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Chemistry Class Notes

Chemistry is the science dealing with the composition, structure, properties and reactions of matter. It includes branches such as organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, environmental chemistry and industrial chemistry. Matter can exist in solid, liquid, gas and plasma states depending on how closely or freely particles are packed and move. The periodic table organizes elements based on atomic number and properties, grouping them into periods and families. Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons, with the atomic number defining each element. Chemical bonds like ionic and covalent bonding hold atoms together in molecules and influence chemical reactions, which can be represented by balanced equations. Acids and bases are important classes of compounds that

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63 views

Chemistry Class Notes

Chemistry is the science dealing with the composition, structure, properties and reactions of matter. It includes branches such as organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, environmental chemistry and industrial chemistry. Matter can exist in solid, liquid, gas and plasma states depending on how closely or freely particles are packed and move. The periodic table organizes elements based on atomic number and properties, grouping them into periods and families. Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons, with the atomic number defining each element. Chemical bonds like ionic and covalent bonding hold atoms together in molecules and influence chemical reactions, which can be represented by balanced equations. Acids and bases are important classes of compounds that

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ainur.seidulla
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Chemistry Class Notes

Topic: Introduction to Chemistry

1. Definition of Chemistry
• Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the composition,
structure, properties, and reactions of matter.
2. Branches of Chemistry
• Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon-containing compounds.
• Inorganic Chemistry: Study of non-carbon-containing compounds.
• Physical Chemistry: Study of the physical properties and behavior of
chemical systems.
• Analytical Chemistry: Study of the identification and quantification of
chemical components.
• Biochemistry: Study of chemical processes within and relating to living
organisms.
• Environmental Chemistry: Study of chemical processes occurring in the
environment.
• Industrial Chemistry: Study of chemical processes in industrial settings.
3. States of Matter
• Solid: Definite shape and volume, particles are closely packed and vibrate
in fixed positions.
• Liquid: Definite volume but takes the shape of its container, particles are
closely packed but can move past each other.
• Gas: No definite shape or volume, particles are far apart and move freely.
• Plasma: Ionized gas with highly energized particles, commonly found in
stars and lightning.
4. Chemical Elements and Periodic Table
• Elements are substances composed of only one type of atom.
• The Periodic Table organizes elements based on their atomic number,
electron configuration, and chemical properties.
• Elements are grouped into periods (horizontal rows) and groups/families
(vertical columns) on the Periodic Table.
5. Atomic Structure
• Atom: Smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties.
• Subatomic Particles:
• Protons: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus.
• Neutrons: Neutral particles found in the nucleus.
• Electrons: Negatively charged particles found in electron shells
around the nucleus.
• Atomic Number: Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
• Mass Number: Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom.
6. Chemical Bonding and Molecules
• Ionic Bonding: Bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms.
• Covalent Bonding: Bond formed by the sharing of electrons between
atoms.
• Molecules: Groups of atoms held together by chemical bonds.
• Lewis Structures: Diagrams that represent the arrangement of atoms and
valence electrons in molecules.
7. Chemical Reactions
• Reactants and Products: Substances that participate in a chemical
reaction and the resulting substances.
• Balancing Equations: Ensuring that the number of atoms of each element
is the same on both sides of a chemical equation.
• Types of Reactions: Includes synthesis, decomposition, single
displacement, double displacement, acid-base, and combustion reactions.
8. Acids, Bases, and pH
• Acids: Substances that donate protons (H⁺ ions) in aqueous solutions.
• Bases: Substances that accept protons (H⁺ ions) in aqueous solutions.
• pH Scale: Measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 to
14, with 7 being neutral.

Understanding chemistry is crucial for comprehending the

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