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Mind Map Physics

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Mind Map Physics

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Electric Charges and Fields E 7 7 7 Blcaric chetve) (0) Electric fil = Force betwee i = is Id intensity £ Force two penne Electric flux 9 = [E05 Gero teams Eecretcony pre mms st et Ine ai unit charge F = & p= Kl! 1 | passing through an area. Methods of charging q e Ane, a + By friction |” = By conduction + By induction Basic properties: Charge is + Quantised Q = +ne L» + Conserved + Additive/scalar + Invariant (speed independent) Ly Charge distribution Linear charge Linear charge density (2) > Charge Length SI unit: Cm-1 ‘Surface/Areal charge Surface charge density (0) > _ Charge ora ‘St unit: Cm? Volume charge Volume charge density (p) Charge Volume SI unit: C/m? ¥ ¥ Discrete or point Continuous charge —— SI unit: NC or Vim ei 1E1 I 4neg? (using superposition principle E = &+6+.F) Electric dipole |, Equal and opposite charge separated by some distance Dipole moment p = 2aq Electric field at a point on the axial line of dipole Electric field ata point on the ‘equatorial line of dipole bo Seg ree ea Oe (+a? Motpeso uo = 2 Torque experienced by electric dipole in uniform electric field | fe pxe Force experienced by dipole = 0 |" Tue to mutipie charges) Due to point charge {Jf = Area enciosing charge drawn 1 to the surface Gauss's theorem Net electric lux through a closed surface enclosing charge q. = fee ine Applications of Gauss's theorem + lec fed due o infinitely long straight conductor E = —*-f, 2 —Linear charge density 2reg + Electric field due to infrite plane sheet of charge E a c — Surface charge density z= a + Electric field due to uniformly charged spherical shell 5, =0, &, = =A fo Ee gt ponte fee he Sh neg? eg? Electric field lines * Electric field lines are straight or curved lines tangent to which at a point gives the direction of electric field. + Electric field lines diverge from positive charge, direction of electric field lines is towards direction of electric field. + If charge particle enters electric field with velocity VLE then its path will be a parabola, with displacement y = tae Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance y Electrostatic potential Work done in moving a unit charge from infinity to ‘ point in an electric field. Work _ W. © Charge | + Due to a point charge Q yi r » Due to dipole _ fpcose 2 p - Dipole moment + Due to charged conducting sphere Electric potential energy Work done in moving a charge w=U-U, PE. of system of two z cece PE. of a system of three point charges a oe U=U, ++ tie | See | fe fa fa . of a system of four 40 cain point charges A— Radius of sphere ae r eis U = Usp + Ups + Usy + Ur, + Uys + Usg PE. of charge placed in uniform electric field W=q= y Work done when two point charges are placed in E W= aWslr,) + 9Vella) [ee fa Work done in rotating a dipole in the electric field W = -PE(cos 0, - cos 0) PE. of dipole, U = ~pE > Potential iterence () Work done in moving a unit charge from one point to another PD. = Vp- VY 8. = fear A im On equipotential surtace PD. = 0 With dielectric of dielectric constant K, t Angle Dw and Soar iat oe ‘nes pe" dai ingor Force per unit length between two straight ‘Application Jong current carrying conductors of length L. ‘= Magnetic field along on the axis cfs Ho he of circular coil carrying current. | Loan B= = 2 x I It direction of 7, and J, is parallel then “i M = magnetic dipole moment force is attractive ‘ + It direction of /, and J, is anti-parallel then SE force is repulsive. At the a of coil of N-turns | Lorentz force: When charge q is moving Velocity selector |, in combined & and & —» EL Band F, =F, | F = g(+V xB) v=EB | Net force on a current carrying coil of N > tums and area A in uniform magnetic field Fs | If angle b/w v and B is 6 then path is helical =0 | > vc08 8 Oo Pitch mw sino When v1 then force FiviB : When 7 || B then Path is circular of radius 1, i.e. e bee am. Yemk _ Sem Horizontal distance covered in one time period Path : aw, | enires 2s is.astaignt ine '~ gp ~~ Bg 29 pe ae eae K=KE. V = Pa. *Cortnved rom previous page Moving coil galvanometer "Continued rom prevus page perenne Beary 2 a ceammeetnee Senna E 5s % It uses radial magnetic field so that the’ [Current sensi : = Current per unit angular deflection of coil NABI = KO, where K is the restoring ies a it torsion. rn ae K : k - Torsion constant Device to measure PD. Device to ce + High resistance (R) connected in series of the * Low resi galvanometer. Ret aeG 4 + Ry=G+R + It is connected in parallel with circuit. Ampere circuital law Line integral of the magnetic field B around a "Centric tom prevus page | Closed loop is equal to is times the total current > F passing through loop fBdi = yy mE z + Magnetic field due to tong straight current carrying conductor paar 7 Current in the conductor ‘—Perpendicular distance from ‘conductor i * Direction of B is given by Right Hand Thumb rule, j Bar magnet J ttaligns itself in the north-south direction when suspended freely: Magnetic field tines «+ Imaginary lines in the magnetic field which indicate the direction of magnetic field. tis |, isieading to call iid ines of B as lines of force. The magnetic forces always normal to B, + Form closed loop at magnetic pol Magnetic dipole in an uniform magnetic eld “mpao + Torque, ¢ = WxB ‘= Magnet dipole moment i =NAI su=-MB | = Work done = U,— Uy “Te 2, gpg wis moment of era ‘of the magnet. ‘Magnetic field at a point on the axial line at a point on the Gauss's law in magnetism {8.6 =0 ie, magnetic monopoles do 1 ot eri field lines are closed loop. mate piamagnetic substances: + Move from stronger to weaker parts in when settee. «Their atoms have Pe aired electrons K Paramagnetic substances Move from weaker to stronger parts of m = Their atoms have unpaired electrons. K, 0<%m< 1 fe passing through a surface normally, 4=BAcos 0 = Angle between B and A « suits weber (Wb) ‘065 unit - maxwell + isa scalar quantity — - Laws of EMI Given by Faraday First law: Whenever there is a change in magnetic flux linked with a circuit an induced emt is produced in it The induced emf lasts as long as the "> change in the magnetic flux continues. Second law: Induced emf x Rate of change of magnetic ux lem’'s law: Direction of induced emf is Such that it always opposes the change > Magnetic fux linked with the circuit. Abe at y 3 Conservation of energy mies emt produced is equal to shanical work done in changing the Magnetic tx. a inst th Iiize gt a0ainst the opposition of Induced emt is produced by ‘+ Relative motion of magnet and coil. + Relative motion of one coil and Current carrying colt * Changing current in the coil ae Motional electromotive force Induced emf produced in a conductor coil, moving with velocity v, normal to magnetic field B, Biv 1— Length of the arm of coil Fleming's Right Hand Rule + Gives direction of the induced emf produced in a moving coil in magnetic field. * Stretching the thumb, the forefinger and the central finger of right hand at mutually perpendicular. + Induced current 1 = - eee R © Magnetic force F = BI/ Bier R * Power P = Fy oe Self and mutual induction Tobe coninued at net pane Applications + Electromagnetic damping in moving coil galvanometer. Induction furnace, "+ Magnetic braking in electric powered trains. + In speedometer to record the instantaneous speed of the vehicle. & CChapterwise CBSE PYQs (Physics)—12 ‘compared to its diameter N Beara onguihyeirafas) Alternating Current pes of AC. Circuit ‘ac through Resistor (R) yeysnot | gas l= hsin ot The voltage is in phase with the current power consumed P= las AAC through Inductor (L) Alternating Current ‘When current changes continuously in magnitude and direction periodically Phasor diagram Diagram representing the alternating current and voltage as rotating vectors ith phase angle between them. Instantaneous value of AC + 1=hsin ot + [y= Peak value, « = angular frequency co +V= psi ot +] = [yin (ot - 12) + Ourent lags behind -—"E"™ the vottage by n/2 a +, inductive reactance = ol * Power consumed = zero AC through Capacitor "Vm Vy sin ot *1= Sin (ot + 1/2) * Current leads the voltage by n/2 * * Caactive reactance Xo= * Power consumed = Zero Mean value or Average value + Value of steady current which sends the same amount of charge through a circuit in half cycle as by AC in the same time Ip = 0.837 I, ‘= Mean value for full oycle of AC is zero, ae Root mean square value (RMS) ‘= Value of steady current which produces the same amount of heat in a resistor as by the A.C. in one complete cycle Ips = fol V2 = 0.707 J, ‘Quality factor Measure of the sharpness of the resonance of LCR circuit across Lor C eae voltage across A 1 c + Bandwidth 240 = # AC devices Tobe continued at et page y AC through L-C-R circuit +1=hsinot + V= Vy sin (ot + 6) + Impedance: Total resistance of AC circuit Z= J+ O-Xo? stan 9 = Ae @) X, > Xp— voltage leads the current (i) X, < X_ — voltage lags behind current (i) X, = Xp = voltage is in phase with current Tobe caninved ‘ane pape Resonance + When phase between current and voltage is zero KX =X Z=R * Current amplitude is maximum, y i=4 =4 “<— + Power consumed is maximum ‘+ Resonant Frequency 1 OFF ale Contrued rom previous page AC through L-C-R circuit Average Power Associated in AC circuit Py = = Enalns £08 ‘True power Apparent power Power factor cos $ = Wattless current The current which consumes no power for its maintenance in the L, circuit Le., P,, = 0 as cos @ = 0 In a.c. circuit containing either Inductor or capacitor current is wattless. Continue tro previous pe, Chapterwise CBSE PYQs (Physics) —|2 eT AC devices ae y Transformer Device which increases OF decreases the alternating voltage Principle Based on the principle of mutual induction that change in the | magnetic flux in primary coll produces an induced emf in the secondary coil. Construction Primary coil and secondary coil | wounded over the soft laminated iron core. Transformer ratio Np [> * For step up transformer Ns > Np, Ig < Ip + For step down transformer Ns < Nps Ig > Ip Energy Losses is due to + Flux leakage + Resistance of the windings [> * Eddy currents: Produce he: eee ating in the + Hysteresis: Energy loss in magnetisation and demagnetisation A.C. generator Produces electrical en from mechanical work. a Principle Based on the pl Co electromagnetic induction, changing magnetic flux with coil produces emt. : chapter Electromagnetic Waves [ ’ Displacement current (1,) The curent which originates in the ‘egon whee the electric fleld and the fenne fx are changing with time cole ms Y Ampere-Maxwell's circuital law Te line integral of the magnetic field B ver a closed path is equal 0 44) times the sum of , and /, through closed path fBdT = ugll, + 1) J, ~ Conduction current Properties of EM waves + I does not require any medium to propagate, * Speed (v) of EM wave in a medium depends on electric and magnetic properties of the medium. Ace vue * Energy is equally divided between E and 6, u, = up Source of EM wa ‘An accelerated charge is the ‘source of EM wave or fast moving electrons suddenly stopped by metal target of high atomic ‘number (for X-ray). Transverse nature of EM wave Electric and magnetic fields in an EM wave are mutually perpendicular to the direction of propagation. &, sin (kz ~ of) By sin (kz - ot) Me 8 X-rays ‘+ Produced by collision of high speed electron with high atomic mass metal target. = 3x 10" Hz to 3 x 108 Hz +) ‘= Use: In surgery to detect the fracture, flaws, cracks and holes in the metal products. esas RoR Gamma rays = It is originated by decay of radioactive substance. + 3x 101 Hz to 5 x 10% Hz ~ * Use: In radio therapy, food industry to kill pathogen, = el Electromagnetic spectrum The orderly arrangement of EM wave in Increasing or decreasing ‘order of wavelength or frequency. —— Radio wav = They are produced by the oscillating charge. vy ~ 500 kHz to 1000 MHz. Use: in TV and radio communication, Microwavi ‘They ae produced bythe vacuum tubes 1 GHz to 300 GHz Use: In RADAR, cooking Infrared rays it Is known as heat waves, produced by heat radiating t> bodies 3 x 10 Hz to.4 x 10% He Use: In satellite, heat sensors, physiotherapy. Visible rays: + tis visible to human eye radiated by excited atoms, [> + 4x 10! He to 7 x 10! He. + Use: By optical organ of animal Ultraviolet rays + IIs produced by special ta and very hot bodies. + 10" Hz to 101" Ha, + Use: * To Storiti Za surgical Chapter Reflection Phenomenon of change in the path of light without any change in medium. Laws of Reflection: 4. Incident ray, reflected ray and normal to surface, all i in the same plane. 2. Angle of incidence zi = Angle of reflection Zr. 1 Spherical mirror Mirror whose reflecting surface is curved. Concave mirror: has reflecting surface towards centre of curvature Convex mirror: has retlecting surface away from the centre of curvature. Uses | Convex mirror + As a reflector in street lamp » + As a rear-view mirror in vehicle Concave mirror ‘= As areflector in searchlight and the headlight of vehicle. | Relation between Focal length () and |, the radius of curvature (R) R raf 2 Mirror formula . capes: wut Relation between the focal length (f) cf mirror, distance of object (u) and Image (v) from pole of the mirror Ray Opti MIND MAP RAY OPTICS Study of Geometrical phenomenon of Fight Involves change in the path of light due ta change in medium, sini Snel's LaW uy = Sa hips ~ refractive index which is measure of relative optical denseness of medium want. 1 - Refraction at Sphe by Lens ‘Spherical refracting surface of radius R. Bas 2 a= ARUae TF * Lens maker's formula Surface and Linear magnification (m) ‘Measure of relative size of the image wat. object, eight of image. eight of object ‘ms posttve(+) for virtual image ‘and negative(-) for real image Power of lens (P) Ability of lens to converge or diverge the rays of light itis reciprocal of he focal length P= 1, Unitdiopte Magnification Ratio of height of the image (h’) to height ofthe object (h), m = * mis positive (+) for virtual infage ar Image and Negative (-) for real image Instruments ae Seren Y Optical Dispersion Set a y Y Ta be cononved “be cotrues are page ates pape Refraction of light through a prism = Relation between the angle of minimum deviation and the angle of prism 6 = (u-1)A = Refractive index of prism + Prism formula: ‘Apparent Depth Depth of an object immersed in water appears to be lesser than its actual depth. 4, = —Realdepth Apparent depth ‘Total internal Reflection (TI) * Retraction of light from denser to rarer medium at angle greater than critical angle (|), then ray is totally interally reflected back to denser medium, sink, —. WOO, fey Optics and Optical Instruments Contre rom revs page Dispersion Phenomenon of spliting of the white light into its component colours ‘Spectrum: Pattern of colour component of white light [VIBGYOR] Per i iii aici Cause of dispersion Different colours of white light have diferent wavelengths and the angle of deviation is inversely proportional to wavelength of light 5a Comins trom conieeton Optical instruments > Help to view things Clearly and distinctly Rainbow * Dispersion of the sunlight through water drops in the atmosphere = Itis due to combined effect of refraction dispersion, and total internal reflection of sunlight. SS Microscopes Form large image of close and minute object Simple microscope converging lens of small focal length | Form virtual, eect and magnified image Magnification, mate? D - Least distance of dintinct vision as y Compound Microscope Consists of two coaxial convex lenses * Objective of small aperture and very short focal length + Eyepiece of larger aperture and larger focal length. + Magnification (m) For image at near point For image at infinity, rm Ge sic Retracting Telescope They can he used both for terrestrial and astronomical observations, —— Telescope Used for observing distinct image of heavenly bodies consist of two coaxial convex lens. *+ Objective of larger aperture and large focal length ‘+ Eyepiece of smaller aperture and small focal length + Magnification (mm) For image at infinity =-4 4 For image at near point ~f+4) Retlecting Telescope. Used concave mirror of large aperture. + Magnification (m) For image at near point n= toed) For image at infinity =f Wave Optics “2 MiNi WAVE OPTICS Study of various phenomenon of light related to wave nature, { { 1 Wavelren Interference Diftractic Light propagates in the form of + Superposition of two light eee __ wavefront waves of the same frequency Tobe cited Wavefront is the locus of having constant phase on ea pane points having the same phase difference and propagating in of vibration and ray of light is the same direction, perpendicular t0 It. + In the redistribution of eneray, T alternate dark and bright bands : are formed | Spherical wavetront eS eae of lights a point | (Seeeeetiontenantemncn | source waves ofthe same frequency and have constant phase difference at Constructive interference a point. Cylindrical wavefront . : ae > ae Region of maximum intensity where [When the source of light is near | phase ditference @ = 2nx,n=1,2,3 | Young's double slit experiment Path difference = 1m. Intensity at a point | Plaeel wave ona Intensity « (@ + b)? [= 1, + lp + 2V Mp cos When) the|source) of Ia ahes a, b— Amplitude of interfering waves | 4 — Phase difference large distance from wavefront then He ce Ns Portion of the wavefront is plane. Bright fringes | Position y, = S mn | Destructive interference D — Distance of screen from silt Huygen's principle | Region of minimum intensity where — Separation between slit s/t pont on the Oven AVE Died Phase diference, ¢ = (2n - 1)r Datk fringes the source of a secondary wavelets. IE if iy + A surface tangential to secondary Path difference = (aa Position y, = og wavelets in forward direction at any 2 instant is the secondary wavefront. Intensity x (a — by Fringe width p = a SRS (0) Chapterwise CBSE PYQs (Physics) —12 ‘Continued from previous page Diffraction of light ————* bhenomenon of bending of light around _ _ i eae ee the corner of an obstacle and spreading [ of light in the geometrical shadow region. ————————————— | Resolving power | Fresnel's explanation Ability of an optical instrument to produce | Diffraction occurs due to interference of light from distinctly separate image of two close a portion of secondary wavefront not blocked by objects. | the obstacle. It is inverse of limit of resolution. Diffraction of light at a single slit Limit of resolution is the minimum Diffraction occurs when the size of an obstacle is distance between two objects at which of the order of wavelength of light. object can be seen as separate by the | * Position of nth secondary minima optical instrument. sin 0, = ms maT a * Position of nth secondary maxima a sin @, = Qn+t)o- eed 28, 0 * Linear width of central maximum = a D is the distance between screen and slit. * Angular width of central maxima 20 = 2 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Wave nature * Reflection Particle nature —> | tomentum ‘Z = Compton effect Photoelectric effect ‘interference 4 + Polarisation | + itracion + Dispersion {de Broglie wave or matter + Scattering ares za material particle of ‘and speed v, Wavelength h Tv Wave associated with moving ft Hertz and Lenards No electrons were emitted from emitter plate unt the frequency of incident light was smaller mass mi. __ Observation * Emission of electron from metal surface when radiation of frequency (®) greater than threshold frequency, ie. v > vp, incident on surface. ‘= Work function of metal: Minimum t nk than threshold frequency energy of incident photon. K = Kinetic Eneray - ee pes T / Boetinertal say Be t ee Factors affecting Law of photoelectric emission | 1227 4 , photoelectric emission itis an instantaneous process | W and graphical relations ~~ Number of photoelectrons ejected per second atv = 54V . a is proportional to the intensity of incident light. ren + Saturation current = Intensity of light. ee ‘= ‘Stopping potential = Frequency of incident light * Einstein's photoelectric equation 1 hy = ty, + Ama ig + Ma i soy, Stopping potential V, is the Photocurrent is proportional to minimum ~ve anode Potential collector potential. Rate of flow at which photoelectric current ‘becomes zero, Itis proportional of photoelectron is proportional to +ve anode potential 4 y Photoelectric current is proportional to intensity of incident light as number of photoelectrons ejected is y Variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for different frequencies but same intensity of incident radiation {otrequency of radiation, eae! 4 Proportional to the number of Photons incident in the metal surface, Ih x, 0 Coe plete Ka = 0Vp = hv ~ fvg Variation of photocurrent with collector plate potential for different intensities but same frequencies of incident radiation. based on - ‘a-particle scattering experiment by H. Geiger and E.Marsden. Observations + Most of the a-particle passed through Gold foil. ‘= Only 0.14% scattered by more than 1° and 1 in 8000 deflected by more than 90°. ae Conclusions ‘= Atom has most of the space empty. = All the positive charge and most of the ‘mass is concentrated in small region at the centre of atom, known as nucleus. Distance of closest approach (r,) Closest distance of a-particle moving towards the nucleus at which its whole KE. converts to PE. Itis 1 distance of initial velocity vector of ‘-particle from nucleus axis, Atoms _y It is basic constituent of matter pa Bohr's model of To be continued at nest omic model —> —fydrogen atom SSS ee =_ oe - sel Rutherford nuclear model Based on a-particle scattering experiment + Atom consists of small, positive central core known as nucleus in ‘which whole mass and positive charge of an atom is concentrated. + Electrons revolve around the nucleus in various circular orbits due to electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and the electron. * Radius of Limitations flectton orbit r = " ; re Fea 1 cat not exit) sebay eT 2 a = aera cd a + It could not explain inte spectrum of a ie Impact parameter (6) evs ~~ moving towards the nu + commun fom vous oat | Bohr's modal of __ hydrogen atom + Postulates, De Broglie explanation Integral multiple of + Electrons revolve around nucleus in stationary orbit (energy state), ‘whose angular momentum Is quantised stationary waves IS associated with electron oh t= amr = __,. inthe stationary orbit of ties radius y + Electron on transition from upper energy level to lower, emit tet radiation as photon af = hy = £-E; =| | Y Radius of the nth orbit ‘Velocity of electron in the nth orbit ‘Total energy of electron in the stationary orbit oa = aime! rant me t ae ae 138 For Heatom, E,= 5 eV ke z me oe reas we am Line spectra of hydrogen atom —_— ——— | ‘Due to transition of electron from higher | energy level (,) to lower energy level (7) y AE = £,-Ey = hv Bohr radius (rp) deere ete n=1,2=1 x [mone fy = 0.53 A ‘A Rydberg constant = 1.097 x 107 mr! ,,_ Linan series Balmer series Paschen serles Brackett series Plund series ede ny = 2, my = 3,4, y= 8M = 4B oe MAM = HB. My = Hg =. Ts ow 7 Ratlations Visible radiations Infrared radiations —_—Infrared radiations ——_—For infrared radiations —— Discovered by Rutherford through particle scattering experiment N, i * Nuclei with even n __ Proton or net Of * Have lower + Lighter heavier Nuclei Continued from previous page aa r T Nuclear fusion Nuclear fissic : i é jon « In this two lighter nuclei combine to form a eS is” heavier nucleus of higher average binding Ce eer ait energy. comparable mas: i « Release of huge energy equivalent to mass higher average B.E. ao defect between the reactant and product. 25 + In > \41Ba et «Require extreme high temperature and eae pel pressure. + Princiy E « ftis source of energy in the sun. Principle of nuclear reactor. eth + fH 7H + e* + v + 0.42 meV 1 Nuclear reaction Process to form stable nuclei of higher average B.E. with release of energy. ——_ Thermal neutron Slow moving neutron of energy 0.02365 eV that causes nuclear fission when collide with heavy nucleus. Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits AP ea ‘SEMICONDUCTOR AND ELECTRONIC DEVICES ' y rc i ey Energy band in solid pon junction diode + Collection of the closely spaced py evoray levels formedidis tothe) + Extrinsic semiconductor with one half continuous energy variation in as p-type and the other half as n-type. ae ore + Depletion layer: Region at junction + Valence band: Energy band of the Eat ish Chara Cane OE ee a eae + Potential barrier: Potential difference Lk across the depletion region. + Conduction band: Energy band fo above the valence band eet + Forbidden gap (E,): Energy gen The method of connecting external eee between the conduction band and sore ena no tineion gers the valence band, r : can 1 Fermi level (E,): Energy of free ; —y, electrons atthe absolute zero (0°K) Forward Bias Reverse Bias [EERE ene vole a with n-side of junction diode, to p-side of the junction diode. | 4 i Dt ae it = Has high resistance and conduction is SS = Has low resistance and conduction is Classification of Materials by rnakiriehicroe caries by minonty charge carriers. ] + Knee voltage-Forward bias voltage * Zener voltage: Minimum reverse voltage beyond which current increases rapidly. Uup to which current is independent of { ——— ee voltage. y 1 Conductors Semiconductors * Have very low resistivity een + Have intermediate resistivity p = 10-8 to p= 107 to 10% am, * Conduction band and the valence band overlap, i.e, there is no energy gap. * Electrons easily acquire energy to get free + Have high resistiity p = 10""to 109m, 10° 2m. + Energy gap between the valence band + Energy gap between the conduction band and : the valence band E >3 eV. and the conduction band g <3 ‘To’ continued on next pane 214) Chapterwise CBSE PYQs meth Intrinsic semiconductor + Pure semiconductor without any impurity, has charge carrier as holes and electrons. Teta eg. Silicon Ey = 1.17 eV, Germanium E, = 0.74 eV + AtT = 0K behave as insulator ‘type semiconductor *Goninued tom previous BO ‘Semiconductors, ayes = Doped ‘conductivity. - ' 7 Extrinsi¢ semiconductor ‘semiconductor, has higher n-type semiconductor *Contrud ram previous page + Pure semiconductor dopped with trivalent impurity (Acceptor impurity) + Majority charge carriers are holes My >> Me + Energy gap between the acceptor level and the valence band is 0.01 eV. - pentavalent impurity (donor impurtty). = Pure semiconductor doped with the + The majorty charge carriers are electrons, Ng >> My + Energy gap between the donor level the conduction band is 0.01 eV. and Applications of p-n junction diode Rectification: Process of converting ac into dc. Principle: Current flows through junction diode only in the forward bias. —— i Halt-wave rectifier Full-wave rectifier Output is obtained only during one half cycle of the AG input. One p-n junction diode is used with the transformer, acminieawat AC. Input Output Output is obtained during com iplete ee of the AC input. Two pn junction les are used with the centre tapped transformer. Lp OA |hitwave Na rectifier ‘Ov AG. Input

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