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    Rizka Dwi Apriliani - 2313023054 - 2B

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    The document discusses fundamental concepts of chemistry including definitions of atoms, elements, ions, molecules, and chemical compounds. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, and that elements are defined by their atomic number. Compounds are formed via chemical bonds between atoms, and chemical reactions can be represented by equations.

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    Rizka Dwi Apriliani - 2313023054 - 2B

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    Rizka Dwi Apriliani
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    The document discusses fundamental concepts of chemistry including definitions of atoms, elements, ions, molecules, and chemical compounds. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, and that elements are defined by their atomic number. Compounds are formed via chemical bonds between atoms, and chemical reactions can be represented by equations.

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    The document discusses fundamental concepts of chemistry including definitions of atoms, elements, ions, molecules, and chemical compounds. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, and that elements are defined by their atomic number. Compounds are formed via chemical bonds between atoms, and chemical reactions can be represented by equations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views5 pages

    Rizka Dwi Apriliani - 2313023054 - 2B

    Uploaded by

    Rizka Dwi Apriliani
    The document discusses fundamental concepts of chemistry including definitions of atoms, elements, ions, molecules, and chemical compounds. It explains that atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons, and that elements are defined by their atomic number. Compounds are formed via chemical bonds between atoms, and chemical reactions can be represented by equations.

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    of 5

    Nama : Rizka Dwi Apriliani

    Npm : 2313023054
    Kelas : 2B
    Matakuliah : B. Inggris untuk Kimia

    Why do you think this is so?

    Adapted from: ORESKÁ, A. et al. 2004. Activity Book English for Chemists. Bratislava: STU, 2005, р.
    17.

    Fundamental concepts of chemistry

    1. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the following expressions in appropriate forms. Use each
    expression only once.

    chemical formula, chemical equation, proton, neutron, element, electron, atomic nucleus, molecule,
    cation, anion, chemical compound, chemical reaction, chemical bonds, ion, molecule, atomic
    number

    An atom is a collection of matter consisting of a positively charged core (the element) which
    contains proton and neutron and which maintains a number of electrons to balance the positive charge
    in the nucleus. The atom is also the smallest portion into which an atomic nucleus can be divided and
    still retain its properties, made up of a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by a system of
    electron.

    The most basic chemical substances are the chemical elements. They are building blocks of all
    other substances. An element is a class of atoms which have the same number of protons in the nucleus.
    This number is known as the atomic number of the element. For example, all atoms with 6 protons in
    their nuclei are atoms of the chemical element carbon, and all atoms with 92 protons in their nuclei are
    atoms of the element uranium. Each chemical element is made up of only one kind of atom. The atoms
    of one element differ from those of all other elements. Chemists use letters of the alphabet as symbols for
    the elements. In total, 117 elements have been observed as of 2007, of which 94 occur naturally on Earth.
    Others have been produced artificially.

    An ion Positively charged is an atom or a molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons.
    +¿¿ −¿¿
    Positively charged cation (e.g. sodium cation Na ) and negatively charged anion (e.g. chlorideCl )
    can form neutral salts (e.g. sodium chloride NaCl).
    Electrical forces at the atomic level create chemical bonds that join two or more atoms together,
    forming molecule. Some molecules consist of atoms of a single element. Oxygen molecules, for example,
    are made up of two oxygen atoms. Chemists represent the oxygen molecule O 2. The 2 indicates the
    number of atoms in the molecule.

    When atoms of two or more different elements bond together, they form a molecule compound.
    Water is a compound made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The chemical formula for a
    water molecule is H₂O.

    Compounds are formed or broken down by means of chemical reaction. All chemical reactions
    involve the formation or destruction of chemical bonds. Chemists use chemical equation to express
    what occurs in chemical reactions. Chemical equations consist of chemical formulas and symbols that
    show the substances involved in chemical change.

    For example, the equation

    C + O₂ →CO₂

    expresses the chemical change that occurs when one carbon atom reacts, or bonds, with an oxygen

    molecule. The reaction produces one molecule of carbon dioxide, which has the formula CO₂.

    Adapted from:

    The World Book Encyclopedia. Volume 3. 1992. Chicago: World Book Inc, 1992, pp. 366-7.

    http://www.onpedia.com/encyclopedia/chemistry

    http://www.wikipedia.org

    2. Read the article again. The names of which chemical elements and compounds can you find
    there?

    Answer : Based on the text, the following chemical elements and compounds are mentioned:

    Chemical elements : Chemical compounds :


    Carbon Sodium chloride (NaCl)
    Uranium Water (H₂O)
    Oxygen Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
    Hydrogen
    Sodium
    Chloride

    3. What is the meaning of the following expressions:

    chemical bonds bond together

    dense density

    Answer :

    a) Chemical bonds is an attractive force generated by atoms so that they will combine and form a
    compound.
    b) Dense having high relative density or specific gravity.
    c) Bond together is a state where two or more atoms are bonded by using the valence electrons together.
    Where the chemical bond occurd is called a covalent bond.
    d) Density is a characteristic property of a substance the density of a substance is the relationship
    between the mass of the substance and how much space it takes up (volume).

    Exercises:

    Exercise 1 Choose the correct form of the verb, singular or plural.

    1. Physics was/were my best subject in school.


    Answer : Physics was my best subject in school
    2. Can I borrow your scissors? Mine isn't/aren't sharp enough.
    Answer : Can I borrow your scissors? Mine isn't sharp enough.
    3. Do you think the people is/are happy with the government?
    Answer : Do you think the people are happy with the government?
    4. Gymnastics is/are my favourite sport.
    Answer : Gymnastics is my favourite sport.
    5. The trousers you bought for me doesn't/don't fit me.
    6. Answer : The trousers you bought for me don't fit me.

    Exercise 2 Change the following sentences from plural to singular.

    1. What criteria did the scientists use?


    Answer : What criteria did a scientist use?
    2. The formulae represent the molecular structures of the substances.
    Answer : The formula represent the molecular structures of a substance.
    3. The investigated phenomena are not frequent.
    Answer : The investigated phenomena is not frequent.
    4. The analyses of the results did not prove his hypotheses.
    Answer : The analyises of the result did not prove his hypotheses.
    5. Electrolysis is used for purifying certain metals.
    Answer : Electrolysis is used for purifying certain metal.

    Exercise 3 Write the plural form of the words in italics.

    1. Even the best psychiatrists sometimes make mistakes in their diagnosis and treatment.
    Answer : psychiatrists
    their
    diagnosis
    2. Nuclear energy is produced using the heat generated by splitting the nucleus of atoms of certain
    elements.
    Answer : nucleus
    atoms
    quantum
    3. Atoms emit or absorb quantum of equal energy.
    Answer : atoms
    quantum
    4. Chemical equilibrium may be classified into two groups, namely homogenous and heterogenous
    equilibrium.
    Answer : equilibrium
    5. After analyzing the datum, they were able to draw conclusions.
    Answer : datum
    conclusions

    Adapted from: ORESKÁ, A. et al. 2004. Activity Book English for Chemists. Bratislava: STU. 2005, р.
    17.

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