COMPUTATIONAL FLUID

DYNAMICS (MKM411)
Prof. M. Sharifpur
mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za

Feb. 27th
Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
University of Pretoria
2024
 Engineering
Problem

Mathematics Review √
Finding; Continuum Mechanics
- Governing (Differential) Equations
Fluid Mechanics
- Initial & Boundary Conditions Heat Transfer

-Analytical Solution
-Numerical Solution (Programing)
- Using a Software
Therefore, we must find the Governing Differential Equations,
After that, Simplifying the Governing Differential Equations
regarding the physics of the problem
and also choosing right Initial & Boundary Conditions
 Let’s back

We have two usual conditions (or assumptions)

 1) Steady-State 2) Incompressible flow (constant ρ)

0

Continuity 0
Equation
(Steady-State)

 First we need to
expand
We have two usual conditions (or assumptions)

1) Steady-State 2) Incompressible flow (constant ρ)

0
.v = 0

0 0
Continuity
Equation .v = 0
(Incompressible)
0
.v = 0
 Continuity Equation - Incompressible flow (constant ρ)

.v = 0

vx v y vz
+ + =0
x y z
.v = 0
u v w
+ + =0
x y z

2 1 -3
What is the physically meaning?
v x v y v z
+ + =0
x y z
Example
Two velocity component of an incompressible 3 dimensional
flow are available as following:
vx = ax3 + bxy + cz vz = axyz − byz + c 2

Generate an expression for velocity in y direction, function of

x, y and z
Incompressible .v = 0
vx v y vz v y vx vz
+ + =0 =− −
x y z y x z
vx
= 3ax2 + by
x v y
= −(3ax2 + by) − (2axyz − by) = −3ax2 − 2axyz
v zz y
== 2axyz
axyz−− by
zz
v y =  (−3ax − 2axzy)dy + f ( x, z )
2 v y = −3ax2 y − axzy2 + f ( x, z )
Continuity equation

Cartesian coordinate ➔

+ .(  v) = 0
t

How do we usually simplify it?

One-D assumption for the pipes
0 0

One-D
 • Fluid entering a circular pipe at a uniform velocity.
• Because of the no-slip condition at the wall.
• The flow in a pipe is divided into two regions:
– The boundary layer region, and
– The Fully Developed region.

The mass equation for Fully Developed is look like one D assumption, but vz is function of r
Boundary
layer

Fully Developed
and incompressible
and Steady state
Continuity equation

 1 (  r 2ur ) 1 (  u sin  ) 1 (  u )
+ 2 + + =0
t r r r sin   r sin  
Steady state

sin) ) 1 1  ( u()u )
1 1((r2ru2ru)r ) 11 ((uusin
++ ++ = 0= 0
r r rr
2
r sin   sin    
r sin
incompressible
1  ( r 2 ur ) 1  (u sin  ) 1  (u )
+ + =0
r r sin   sin  
 Test yourself-3
Allowance Time 3 minutes
Simplify the continuity equation for a fluid in case
of:
Steady-state, ,two dimensional (y, z) and the density
is 1000 kg / m3

v = vx i + v y j + vz w
 ()  ()  ()
() = i+ j+ w
x y z
 Solution
Simplify the continuity equation for case of:
Steady-state, two dimensional (y, z) and the density
is 1000 kg / m3

v = vx i + v y j + vz w
This means it is
 ()  ()  ()
.v = 0 Incompressible () =
x
i+
y
j+
z
w

v yvz
vx v y vz
+ + =0 ( y, z ) + =0
x y z
y z
Continuity Equation
(Mass Eq.)
Example for 2D and Incompressible flow (constant ρ)

 ( vx )  ( v y ) ( vz )
+ + + =0
t x y z

vx v y
+ =0
x y
Different forms of Continuity equation (in general)
  ( v x )  ( v y )  ( v z )
+ + + =0
t x y z


Continuity + div( v ) = 0
Equation t

You should recognize the Different forms of Continuity equation

Example:
Check which of the following velocity fields can satisfy continuity equation;
Or we may ask: Check which of the following velocity fields show a real fluid:

  
1-1 ) v = ( x y − z)i + ( xy + z) j − k
2 2
and  = x+ y
1-2 ) vr = r 2 , v = r 2 , vz = z and  = 1000kg / m3
  
Solution
1-1 ) v = ( x y − z)i + ( xy + z) j − k
2 2
and  = x+ y
 ( u )  ( v)  ( w)
Needs to check + + = 0 while nothing is function of time
x y z
u v w
(( x + y)( x 2 y − z )) (( x + y)( xy2 + z )) (( x + y)(−1))
+ + =
x y z

= (3x 2 y − z + 2 xy2 ) + (2 x 2 y + 3xy2 + z ) + 0 =

= (5 x 2 y + 5 xy2 )  0 It does not satisfy the continuity equation

1-1 ) vr = r 2 , v = r 2 , vz = z and  = 1000kg / m3
Example;
a) Simplify the continuity equation in cylindrical
coordinate for Two-dimensional and incompressible
flow (in z and r directions).

b) With the resultant equation check if the following velocity

field is incompressible and Two-dimensional
v ( vr , v z )
vr = 2rz v z = r − 2z
2 2
Solution
a) Incompressible and Two-dimensional flow (in z and r directions).

Incompressible

Incompressible and Two-dimensional

(in z and r directions)

b)
vr = 2rz  ( 2r 2 z )  (r 2 − 2 z 2 )
+r =
v z = r − 2z
2 2
r z
4rz + r (−4 z ) = 0
Incompressible and Two-dimensional 
Conservation of mass
One-dimensional
Flow Investigation

Mass Flow Rate  =?

m

dm  dV Adx dx
m = = = = A =  Av x kg
dt dt dt dt s

m = V V = Ax
Therefore , in the case of Steady state
 Questions
If the fluid is water and the level of
water in the tank stay the same all
the time

1) Where is the Maximum Pressure between 1 to 7?

a) Point 7 b) Point 5 c) Point 1  d) Point 2 e) Non of them
2) Where is the Maximum Pressure between 2 to 7 ?
a) Point 7 b) Point 5 c) Point 1 d) Point 2  e) Non of them
 Question; If the fluid is water and the level of
water in the tank stay the same all
the time

Where is the Maximum Average Velocity between 1 to 7?

a) Point 7 b) Point 5 c) Point 1 d) Point 2 e) Non of them 

Where is the Maximum Average Velocity between 2 to 7 ?

a) Point 7 b) Point 5 c) Point 2 d) Point 4 e) Non of them 
Now think about these cases (the tanks are the same),
the pipe are the same but different length

V1 = V2 = V3 = V4

P1≌P5 P4=P6
But V6  V4

V5 = V6