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chemistry_class_notes

The document contains class notes on chemistry, covering key topics such as the definition of chemistry, the structure of atoms, the periodic table, chemical bonds, states of matter, acids and bases, and chemical reactions. It outlines the branches of chemistry, the properties of subatomic particles, and the organization of the periodic table. Additionally, it explains types of chemical bonds, states of matter, the pH scale, and various types of chemical reactions along with the law of conservation of mass.

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Lin Cong
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5 views

chemistry_class_notes

The document contains class notes on chemistry, covering key topics such as the definition of chemistry, the structure of atoms, the periodic table, chemical bonds, states of matter, acids and bases, and chemical reactions. It outlines the branches of chemistry, the properties of subatomic particles, and the organization of the periodic table. Additionally, it explains types of chemical bonds, states of matter, the pH scale, and various types of chemical reactions along with the law of conservation of mass.

Uploaded by

Lin Cong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemistry Class Notes

Chemistry Class Notes

Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemistry

-----------------------------------

- Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, and how it interacts with energy.

- Branches of Chemistry:

1. Organic Chemistry ? Study of carbon-containing compounds.

2. Inorganic Chemistry ? Study of inorganic substances, metals, and minerals.

3. Physical Chemistry ? Study of physical properties of molecules.

4. Analytical Chemistry ? Analysis of substances and their composition.

5. Biochemistry ? Study of chemical processes in living organisms.

Chapter 2: The Structure of the Atom

------------------------------------

- Atoms are the basic units of matter.

- Subatomic particles:

* Protons (positive charge, found in nucleus)

* Neutrons (neutral charge, found in nucleus)

* Electrons (negative charge, found in electron cloud)

- Atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom.

- Mass number = Protons + Neutrons.

Chapter 3: The Periodic Table

-----------------------------

- The periodic table is organized based on atomic number.


- Groups and Periods:

* Groups (vertical columns) indicate elements with similar chemical properties.

* Periods (horizontal rows) represent elements with increasing atomic numbers.

- Important groups:

* Group 1 ? Alkali metals.

* Group 2 ? Alkaline earth metals.

* Group 17 ? Halogens.

* Group 18 ? Noble gases.

Chapter 4: Chemical Bonds

-------------------------

- Types of chemical bonds:

1. Ionic Bonds ? Formed by the transfer of electrons.

2. Covalent Bonds ? Formed by the sharing of electrons.

3. Metallic Bonds ? Formed between metal atoms.

Chapter 5: States of Matter

---------------------------

- Matter exists in three primary states:

1. Solid ? Fixed shape and volume.

2. Liquid ? Fixed volume but takes the shape of the container.

3. Gas ? No fixed shape or volume, expands to fill the container.

- Changes of state include melting, boiling, condensation, and sublimation.

Chapter 6: Acids and Bases

--------------------------

- Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.


- Bases release hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution.

- pH scale measures acidity or alkalinity (0-14):

* pH < 7 ? Acidic.

* pH = 7 ? Neutral.

* pH > 7 ? Basic.

Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions

-----------------------------

- A chemical reaction involves the transformation of reactants into products.

- Types of reactions:

* Synthesis ? Combining elements to form a compound.

* Decomposition ? Breaking down a compound into simpler substances.

* Single displacement ? One element replaces another in a compound.

* Double displacement ? Exchange of elements between compounds.

- Law of Conservation of Mass: Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

End of Notes.

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