EXPERIMENT – 7

Aim:
To analyse the given inorganic salt for one acidic and one basic radical.
Write experiments, observations and inference in tabular form. Write the chemical
equations involved.

Requirement:
(a) Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, boiling tubes,
beakers, funnel, filter papers, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner etc.
(b) Chemicals: Different reagents.

Preliminary Test:

Physical state Crystalline solid

Colour White
Odour/smell Ammonia like
Solubility Soluble in water

Test For Acidic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt, add 2 mL of dil. H2SO4 No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-
and warm it. SO32-, CH3COO-
NO2- absent.

2. To the fresh pinch of salt, add 1 mL of conc. Colourless pungent Chloride (Cl-) may
H2SO4 . smelling gas evolved. be present.

3. Confirmatory Test

(i) Bring a glass rod moist with NH4OH near White fumes of NH4Cl Chloride (Cl-)
the mouth of test tube. are formed. confirmed.

(ii) Take a small portion of solution in another Greenish yellow gas Chloride (Cl-)
test tube then add MnO2 and heat the evolved. confirmed.
content.

(iii) a) To the salt solution add AgNO3 White precipitate is Chloride (Cl-)
solution formed. confirmed.

b) To the above precipitate add NH4OH Precipitate dissolved. Chloride (Cl-)

solution in excess confirmed.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

a) Cl- + H2SO4 (dil) → No reaction

b) Cl- + H2SO4 (conc.) → HCl ↑ + HSO4-
c) HCl + NH4OH → NH4Cl ↑ + H2O
(White fumes)
d) MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2↑
(Pale green gas)
e) Cl- + AgNO3 → AgCl + NO3 -

(White ppt)

Test For Basic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To a pinch of salt add NaOH solution Smell of ammonia is Zero group (NH4+)
and heat it. observed. may be present.

2. Confirmatory Test

(i) On placing glass rod moistened with dil. White fumes of NH4Cl NH4+ confirmed
HCl near the mouth of the test tube. is formed.

(ii) On placing moist red litmus paper on the Litmus paper turns NH4+ confirmed
mouth of test tube. blue.

(iii) To the aqueous salt solution add NaOH Brown precipitate is NH4+ confirmed
solution and heat it, then add Nesseler’s formed.
reagent to it.

[Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

(i) NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl + NH3 ↑ + H2O

(ii) NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

(iii) 2[K2(HgI4)] + 2NaOH + NH4Cl → NH2HgI3 + 4KI + NaI + NaCl + 2H2O

(Brown ppt)
Or
(HgO.Hg (NH2) I)
Iodide of millon’s base

Result: The given inorganic salt contains:

Acidic radical – Cl−
Basic radical – NH4+
Therefore the given inorganic salt is - NH4Cl
**********
 EXPERIMENT – 8

Aim:
To analyse the given inorganic salt for one acidic and one basic radical.
Write experiments, observations and inference in tabular form. Write the chemical
equations involved.

Requirement:
(a) Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, boiling tubes,
beakers, funnel, filter papers, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner etc.
(b) Chemicals: Different reagents.

Preliminary Test:

Physical state Crystalline solid

Colour White
Odour/smell Ammonia like
Solubility Soluble in water

Test For Acidic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt, add 2 mL of dil. No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-
H2SO4. SO32-, CH3COO-
NO2- .absent.
2. To the fresh pinch of salt, add 1 mL of No gas evolved. Cl-, NO3- are
conc. H2SO4. absent.

3. To the salt solution add 1-2 mL BaCl2 A white precipitate is SO42- may be
solution. formed. present.

4. Confirmatory Test

(i) To the above precipitate add conc. HCl or Precipitate is insoluble. SO42- confirmed.
conc. HNO3.

(ii) To the salt solution add lead acetate White precipitate is SO42- confirmed.
solution. formed.

(iii) To the above precipitate ad ammonium Precipitate dissolved. SO42- confirmed.

acetate solution in excess.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

(i) SO42- + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2Cl-

(White ppt)
(ii) SO42- + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO4 + 2CH3COO-
(White ppt)
(iii) PbSO4 + 2CH3COONH4 → (CH3COO)2Pb + (NH4)2SO4

Test For Basic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To a pinch of salt add NaOH solution Smell of ammonia is Zero group (NH4+)
and heat it. observed. may be present.

2. Confirmatory Test

(i) On placing glass rod moistened with dil. White fumes of NH4Cl NH4+ confirmed
HCl near the mouth of the test tube. is formed.

(ii) On placing moist red litmus paper on the Litmus paper turns NH4+ confirmed
mouth of test tube. blue.

(iii) To the aqueous salt solution add NaOH Brown precipitate is NH4+ confirmed
solution and heat it, then add Nesseler’s formed.
reagent to it.

[Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

(i) NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl + NH3 ↑ + H2O

(ii) NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
(iii) 2[K2(HgI4)] + 2NaOH + NH4Cl → NH2HgI3 + 4KI + NaI + NaCl + 2H2O
(Brown ppt)
Or
(HgO.Hg (NH2) I)
Iodide of millon’s base

Result: The given inorganic salt contains:

Acidic radical – SO42−
Basic radical – NH4+
Therefore the given inorganic salt is – (NH4)2SO4

***********
 EXPERIMENT – 9
Aim:
To analyse the given inorganic salt for one acidic and one basic radical.
Write experiments, observations and inference in tabular form. Write the chemical
equations involved.

Requirement:
(a) Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, boiling tubes,
beakers, funnel, filter papers, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner etc.
(b) Chemicals: Different reagents.

Preliminary Test:

Physical state Crystalline solid

Colour White
Odour/smell Vinegar like
Solubility Soluble in hot water

Test For Acidic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt, add 2 mL of dil. H2SO4. A colourless gas with CH3COO- may
smell of vinegar evolves. be present.
2. Confirmatory Test

(i) Take a pinch of a given salt in a watch Vinegar like smell. CH3COO-
glass, add solid oxalic acid and few drops of confirmed.
water in it and rub it properly.

(ii) To the aqueous solution of given salt, add 2- Reddish brown colour CH3COO-
3 mL of neutral FeCl3 solution. Filter the appeared. confirmed.
solution and then divide the filtrate into
two parts:
(a) To the first part, add dil. HCl. Reddish brown colour CH3COO-
disappear. confirmed.

(b) To second part, add water then boil it. Reddish brown CH3COO-
precipitate formed. confirmed.

3. To the given salt add 1 mL of conc. H2SO4 A pleasant fruity CH3COO-

and add 2-3 mL of C2H5OH then heat the smelling compound is confirmed.
content. formed.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

(i) 2CH3COO- + H2SO4 → 2CH3COOH + SO42-

(Vinegar like smell)

(ii) 2CH3COO- + 2H2C2O4 → C2O42- + 2CH3COOH

(iii) 2CH3COO- + FeCl3 → (CH3COO)3Fe + 3Cl-

Test For Basic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference

No
1. To the pinch of salt add NaOH No reaction and no Zero group absent.
solution and heat it. ammoniacal smell.

2. To 1 mL of original solution add few White precipitate is formed. I group may be

drops of dil. HCl. present.

3. Confirmatory Test

(i) Filter the precipitate and wash the Precipitate dissolved. Pb2+ may be
precipitate with cold water and then present.
boil it with water.

(ii) Filter the solution while boiling.

Divide the filtrate into three parts.

(a) To first par, add KI solution. Yellow precipitate formed Pb2+ confirmed.
which is insoluble in cold
water.

(b) To second part, add K2CrO4 solution. Yellow precipitate formed Pb2+ confirmed.
which is insoluble in dil.
CH3COOH but soluble in
aq. NaOH.

(c) To the third part, add dil. H2SO4 and White precipitate formed. Pb2+ confirmed.
C2H5OH.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

a) Pb2+ + 2HCl → PbCl2 + 2H+

b) PbCl2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KCl

(Yellow ppt)

c) PbCl2 + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 + 2KCl

(Yellow ppt)

d) 2PbCrO4 + 2NaOH → PbCrO4.Pb(OH)2 + Na2CrO4

e) PbCl2 + H2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2HCl

Result: The given inorganic salt contains:

Acidic radical – CH3COO−
Basic radical – Pb2+
Therefore the given inorganic salt is – (CH3COO)2Pb

**********
 EXPERIMENT – 10
Aim:
To analyse the given inorganic salt for one acidic and one basic radical.
Write experiments, observations and inference in tabular form. Write the chemical
equations involved.

Requirement:
(a) Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, boiling tubes,
beakers, funnel, filter papers, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner etc.
(b) Chemicals: Different reagents.

Preliminary Test:

Physical state Crystalline solid

Colour White
Odour/smell No smell
Solubility Soluble in hot water

Test For Acidic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt, add 2 mL of dil. H2SO4 . No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-
SO32-, CH3COO-
NO2- absent.

2. To the fresh pinch of salt, add 1 mL of conc. Reddish brown fumes NO3- may be
H2SO4 . with pungent smell are present.
evolved.
3 Confirmatory Test

(i) To the pinch of salt add conc. H2SO4 and Intense brown fumes NO3- confirmed.
copper turnings and then heat the content. evolved.

(ii) Brown ring test: To the salt solution add A brown ring is formed NO3- confirmed.
freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution at the junction of two
and then add conc. H2SO4 along the side of layers of the two
test tube drop wise. solution.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

(i) NO3- + H2SO4(dil) → No reaction

(ii) 2 NO3- + H2SO4(conc.) → 2HNO3 + SO42-

(iii) 3Cu + 8HNO3 → 3 Cu (NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O

(iv) 2NO + O2 → 2NO2

RING TEST:

(v) 6FeSO4 + 2HNO3 + 3H2SO4 → 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO

(vi) FeSO4 + NO → FeSO4.NO

( Nitroso ferrous sulphate)

Test For Basic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt add NaOH No reaction and no Zero group absent.
solution and heat it. ammoniacal smell.

2. To 1 mL of original solution add few White precipitate is formed. I group may be

drops of dil. HCl. present.

3. Confirmatory Test

(i) Filter the precipitate and wash the Precipitate dissolved. Pb2+ may be
precipitate with cold water and then present.
boil it with water.

(ii) Filter the solution while boiling.

Divide the filtrate into three parts.

(a) To first par, add KI solution. Yellow precipitate formed Pb2+ confirmed.
which is insoluble in cold
water.

(b) To second part, add K2CrO4 solution. Yellow precipitate formed Pb2+ confirmed.
which is insoluble in dil.
CH3COOH but soluble in
aq. NaOH.

(c) To the third part, add dil. H2SO4 and White precipitate formed. Pb2+ confirmed.
C2H5OH.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

a) Pb2+ + 2HCl → PbCl2 + 2H+

b) PbCl2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KCl

(Yellow ppt)

c) PbCl2 + K2CrO4 → PbCrO4 + 2KCl

(Yellow ppt)

d) 2PbCrO4 + 2NaOH → PbCrO4.Pb(OH)2 + Na2CrO4

e) PbCl2 + H2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2HCl

Result: The given inorganic salt contains:

Acidic radical – NO3−
Basic radical – Pb2+
Therefore the given inorganic salt is – Pb(NO3)2

************
 EXPERIMENT – 11
Aim:
To analyse the given inorganic salt for one acidic and one basic radical.
Write experiments, observations and inference in tabular form. Write the chemical
equations involved.

Requirement:
(a) Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, boiling tubes,
beakers, funnel, filter papers, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner etc.
(b) Chemicals: Different reagents.

Preliminary Test:

Physical state Crystalline solid

Colour White
Odour/smell No smell
Solubility Soluble in water

Test For Acidic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt, add 2 mL of dil. H2SO4. No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-
SO32-, CH3COO-
NO2- absent.
2. To the fresh pinch of salt, add 1 mL of conc. No gas evolved. Cl-, NO3- are
H2SO4 . absent.

3. To the salt solution add 1-2 mL BaCl2 A white precipitate is SO42- may be
solution. formed. present.

4. Confirmatory Test

(i) To the above precipitate add conc. HCl or Precipitate is SO42- confirmed.
conc. HNO3. insoluble.

(ii) To the salt solution add lead acetate solution. White precipitate is SO42- confirmed.
formed.

(iii) To the above precipitate ad ammonium Precipitate dissolved. SO42- confirmed.

acetate solution in excess.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

(i) SO42- + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2Cl-

(White ppt)
(ii) SO42- + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO4 + 2CH3COO-
(White ppt)
(iii) PbSO4 + 2CH3COONH4 → (CH3COO)2Pb + (NH4)2SO4

Test For Basic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt add NaOH solution and No reaction and no Zero group absent.
heat it. ammoniacal smell.

2. To 1 mL of original solution add few drops of No precipitate is I group absent.

dil. HCl. formed.

3. Pass H2S gas through the above solution. No precipitate is II group absent.
formed.

4. Boil off H2S gas from the above solution No precipitate. III group absent.
completely, cool down and then add few
drops of conc. H2SO4 and heat it. Cool it
then add NH4Cl(solid) and NH4OH in
excess.

5. Pass H2S gas through above solution. White precipitate is IV group present.
formed.

6. Confirmatory Test

(a) Dissolve the precipitate in dilute HCl and

boil off H2S gas completely, divide the
solution into two parts.

(i) To the first part of solution, add NaOH. White precipitate is Zn2+ confirmed.
formed (soluble in
excess).

(ii) To second part of the solution, add White precipitate is Zn2+ confirmed.
K4[Fe(CN)6] solution in excess. formed.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

a) Zn2+ + H2 S → ZnS + 2H+

(White ppt)
b) ZnS + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2S
c) ZnCl2 + 2NaOH → Zn (OH)2 + 2NaCl
d) Zn (OH)2 + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + 2H2O
e) 2ZnCl2 + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4KCl

Result: The given inorganic salt contains:

Acidic radical – SO42−
Basic radical – Zn2+
Therefore the given inorganic salt is – ZnSO4

*********
 EXPERIMENT – 12
Aim:
To analyse the given inorganic salt for one acidic and one basic radical.
Write experiments, observations and inference in tabular form. Write the chemical
equations involved.

Requirement:
(a) Apparatus: Test tubes, test tube stand, test tube holder, boiling tubes,
beakers, funnel, filter papers, glass rod, wire gauze, tripod stand, Bunsen
burner etc.
(b) Chemicals: Different reagents.

Preliminary Test:

Physical state Crystalline solid

Colour White
Odour/smell No smell
Solubility Soluble in water

Test For Acidic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt, add 2 mL of dil. H2SO4 No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-
and warm it. SO32-, CH3COO-
NO2- absent.

2. To the fresh pinch of salt, add 1 mL of conc. Colourless pungent Chloride (Cl-) may
H2SO4. smelling gas evolved. be present.

3. Confirmatory Test

(i) Bring a glass rod moist with NH4OH near White fumes of NH4Cl Chloride (Cl-)
the mouth of test tube. are formed. confirmed.

(ii) Take a small portion of solution in another Greenish yellow gas Chloride (Cl-)
test tube then add MnO2 and heat the evolved. confirmed.
content.

(iii) a) To the salt solution add AgNO3 White precipitate is Chloride (Cl-)
solution formed. confirmed.

b) To the above precipitate add NH4OH Precipitate dissolved. Chloride (Cl-)

solution in excess confirmed.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

a) Cl- + H2SO4 (dil) → No reaction

b) Cl- + H2SO4 (conc.) → HCl ↑ + HSO4-
c) HCl + NH4OH → NH4Cl ↑ + H2O
(White fumes)
d) MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2↑
(Pale green gas)
e) Cl- + AgNO3 → AgCl + NO3-
(White ppt)

Test For Basic Radical

S. Experiment Observation Inference
No
1. To the pinch of salt add NaOH solution and No reaction and no Zero group
heat it. ammoniacal smell. absent.

2. To 1 mL of original solution add few drops of No precipitate is I group absent

dil. HCl. formed.

3. Pass H2S gas through the above solution. No precipitate is II group absent
formed.

4. Boil off H2S gas from the above solution No precipitate. III group absent
completely, cool down and then add few
drops of conc. H2SO4 and heat it. Cool it then
add NH4Cl(solid) and NH4OH in excess.

5. Pass H2S gas through above solution. No precipitate. IV group absent

6. Boil off H2S gas from the above solution cool White precipitate is V group present
down then add solid NH4Cl, NH4OH and formed. (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
(NH4)2CO3 solution in it. may be)

7. Confirmatory Test

(i) Dissolve the precipitate in minimum Yellow precipitate is Ba2+ confirmed

quantity of acetic acid, then add K2CrO4 formed.
solution drop wise.

(ii) Dissolve yellow precipitate in minimum Apple green flame. Ba2+ confirmed
volume of conc. HCl and perform the flame
test.
 [Write Chemical Equations at left hand side page]

a) Ba2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → BaCO3 + 2NH4+

b) BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COOH)2Ba + CO2 + H2O

c) (CH3COOH)2Ba + K2CrO4 → BaCrO4 + 2CH3COOK

Result: The given inorganic salt contains:

Acidic radical – Cl−
Basic radical – Ba2+
Therefore the given inorganic salt is – BaCl2

**********
 Co2+ CoS Black
Mn2+ MnS Flesh colour
Zn2+ ZnS Dirty white
V (NH4)2 CO3 in presence of NH4OH Ba2+ BaCO3 White
Ca2+ CaCO3 White
Sr2+ SrCO3 White
VI Na2HPO4 in presence of NH4OH Mg2+ MgNH4PO4 White

EXPERIMENT – 3
Aim :- To analyse the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radicals [(NH4)2 CO3]
Preliminary Investigation
Physical State Solid
Colour White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ , Ni2+, Mn2+,Co2+absent)
Odour Ammonium smell (may be NH4+)
Solubility Soluble in water
Flame Test No Characteristic flame (Pb2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ , Ba2+,
Zn2+ absent)

(A) Identification of Acidic Radical

(a) Preliminary test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt solution + dil H2SO4 Colourless, colourless gas with brisk Group A anion (CO32- may be
effervescence which turn lime water present)
milky

Confirmative test :
1. BaCl2 Test : Salt solution + White ppt of BaCO3 CO32- Confirmed
BaCl2
2. MgSO4 Test : Salt solution + White ppt of MgCO3 CO32- Confirmed
MgSO4

(B) Identification of Basic Radical

a) Preliminary Test
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Salt Solution + NaOH+ Heat Smell of NH3
2. Place a red litmus on the mouth of Red litmus turns blue
test tube.

Zero group present NH 4 may be 
Confirmative test
Experiment Observation Inference
1. Nessler’s reagent test : Salt + Reddish brown ppt. is formed 
NH confirmed.
4
Solution + NaOH + Nessler’s Reagent
2. NaOH test : Smell of NH3
Salt Solution + NaOH + Heat. Dense white fumes of NH4Cl are
Bring a glass rod dipped in conc. HCl formed. NH 4 Confirmed.
Chemical Reactions : -
Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test :-
1. NH 4 2 CO3  H 2 SO4 NH 4 2 SO4  CO2 ↑ H 2O
2. Ca(OH ) 2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H 2O
Confirmative Test
1. BaCl2 Test :
(NH ) CO
4 2 3 + BaCl 2 → BaCO3 ↓+2 NH 4Cl
2- MgSO4
NH 4 2 CO3  MgSO4  MgCO3  ( NH 4 ) 2 SO4

(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 2

2. Basic Radical
(a) Preliminary Test :-

1. NH 4 2 CO3  2NaOH  Na2CO3  2H 2O  2NH 3 

NH3+ Red litmus ----- Litmus turns blue
(b) Confirmative test :-
1. Nessler’s Test :
K2HgI4   2KI + Hg I2
(Nessler’s Reagent)
HgI2 + NH3   NH2HgI + HI
2NH2HgI + H2O   NH2
/
Hg
\
O + NH4I
/
Hg
\
I
2. NaOH Test
NH 4 2 CO3  2NaOH 
 Na2CO3  2H 2O  2 NH 3 
NH 3 ↑ HCl 
 NH 4Cl ( Dense white fumes )
Result : The given inorganic salt contains following
Acidic Radical : - CO32-
Basic Radical : NH 4

EXPERIMENT – 4
Aim : To analyse the given salt of acidic and basic radical (NH4Cl)
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : white (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+ absent)
Odour : Ammonium smell ( NH 4 may be present)
Solubility : Soluble in water
Flame Test : No characteristic flame (Cu2+, Ca2+, Ba2+,Sr2+,Pb+2 , Zn2+absent)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
a- Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 solution No gas is evolved Group A anion
(CO 2-
3 , CH 3COO- , NO - 2 , SO32- , S 2- , absent )
2 Salt + Conc H2SO4 + Heat Colourless gas with Group B anion (Cl- may be)
Bring a glass rod dipped in NH4OH pungent smell which
gives dense white fumes
of NH4Cl
(b) Confirmative Test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 AgNO3 test : Salt Solution + Curdy white ppt Cl- confirmed
AgNO3.
Dissolve the ppt in NH4OH White ppt soluble in
NH4OH
2 Chromyl chloride Test: Reddish orange gas Cl– confirmed
a) Salt + Solid K2Cr2O7 (1:2) is evolved
+ conc. H2SO4 + Heat
b) Pass these vapour through Solution be comes
NaOH yellow
c) Add acetic acid and lead Yellow ppt of lead
acetate to yellow solution chromate is formed.
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 3
 Experiment Observation Inference
1 NH4OH test : 1st part + Deep bule colour Cu2+ confirmed
NH4 OH
2 Potassium ferrocynide test : Chocolate brown Cu2+ confirmed
IInd part + K4[Fe(CN)6] ppt of Copper
ferrocyanide is
formed

Acidic Radical
1- BaCl2 Test:
CuSO4 + BaCl2  BaSO4  + CuCl2
(White Ppt)
2- (CH3COO)2 Pb Test :
CuSO4 + (CH3COO)2 Pb  PbSO4  +2(CH3COO)2 Cu
(White Ppt)
PbSO4  +2CH3COONH4  (CH3COO)2 Pb + (NH4)2SO4
(b) Basic radical

Cu2+ + H2S  CuS + 2H+

Black ppt

3CuS  8HNO3 
 Cu(OH ) 2  2 NO  4H 2O  3S
1. NH4OH test
Cu ( NO3 ) 2  4 NH 4OH 
[Cu ( NH 3 ) 4 ]( NO3 ) 4  4 H 2O
Deep blue ppt
2. K4[Fe(CN)6 test
2Cu( NO3 ) 2 + K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] → Cu 2 [Fe(CN) 6 ] + 4KNO3
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical – SO42
Basic Radical Cu 2

EXPERIMENT – 7

Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.Al2(SO4)3
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,Ni2+, Mn2+ , Co2+absent)
Qdour : No characteristic odour ( absence of NH 4 , S2- , CH3COO- )
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Flame Test : No characteristics flame (Pb+2, Sr+2, Cu2+, Ca+2, Ba+2,Ni+2, Zn2+absent)

(A) Identification of Acidic Radical

a- Preliminary test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + dil H2SO4 No gas is evolved Group A
CO 2
3 , S 2 , SO32 NO2 CH 3COO- 
Absent
2 Salt + Concn H2SO4 + Heat No gas evolved Group B anions
Cl -
, Br - , I - , NO3 - , C2O42 absent 
3. Salt + BaCl2 White ppt is formed Group C anion ( SO42 may be)

(b) Confirmative test :

(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 7

 Experiment Observation Inference
1 BaCl2 test :Salt Solution + BaCl2 White Ppt 2
SO 4 confirmed
Add dil HCl to above ppt Ppt remains insoluble
2 Lead Acetate Test : -
Salt Solution + (CH3COO)2 Pb. solution White ppt. SO42 confirmed
Add CH3COO NH4 to above ppt. Ppt dissolves in
ammonium acetate.

B- Identification of Basic Radical

(a) Preliminary test :

Experiment Observation Inference

1 Salt solution + NaOH + No smell of NH3 Zero
heat 
Group, NH 4 absent 
2 Salt solution + dil . HCl No Ppt Group I, (Pb2+ absent)

3 To the above solution No ppt. Group II (Cd2+ , Pb2+ ,

pass H2S gas As2+ Cu2+ absent)
4 Boil H2S gas and add White gelatinous Group III (Al3+ may be)
NH4Cl + NH4OH & ppt.
divide the Solution in
two parts.

(b) Confirmative test:

Experiment Observation Inference

1 Take test : 1st part + dil + HCl + 2 drops of Blue ppt.floats over Al3+ confirmed
blue litmus + NH4OH colourless solution
2 Ammonium chloride Test : Formation of white Al3+ confirmed
IInd part + NH4Cl + Boil the solution gelatinous ppt.

Acidic Radical
1. BaCl2 test :

Al 2 SO4 3  BaCl 2 
 BaSO4  2AlCl 3
White ppt
2. (CH3COO)2 Pb test :
Al 2 SO4 3  (CH 3COO) 2 Pb 
 PbSO4   Al CH 3COO3
White ppt
PbSO4  2CH 3COONH4 
(CH 3COO) 2 Pb  ( NH 4 ) 2 SO4

Basic Radical
Al 2 SO4 3  NH 4OH 
 Al (OH )3  ( NH 4 ) 2 SO4
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H 2 O
 Al OH 3  3NH 4Cl
AlCl 3  3NH 4OH 

White ppt
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical – SO42
Basic Radical Al 3

EXPERIMENT – 8

(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 8

i) Silver Nitrate test
BaBr2  2 AgNO3 
 Ba ( NO3 ) 2  2 AgBr 
(Yellow ppt)
ii) MnO2 Test :- BaBr2  MnO2  2H 2 SO4 
 BaSO4  MnSO4  2H 2O  Br2 
Chemical reaction for Basic Radical
Preliminary Test :
BaBr2 + (NH 4 )2 CO3 → BaCO3 ↓+ 2 NH 4 Br
BaCO3  2CH 3COOH 
(CH 3COO) 2 Ba  CO2   H 2O
Confirmative Test :
CH 3COO2 Ba  K 2CrO4 
 2CH 3COOK  BaCrO4 
1K2CrO4 Test : (Yellow ppt)
Result : The given inorganic salt contains. Acidic Radical Br 
Basic Radical Ba2+

EXPERIMENT – 10
Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical. (NH4)2C2O4
Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe+2, Fe+3,Ni+2, Mn+2 , Co+2 are absent)
Qdour : No characteristic adour
( NH 4+ , S 2- ,CH 3COO- absent )
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Flame Test : No characteristic flame ( Ca +2 , Sr +2 , Ba +2 , Pb +2 ,Cu +2 , Zn+2 absent )

(A) Identification of Acidic Radical

a- Preliminary test :

Experiment Observation Inference

1 Salt solution No gas is Group A
+ dil H2SO4
+ heat
evolved
CO 2
3 , S 2 , SO32 NO2— CH 3COO absent 
2 Salt + Concn Colourless, Group B
H2SO4 +
Heat
odourless,
mixture of
C O
2
2
4 , may be 
gas which
turns time
water milky
& burns on
the mouth of
test tube
water with
blue flame

(b) Confirmative test :

Experiment Observation Inference

1 Calcium Chloride Test : White ppt. of calcium C O 
2
2
4 confirmed
Salt Solution + CaCl2 oxalate is formed
2 KMnO4 Test : Pink colour of KMnO4 is C O  Confirmed
2
2
4
Above ppt + dil H2SO4+ Heat discharged with evolution
Add very dil solution of KMnO4 of CO2 gas.

B- Identification of Basic Radical

(a) Preliminary test:

(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 12

 Experiment Observation Inference
1 Salt solution + NaOH + Smell of NH3 Zero Group,
heat
Place red litmus paper on Red litmus turns
NH 
4 present 
mouth to test tube blue
(b) Confirmative test:
Experiment Observation Inference
1 To above solution, bring on glass rod dipped
in conc. HCl near mouth of test tube.
White dense of NH4Cl are
formed
 
NH 4 confirmed
2 Nessler’s Test : Solution + NaOH +
Nessler’s reagent
Reddish brown ppt is
formed
NH 

4 confirmed

Chemical reaction for Acidic Radical

Preliminary Test :
( NH 4 )2 C2 O4 + H 2 SO4 → H 2 C2 O4 + ( NH 4 )2 SO4
H 2 C2 O4 → CO2 ↑+CO + H 2 O
Confirmative Test :
i) CaCl2 test
( NH 4 ) 2 C2O4  CaCl2 
 CaC2O4  2 NH 4Cl
Calcum oxalate (White ppt)
CaC2O4  H 2 SO4 
 H 2C2O4  CaSO4
ii) KMnO4 Test :-
2 KMnO4  3H 2 SO4 
 2MnSO4  H 2 SO4  3H 2O  5[O]

H 2C2O4  [O] 

hot
n
2CO2  H 2O
sol

Basic Radical
a) Preliminary test

( NH 4 ) 2 C2O4  2 NaOH 
 Na2C2O4  2 NH 3  3H 2O
NH 3  Re d litmus 
 Blue litmus
Confirmative Test :
Nessler’s Test : K2HgI4  2KI+ HgI2
HgI2 + NH3  NH2 HgI + Hl
2NH2HgI + H2O   NH2 +NH4I
/
Hg
\
O
/
Hg
\
I
(Iodide of millon base)
NaOH Test :
NH4Cl + NaOH   NaCl + H2O + NH3 (g)
NH3 + HCl   NH4Cl (Dense white fumes)
Result : The given inorganic salt contains.
2
Acidic Radical – C2O4

Basic Radical NH 4 
EXPERIMENT – 11
Aim : To analyze the given inorganic salt for acidic and basic radical.
Preliminary Investigation
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 13
1- Preliminary test :
(i) 2, 4 DNP test :

R – CHO + -------

(aldchyde – 2, 4 dil nitro phenyl hydrazone) (Orange – red ppt)

b) Confirmatory Test :
(i) Fehling’s test : -
Cu (OH ) 2    CuO  H 2 O
Rochell' s
salt

R  CHO  2CuO 
 Cu 2 O  R  COOH
(Red ppt)
2
R  CHO  2Cu  5OH (  ) 
 RCOO( )  Cu2O  3H 2O

Result : Given organic compound contains aldehydic grp. (- CHO)

EXPERIMENT – 21
Aim : To identify the functional group in present in the given organic compound.
Apparatus Required : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, dropper, litmus solution, 2,4 DNP, dil HCl, NaOH,
sodium, nitro pruside, meta dinitro benzene
Physical Properties:
State: Liquid
Colour: Colourless
Odour: Nail paint remover like
Water Solubility: Water soluble
Flammability: Burn with non-sooty flame (Aliphatic)
Preliminary test :
S.no. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Organic compound + blue litmus No change -COOH or
solution. phenolic group
absent
2 Organic compound + NaOH+ dil No ppt or oily - NH2 gup.
HCl layer Absent

3 Organic comp + 2 ml of 2, 4 DNP Orange – red ppt. - CHO or ketonic

shake & allow it to stand. - group present.
Confirmatory test :
S.no. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Organic compound + sodium nitro prusside + 2 Red colour or wine -CHO group present
– 3 drops of NaOH and shake. red colour
2 Organic compound + Meta dinitrobenzene + Violet colour which Ketonic grp confirmed.
NaOH fades on standing.
Chemical reaction :
1- Preliminary test :
(i) 2, 4 DNP test :

R
\
C = O + ------- H2O +
/
R
(Ketone 2, 4 dinitropheny hydrazone)

(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 24

b- Confirmatory test :
(i) Sodium Nitroprousside Test :
O
||
CH 3  C  CH 3  OH (  ) 
 CH 3COCH 2(  )  H 2O

3
O  O 
||  || 
 
Fe(CN ) NO   CH 3

5
2
C  C H2 --  Fe CN 5 NO CH 3  C  CH 2

 
 
 
Result : Given organic compound contains Ketonic group (>C = 0)

EXPERIMENT – 22
Aim : To study carbohydrates in pure form of detect its presence in food.
Appeartus required : Test tube, test tube stand, test tube holder, burner etc.
Theory : Carbohydrates are Polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones, their derivatives and the substance
which yield them on hydrolysis carbohydrates are classified as sugars and non sugars. Sugars like glucose, fructose
and cane sugar are crystalline. Among sugars, glucose, fructose and lactose are reducing while sucrose is non reducing
sugar.
Test :
Experiment Observation Inference
1 Conc. H2SO4 test: Charring with Carbohydrates present.
Sample + burnt sugar
Conc. H2SO4 + Heat smell.
2 Molisch test : Reddish purple Carbohydrates present.
Aq. Solution of sample + 2 ring in formed
drops of 1%  naphthol  at the junction
+ conc. H2SO4. of 2 layers
3 Fehling solution test : Red ppt Reading
Sample solution + 1 ml of Sugar persent
fehling A + 1 ml of Fehling B
+
4 Tollens reagent : Silver mirror is Reducing sugar present.
Aq. Solution of sample + 2 formed along
ml of Tollens eagent +  the surface of
test tube.
5 Benedit’s Solution test: Red ppt Reducing sugar present
Aq solution of sample +
Benedict’s reagent + Heat
6 Iodine test : Violet colour Starch is present.
Sample Solution + few drops
of iodine solution
Result : Carbohydrates is present.

EXPERIMENT – 23
Aim : To study fat in pure form and to detect into presence in given food sample.
Apparatus required : Test tube stand, test tube holder, burner etc.
Theory : Fats and oil are esters of long chain fatty acids and glycerol and thus also called glycerides. Fats contains
saturated fatty acids while oil contain unsaturated fatty acids.
Test :
S.no. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Spot Test : Put a small amount of Translucent spot Fat is present.
(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 25
 sample on a filter paper and press appears on the filter
with another filter paper . paper
2 Acrolein test : Irritating smell Fat is present
Take a few drops of sample in a appears due to the
test tube. Add few drops of form of acrolein
potassium bisulphite to it and vapours.
Heat.
3 Solubility test : Sample does not
Take a small amount of sample in dissolve in H2O but is
3 test tubes. Add water, alcohol soluble in alcohol on
and chloroform in 1, 2, 3 test heating and soluble Fat is present
tube respectively. in chloroform.
Result : Fat is present.

EXPERIMENT – 24

Aim : To study proteins from sample and detect their presence in food sample.

Apparatus required : Test tube stand, test tube holder, glass rod, burner etc.

Theory : Proteins are high molecular mass, long chain polymers composed of amino acid. Amino acids are
molecule that have both -NH2 and –COOH group.
Test :
S.no. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Biuret test : Sample + NaOH + Bluish violet colour Protein is present
Dil CuSO4 solution appears
2. Xanthoprotein test : Yellow ppt. Protein is present
Sample + few drops of
conc.HNO3 + 
3. Million’s test : White ppt Protein is present
Sample + 2 drops of millions which changes to
reagent +  brick red on boiling
4. Ninhydrin test : Blue colour appear Protein is present
Protein sample + Few drops of
ninhydrin solution + Boil the
contents for 1 minute

Result : Protein is present.

(CHEMISTRY PRACTICALS) Page No 26