acetate, CH3COO-
Ferric chloride test:Take the salt solution. Add
neutral ferric chloride solution. Filter. Divide the
filtrate into two portions. No Reddish coloured filtrate.

16 Test for Oxalate, C2O42-

CaCl2 test: Take a water extract. Add small
amount dil. acetic acid and boil off CO2. Add No White precipitate is formed.
calcium chloride solution.

17 Test for Sulphate, SO42-

Lead acetate test:To a part of aqueous solution
of the salt add lead acetate solution. Add excess
of hot ammonium acetate to this precipitate. No white precipitate is formed .

18 Test for Phosphate, PO43-

1. Ammonium molybdate test:To the aqueous
solution add concentrated nitric acid and boil.
Add ammonium molybdate solution in excess No yellow precipitate is formed.
and again boil.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

Analysis of Group-Zero (NH )To a small amount
4
+
No ammoniacal smell.
of solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH
solution and heat the contents.

Analysis of Group I To a small amount of salt No White precipitate is formed

solution taken in a test tube, add dil. hydrochloric
acid.

Analysis of Group II (Copper Group)

Take about 2 ml of the original solution in a test No characteristic precipitate.
tube. Add some dil. HCl and pass H 2S gas .

Analysis of Group III (Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube add No characteristic coloured precipitate.
NH4Cl and excess of ammonium hydroxide to it
and shake.
Analysis of Group IV (Zinc Group)
Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube No characteristic coloured precipitate
NH4Cl and Add excess of NH4OH to it and Pass
H2S gas .

Analysis of Group V (barium Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube white precipitate appears
NH4Cl and Add excess of NH4OH and (NH4)2CO3
solution.
Dissolve the white precipitate by boiling with
dilute acetic acid and divide the solution into
three parts
Confirmation of Ba2+
1. Pot.chromate test: To the first part add yellow precipitate appears
potassium chromate K2CrO4 solution
BaCO3 + 2CH3COOHà (CH3COO)2 Ba + H2O + CO
(CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 àBaCrO4 + 2CH3COOK
2. Flame test: prepare a paste of the salt with Grassy - green (Persistent)
conc.HCl, in a clean watch glass. Place a small
amount of this paste on a glass rod and introduce
it into the flame. Note the colour imparted to the
flame

Confirmation of Sr2+
1. Amm.sulphate test:Take second part of the No whiteprecipitate is formed.
solutionand addammonium sulphate (NH4)2 SO4
solution.
Confirmation of Ca2+
Amm.oxalate test:take the third part of the No whiteprecipitate is obtained.
solution add Ammonium oxalate solution.

The given salt contains:

Acidic radical: NO3-
Basic radical: Ba2+
Salt: Ba(NO3)2
AMPUS,KARAIKUDI
IS
D RADICALS
Inference
May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.

Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO- and S2-

The gas evolved is NO2. NO2- or NO3- may be present.

absence of Ca2+ Sr2+ Ba2+ Cu2+ Zn2+ or Mn2+ Pb2+

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.

The gas evolved is NO2. This may be due to the presence

of NO3-.

ling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of

collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate

Absence of CO32-

Absence of SO32- and presence of SO42-.

Absence of of S2-

Absence of NO2-

This confirms the presence of NO3-

This confirms the presence of NO3-

O4 + Na2SO4 + 4H2O + 2NO

This confirms the presence of NO3-

 FeSO4 + NO à [Fe(NO)]SO4

Absence of Cl- Br - and I-

Absence of CH3COO-

Absence of C2O42-

Absence of SO42-

Absence of PO43-

SIC RADICALS

Absence of Group Zero (NH4+).

Absence of group I (Pb2+).

Absence of Group II (Pb2+ . Cu2+ and As3+).

Absence of Group III cations (Fe3+ and Al3+).

 Absence of Group IV cations ( Zn 2+.Ni2+,Mn2+ and Co2+)

Presence of group–V cations (Ba2+, Sr2+ and Ca2+)

Presence of Ba2+is confirmed

2 Ba + H2O + CO2

+ 2CH3COOK

Presence of Ba2+is confirmed

Absence of Sr2+ is confirmed

Absence of Ca2+is confirmed

 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.1 MADURAI
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
S.NO Experiment
1 colour
2 Smell: Take a pinch of the salt between your fingers
and rub with a drop of water.
3 Dry Heating Test:Heat a small quantity of the salt in a
dry test tube.

4 Flame test: prepare a paste of the mixture with

conc.HCl, in a clean watch glass. Place a small amount
of this paste on a glass rod and introduce it into the
flame. Note the colour imparted to the flame.

5 DilH2SO4 Test:Take a small quantity of the salt in a test

tube and add 1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric acid.

6 Conc H2SO4Test:To a small quantity of salt in a test

tube, add 1-2 ml of conc. sulpuric acid.

Preparation of sodium carbonate extract :Take 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of s
distilled water to it. Stir and boil the content for about 10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tu

7 Test for Carbonate, CO32-

Dil. HCl test:To a portion of the salt solution, add dil
HCl. Pass the gas evolved through lime water.

8 Test for Sulphite SO32-

BaCl2 test: To a portion of the salt solution in a test
tube add barium chloride (BaCl2) solution.

9 Test for Sulphide, S2-

Sodium nitroprusside test:Take a portion of salt
solution in a test tube and add a few drops of sodium
nitroprusside solution.

10 Test for Nitrite, NO2-

FeSO4 test: Take a portion of aqueous solution, add
some dil. acetic acid and ferrous sulphate solution.

11 Test for Nitrate, NO3-

Copper chip test: Heat a small quantity of the original
salt with concentrated sulphuric acid and a few copper
chips.

12 Test for Cl- Br - and I-

12

1. AgNO3 test: Acidify a portion of aqueous solution

with dil. HNO3 and then add AgNO3 solution.
15 Test for Acetate, CH3COO-
Ferric chloride test:Take the salt solution. Add neutral
ferric chloride solution. Filter. Divide the filtrate into
two portions.

16 Test for Oxalate, C2O42-

CaCl2 test: Take a water extract. Add small amount dil.
acetic acid and boil off CO2. Add calcium chloride
solution.

17 Test for Sulphate, SO42-

Confirmation of Sulphate, SO42-
1.BaCl2 test:To a part of aqueous solution of the salt
add barium chloride solution.

3. Lead acetate test:To a part of aqueous solution of

the salt add lead acetate solution. Add excess of hot
ammonium acetate to this precipitate.

18 Test for Phosphate, PO43-

Confirmation of Phosphate, PO43-
1. Ammonium molybdate test:To the aqueous solution
add concentrated nitric acid and boil. Add ammonium
molybdate solution in excess and again boil.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

1 Analysis of Group-Zero (NH )To a small amount of
4
+

solid salt taken in a test tube, add NaOH solution and

heat the contents.

2 Analysis of Group I To a small amount of salt solution

taken in a test tube, add dil. hydrochloric acid.

Analysis of Group II (Copper Group)

Take about 2 ml of the original solution in a test tube.
Add some dil. HCl and pass H2S gas .

Analysis of Group III (Iron Group)

Take about 5 ml of salt solution in a test tube add
NH4Cl and excess of ammonium hydroxide to it and
shake.
6 confirmatory test for (Al3+)
6
1. Lake test:Disolve the white ppt. in dilute Hcland
addfew drops of blue litmus solution. To this, add
NH4OH dropwise till blue colour develops.

RESULT
The given salt contains:
Acidic radical: SO42-
Basic radical: Al3+
Salt: Al2(SO4)3
 KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.1 MADURAI
IDENTIFICATION OF ACID RADICALS
Observation Inference
White May be Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Co2+ etc are absent.

No characteristic smell smell Absence of NH4+ ,CH3COO- and S2-

Absence of CO32- , C2O42-,S2-, SO32-, Cl- ,I- ,CH3COO-, NO2-

No characteristic gas is evolved. and NO3-

Presence of Zn2+ or Mn2+

Green flashes

CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- etc may be absent.

No characteristic gas is evolved.

Absence of Cl- ,I- ,CH3COO- and NO3-

No characteristic gas is evolved.

ake 1 g of salt in a porcelain dish or boiling tube. Mix about 3 g of solid sodium carbonate and add 15 mL of
for about 10 minutes. Cool, filter and collect the filtrate in a test tube and label it as sodium carbonate extract.

No Brisk effervescence and evolution of Absence of CO32-

colourless odourless gases.

white precipitate.The white precipitate is Absence of SO3 and presence of SO4 .

2- 2-

insoluble in dil. HCl.

Absence of of S2-
No Purple or violet colouration is obtained.

No dark brown or black colouration is Absence of NO2-

obtained.

No Dark brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide Absence o NO3-

are evolved
 Absence of Cl- Br - and I-
No characteristic precipitate is formed

Absence of CH3COO-
No Reddish coloured filtrate.

Absence of C2O42-
No White precipitate is formed.

A white precipitate is formed.The white This confirms the presence of SO42-

precipitate is insoluble in dil. HCl.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 2NaCl + BaSO4↓
A white precipitate is formed which is This confirms the presence of SO42-
insoluble in excess of hot ammonium
acetate solution.
(CH3COO)2Pb(aq) + K2SO4(aq) -> PbSO4(s) + 2CH3COOK(aq)

PbSO4 + 4 CH3COONH4à (NH4)2 [Pb(CH3COO)4] + (NH4)2SO4

Absence of PO43-
No yellow precipitate is formed.

IDENTIFICATION OF BASIC RADICALS

No ammoniacal smell. Absence of Group Zero (NH4+).

No White precipitate is formed Absence of group I (Pb2+).

No characteristic precipitate. Absence of Group II (Pb2+ . Cu2+ and As3+).

2.White gelatinous precipitate.

Presence of Group III cation (Al3+)
Al3+(aq) + 3OH–à Al(OH)3(s)
Blue precipitate floating in in colourless
solution.it is due to the formation of
Al2O3.CoO.
Presence of Al3+is confirmed.
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O (dissolution)

AlCl3 + 3NH4OH → 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3