Oral Communication

ORAL COMMUNICATION
COMPOSED BY:
ABIGAIL G. DE GUZMAN
2016
ORAL COMMUNICATION Page 1 of 40

NATURE AND ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
Introduction
How many among you can let a day pass without talking to anybody? Can you stand being
uncommunicative for some time? Why can’t we help but talk? What is there in communication that we
cannot live without?
Communication is what connects us as human beings. The development of human civilization

owes it to a great extent to man’s ability to share experiences, to exchange ideas, and to transmit
knowledge from one generation to another.
A. What is COMMUNICATION?
1. Communication is like a balikbayan box being delivered to one’s doorstep.
2. Communication involves a transaction: a person wants to talk to someone about something

because that person needs something from that someone.
3. Communication is the symbolic interaction between two or more people that influences each
other’s behavior.
B. THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

The communication process can be broken down into the following eight steps or stages:
1. Stimulus / Stimuli
This is the triggering event of the communication process. It may be in the form of events,
conditions, situations, feelings or emotions, which urge the message sender to communicate and
start the ideas to be verbalized.
2. Ideation
Based on the idea fed by the stimulus, an idea or several ideas are formulated and organized to
answer a need to communicate.
3. Encoding
The ideas, which have been organized in the ideation stage, are put into code to make
transmission possible. To represent these ideas, symbols in the form of sounds or words are made
use of.
4. Transmission
The encoded message is sent through a chosen appropriate channel or medium. The choice
hinges on the sender’s purpose in sending the message. He sees to it that it is free from barriers or
interference to insure a good reception of the message.
5. Reception
The message, which has been sent through a medium selected by the sender, reaches the
receiver.
6. Decoding
The codes or symbols used to transmit messages are converted into ideas or mental images to
be interpreted by the receiver.
7. Understanding
The message, which has been transformed into thought or mental images, having been
interpreted now becomes clear to the receiver. S/he understands the message as intended by the
sender. If s/he does not, because of certain barriers, miscommunication sets in.
8. Action
This is the last stage of the communication process. The receiver responds to the message
received by sending feedback. This completes the dynamic process of communication. It may not
end there, however. The feedback sent in turn, serves as stimulus that may trigger the
communication cycle to go on.
Stimulus Ideation
Feedback Encoding
Understanding Transmission
Decoding Reception
Fig. 1, Illustrates the continuity of the eight stages of the communication cycle.

QUIZ # 1
THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

Date: ________________ Score: ________________
Answer the following:
1. Give the significance of communication in human lives. (3 points)

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. If communication is about to stop, how do you expect the world would be? (3 points)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Enumerate at least three important Communication Activities you usually do every day. Explain
briefly why did you consider each activity important?(2 points each)
a. _____________________- ________________________________________________________
b. _____________________- ________________________________________________________
c. _____________________- ________________________________________________________
4. What is the role of “feedback” in the communication process?(3 points)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

C. COMMUNICATION MODELS
1. Aristotle’s Model of Communication – the first and the earliest model.
Setting – the most important part of the model.
 Legal – the courts where ordinary people defended themselves.

 Deliberative –the political assemblies, the highest of which was the Roman State.
 Ceremonial – the celebration held when they won a war.
In this model, the speaker plays the important role in public speaking. His words should
influence the mind of the audience.
Example:
Alexander gave brave speech to his soldiers in the war field to defeat Persian Empire.
Speaker : Alexander
Speech : About his invasion
Occasion : War field
Audience : Soldiers
Effect : To defeat Persia
2. Shannon – Weaver’s Model of Communication (Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver) – gave
us the concept of “noise”. This often called “The Telephone Model”.
In this model, Shannon and Weaver assert that the message sent by the speaker is not necessarily
the message received by the listener. This is due to the intervention of “noise” or anything that
hampers the communication. Even today, with our advanced cellphone technology, there are still
barriers to clear transmission and reception of calls.

3. Schramm’s Model of Communication
Wilbur Schramm – Father of Mass Communication
Schramm asserts that communication can take place if and only if there is an overlap between
the Field of experience of the Speaker and the Listener.
Field of Experience – everything a person has ever experienced or not experienced, done or not done.
4. White’s Model of Communication (Eugene White) – communication is circular and continuous

without a beginning or end.
Expressing
Symbolizin Transmittin
g g
Thinking Receiving
Monitoring Decoding
Feedback

D. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Speaker – first element of the communication process. The speaker chooses his/her purpose,
crafts the message accordingly, and decides how to deliver it.
2. Message – is what needs to be delivered or imparted to somebody. It is based on WHY, WHAT

and HOW the speaker wants to say.
3. Listener – the one who receives the message. If there is no listener, or the listener is not paying
attention, then communication fails.
4. Channels – the means by which the message is sent. A message is sent and received via the five
senses.
5. Response – the only way the speaker knows that the message has been received. It is based on
the interpretation of the message by the listener.
6. Feedback – result of monitoring by the speaker of the listener’s response.
7. Noise – any barrier to communication. It could be:
a. Physical – actual noise such as loud music or the irritating engine of a motorcycle.
b. Physiological – when the body becomes a hindrance to good communication.
c. Psychological – occurs when one is thinking deeply about something or suffering from an
emotional condition.
8. Communicative Situation
It has two components:
a. Physical Location – usually chosen for the purpose it will serve.
b. Psychological Setting – depends on the participants.

VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
A. Verbal Communication – makes use of words. It may be oral or written, formal or informal.
B. Nonverbal Communication – use of facial expressions or bodily movements in expressing

something. It does not make use of words but may enhance or change the linguistic code.
1. Paralanguage – the “how” of saying something.
2. Flowers – use of flowers based on the meaning of each type of flower.
3. Color – use of colors based on the meaning of each color.
4. Chronemics – use of time based on position or power.
5. Proxemics – use of space to show importance.
6. Haptics – use of touch to express what cannot be said.
7. Gestures – most often used type of nonverbal communication.
 Emphasizing – gestures that punctuate what we want to highlight.
 Regulating – used to control the flow of the communication.
 Illustrating –used to show size, height, distance, or similar qualities.
 Emblems – associated with specific meanings.
8. Facial Expression – configuration of eyes, eyebrows, lips, cheeks, nose, and forehead to
show how the person feels.
9. Posture and Personal Appearance – the way on how a person carries and dresses himself.

QUIZ # 2
THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

Date: ________________ Score: ________________
Identify what is being asked. Write your answer on the blank before the number.
A. MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
_________________1. The most important part of his model is the Setting.
_________________2. This model gave us the concept of
_________________3. “Noise.”
_________________4. It is the perception by the speaker about the Response of the Listener.
_________________5. He is the Father of Mass Communication.
_________________6. It is everything a person has ever done or not.
B. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
_________________1. What is the first element of the communication process?
_________________2. It is the means by which the message is sent.
_________________3. It is the actual noise from the environment.
_________________4. A message is sent via __________.
C. NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Under which category of nonverbal communication does each of the following fall?
_________________1. Distance
_________________2. Punctuality
_________________3. Handshake
_________________4. Smile
_________________5. Nodding One’s Head

ESSAY
What is the difference of between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication?
“Actions speak louder than words.” Explain.

E. Effective Communication Skills
Communication is about more than just exchanging information. It's about understanding the
emotion and intentions behind the information.
1. Effective communication is a two-way street. It’s not only how you convey a message so that it
is received and understood by someone in exactly the way you intended.
2. Effective communication combines a set of skills including nonverbal communication, engaged

listening, managing stress in the moment, the ability to communicate assertively, and the
capacity to recognize and understand your own emotions and those of the person you’re
communicating with.
3. Effective communication is the glue that helps you deepen your connections to others and
improve teamwork, decision-making, and problem solving. It enables you to communicate even
negative or difficult messages without creating conflict or destroying trust.
Ways To Improve Communication:
1. Plan your communication.

2. Seek to clarify ideas before communicating.
3. Examine the true purpose of each communication.
4. Consider the total physical and human setting when communicating.
5. Be mindful of the overtones as well as the basic content of the message.
6. Consider the receiver’s frame of reference.
7. Make your message simple, clear, concise, concrete, complete, correct and consistent.
8. Show interest in your listener.
9. Do not do most of the talking.
10. Be polite; do not interrupt the speaker.
11. Be a good listener.
12. Ask questions when necessary.
13. Follow up communication by soliciting feedback.
14. Be sure actions support communications.
15. Seek not only to be understood but to understand.

F. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Is a form of global communication that aims to
share information across different cultures and
social groups.
- Is the sending and receiving of messages across

languages and cultures.
- Is used to describe the wide range of communication

processes and problems that naturally appear within
an organization or social context made up of
individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and
educational backgrounds.
- Goes beyond showcasing folk dances, local songs and

native delicacies.
- There should be a deeper understanding and awareness of what makes various nationalities different
and unique, but also similar and familiar.
Examples:
o A roundtable discussion to exchange views about how we relate with our families can show the
differences and similarities in Korean and Philippine cultures.
o A lecture on the Chinese way of doing business might enlighten Filipino businessmen.
o Chatting with a friend from Abu Dhabi might bring out the difficulties of a Catholic Filipino
migrant worker in a Muslim country.
What is COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN?
- Failure to exchange information

- Occurs when communication is incomprehensible to one party or entirely absent between
people.
Causes of Communication Breakdown
1. Unwillingness To Admit One’s Fault
When having a conversation with someone, and both of you are offended by the other’s
behavior, nothing will be accomplished until someone acknowledges his or her own personal
fault.
2. Misinterpretations And Assumptions
Communication is open to interpretation and is sometimes interpreted incorrectly.

Nonverbal cues also lead people to make assumptions that can impede communication.
Example: An employee who avoids eye contact may cause others to assume she is hiding
something when she may simply feel inferior or shy.
3. Poor Listening Skills
Strong listening skills are essential to have an effective communication.
Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown
1. Communicate with clarity.
2. Listen with purpose.
3. Never assume.
4. Avoid unexplained silence.
5. Avoid talking out of negative emotions.
6. Give step-by-step instruction.
7. Generate enthusiasm in your voice when you speak to others.
8. Use the right tone to get the right response.
DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Miscommunication is brought about by the lack of awareness of the dimensions of communication,
especially those influenced by culture and gender.
1. Verbal / Nonverbal Dimensions – It is important that what is show or done agrees with what is
said.

2. Oral / Written Dimensions
 Oral - spoken communication

 Written - transcription of thoughts and ideas
3. Formal / Informal Dimensions
 Formal - Appropriateness in dress, language and setting.

 Informal - Uses more casual approach.
4. Intentional / Unintentional Dimensions – relay on the fact that messages always have a
purpose.
Influence of CULTURE on the Dimensions of Communication

1. Verbal/Nonverbal
Courtesy in the Philippine society is expressed when talking to someone in the authority.
2. Oral/Written
Filipinos are fond of being very wordy in written communication. Westerners are more direct in
speaking.
3. Formal/Informal
Filipinos live in a communal society where everyone is family; this tends to blur the lines
between formal and informal communications.
4. Intentional / Unintentional
At times, we take offense at the slightest thing even when there is no reason to.
Influence of GENDER on the Dimensions of Communication

1. Verbal / Nonverbal
Not all the men can talk about their feelings, but most of the women can.
2. Oral / Written
Written messages by Filipino women are supposed to be indirect and circuitous.
3. Formal / Informal
Men may get away with wearing denims to a job interview but, in many cases, women are
expected to wear corporate attire.
4. Intentional / Unintentional
Smiles may express different emotions, not just happiness.

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
People do not just communicate because people love to talk. Humans communicate for several
reasons.
A. Regulation and Control – means being able to use language, gestures and emotions to manage
individual or group activities.
Examples:
o Parent telling a child not to misbehave
o A policeman directing pedestrians not to jaywalk but cross on the pedestrian lane
o A student asking his/her parents to stop teasing him/her about having a crush in school.
1. Verbal Cues – specific words chosen and used. The words are usually directives, orders,
requests, etc. meant to regulate and control other people’s behavior.
2. Nonverbal Cues – include hand gestures, vocal tone and eye contact. The tone and the
bodily action that accompany the words are authoritative and firm.
B. Social Interaction – the most obvious, most often used and the most popular. It allows people
to be connected with one another.
– uses the most verbal and nonverbal cues with the most adaption for the simple reason that
occurs every day.
Examples :
o Enjoying each other’s company
o Laughing with friends
o Having conversation with other people like vendors and drivers
1. Verbal cues – the words usually used are mostly informal terms and casually delivered.
2. Nonverbal cues –the tone used is friendly, even teasing and the bodily action is relaxed.
C. Motivation – the most purposive. This is when the speaker’s purpose is to persuade another
person to change his/her opinion, attitude or behavior.
Examples:

o Members of a church youth group listening to a certain candidate in the upcoming Church
Council elections
o A customer convinces a vendor to sell a bigger sized mango for the same price as a smaller
one.
1. Verbal Cues – more direct and purposeful words are chosen for both men and women,
although these can be softened for children and the elderly.
2. Nonverbal Cues – strong words are accompanied by emphatic gestures and a forceful tone
of voice. Direct eye contact is necessary to underscore the speaker’s sincerity and
conviction.
D. Inform – used to make others aware of certain data, concepts and processes and knowledge
that may be useful to them.
Examples:
o A Filipino scientist providing information to a low-income community on how to light up
their homes by using a bottle filled with water and a teaspoon of bleach.
o A school dentist telling a kindergarten class how to brush one’s teeth properly
o A weather forecaster on TV tracks the path of a low-pressure area, which might turn into
typhoon.
1. Verbal Cues – use of words appropriate for the listeners.
2. Nonverbal Cues – doing an actual demonstration, showing pictures.
E. Emotional Expression – appealing to the learner’s feelings.
– Its purpose is to move another person to act, to move in the particular direction the
Speaker wants that person to move.
Examples:
o Filipinos can be moved to tears by a movie, a TV drama, or a song.
o Photos of suffering or devastation tug at the heartstrings of a Filipino.
1. Verbal Cues – words should be carefully chosen and should touch the feeling of the listener.
2. Nonverbal Cues – we accompany this appeal with touching, hand holding, hugging or even
putting an arm around someone’s shoulder.

QUIZ # 3
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATIONS
Date: ________________ Score: ________________
Answer the following questions:
1. Why do people communicate?
2. Which function is the most often used? Why?
3. Which function needs more preparation compared to others? Why?

Identify the function used in the following situations:
4. Telling someone to keep quiet - __________________
5. Trying to get to know someone - __________________
6. Enticing someone to buy product - __________________
7. Giving lecture about Nouns - __________________
8. Embracing a cute little boy - __________________
9. House-to-house campaign - __________________
10. Friends having conversation - __________________
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE STRATEGIES IN VARIOUS SPEECH SITUATIONS

People do not communicate in just one way, using only one method.
When communicating with other people, people interact in different ways. A
different Communicative Strategy that leads to effective Communication is
needed for every situation.
A. Types of Speech Context
1. Intrapersonal Communication - communicating with oneself. It involves talking or writing to one
self.
 Repeating a song heard while looking in the mirror

 Memorizing out loud a dialogue in a play
 Writing a diary which nobody else is supposed to read
 Day dreaming
2. Interpersonal Communication – involves more than one person. It is not just the number of
participants that determine each particular type of communication.
They can each be differentiated by its purpose:
a. Dyadic – involves only two participants. One speaker and one listener come together to
exchange thoughts and ideas.
 Guidance Counseling
 Consulting with the Priest
 Heart-to-heart talks with a trusted person
b. Small Group – requires 3 to 15 people to study an issue. The group has an agenda, a leader, and
an outcome to accomplish.

 Panel Discussions
 Symposia
 Round tables
3. Public Communication – There is one speaker addresses many listeners, known as audience. It
could be:
a. Formal –the speech is well – prepared, with a Master of Ceremonies, Welcome Address,
Closing Remarks, etc.
b. Informal – happens when gathering is impromptu such as family reunions.
QUIZ # 4
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT

Date: ________________ Score: ________________
QUIZ # 4
Answer the following:
1. What is the difference between the Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Communication?
2. What are the different Interpersonal Levels of Communication?
a. ________________________________
b. ________________________________
c. ________________________________

3. In what situation can we best use the dyadic communication?
4. Why is communicating at the Intrapersonal Level considered Communication?
B. Types of Speech Style
1. Intimate – non-public speech style that uses private vocabulary and includes nonverbal messages.
The meaning is shared even without correct linguistic forms. This occurs among people who have
known each other for a long time.
2. Casual – used among friends that do not require background information. It is used when there
are no social barriers to consider.
3. Consultative – used precisely among people who do not share common experiences or meaning.
It requires two-way participation and interruption can occur during the communication.
4. Formal – used only for imparting information. The speech is well organized and correct in
grammar and diction. Technical vocabulary and exact definitions are important.
5. Frozen – the quality is static, ritualistic and may even be archaic. It is exemplified by prayers that
have been recited in the same way for years.
Examples: Pledge of Allegiance

Oath of Office of any officer
C. Types of Speech Act
1. Locutionary Speech Act

Happens with the utterance of a sound, a word, or even a phrase as a natural unit of
speech. It is required for the utterance to have sense and same meaning to both the speaker and
the listener.
Example: “What?” (When someone is surprised)
2. Illocutionary Speech Act

The act of saying something with the intention of:
 Stating an opinion
 Making a prediction
 Issuing an order
 Giving advice
Examples:
o There is too much homework in this subject. (opinion)
o I’ll do my homework later. (promise)
o Go and do your homework! (order)
3. Perlocutionary Speech Act
Seen when a particular effect is sought from either the speaker, the listener, or both. Its
aim is to change feelings, thoughts and actions.
Examples:
o “I was born a Filipino, I will live a Filipino, I will die a Filipino!” (inspiring)
o “It is the bleak job situation that forces Filipinos to find job overseas.” (persuading)
D. TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
1. Nomination - It is the strategy that can also be applied any time during the course of an
interaction as a way of continuing the communication.
When this strategy is used, the topic is introduced in a clear and truthful manner, stating
only what is relevant to keep the interaction focused.
Example: Have you noticed the weird weather lately? It is because of global warming!
2. Restriction – constrains or restricts the response of the other person involved in the
communication situation.
Example: They say that the Philippine economy is getting better. Only the stupid thinks that,
right? (No one wants to be stupid.)
3. Turn Taking – requires that the speaker speaks only when it is his/her turn during an
interaction.
It uses either an:
 Informal Approach (just jump in and start talking)
 Formal Approach (permission to speak is requested).
Examples:
 I agree with the point just made. But may I add that OFWs would rather be home and
work here so they could be with their families. (informal)
 May I have the floor, Sir? The topic under discussion is the state of the Philippine
economy today. We want better lives for all Filipinos, whether they are working here or
abroad. (formal)
4. Topic Control – A question – answer formula that moves the discussion forward.
Allows the listener or other participants to take turns, contribute ideas, and continue
the discussion.
Examples:
 How often do you ride the MRT, Tony? How many times have you encountered a stoppage
in service?
 Your car may break down, too, Luna, right? So you have to find another means of getting to
school. We all do not want to be late for class, yes?
5. Topic – Shifting – useful in introducing another topic. It works best when there is a follow-
through so that a new topic continues to be discussed.
Examples:
 This is a battle with corporations that continue to pollute the environment. But this is also a
battle with man himself, who continues to act as if there is another Earth we can move to
once this Earth dies.
 If we cannot use the Earth’s resources, our economies will die. We need to choose: the
economy or the environment.
6. Repair – Can be applied when miscommunication occurs. It includes:
 Requesting Clarification – by asking questions or using eyebrows, eyes, head, or shoulders

to show that the message could not be understood.
 Not Acknowledging –the situation already in progress will continue.
 Repeating – a good way of correcting oneself and gives the Speaker time to do just that.
 Recasting – means changing the form of message that could not be understood. It allows
the Speaker to say the message in another way so that the Listener can understand what
was originally incomprehensible.
Examples:
 I have ordered Colonel … uh … General Pano to look into this matter. He, General Pano I
mean, will report directly to me, as President of the Philippines.
 When we look at the World Wide Web, more popularly known as www … excuse me, www,
we find that this Information Highway or rather Superhighway is the means toward
becoming part of a globally economy, a global economy.
7. Termination – ends the interaction through verbal and nonverbal messages. The point of the
language and the body movement is to end the communication.
Example:
P1 : So that’s for our plans in the upcoming Student Council elections.
P2 : Yes.
P3 : Okay, all done.
P4 : Finished.
P1 : See you in class.
P2, P3, P4 : See you later.
QUIZ # 5
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
Date: ________________ Score: ________________
Identify the Communicative Strategy in the following quotations:
_________________1. “The school administrator just suddenly increased tuition, without

consulting the students!”
_________________2. “The tuition increase has already been imposed. What can students do to
let the school administration know that the students do not agree that the
students will not accept this unilateral move?”
_________________3. “How about convincing the parents to join the students’ fight? After all,
they are the ones paying the tuition.”
_________________4. “Ah, everyone? Wait a minute. Why don’t we dialogue with the
administration official first?”
_________________5. “There is only one option: we must protest this action of the school. The
school cannot dictate to the student body. Right? Right? What other option

is there? They won’t talk to us. The parents will not want to get involved.
The students must hold a rally! Everyday!”
_________________6. “What? That will lock the school down. For sure, the school officials will do
that, lock everybody out.”
_________________7. “I move for holding a rally to protest the tuition increase. Those who
agree, say ‘Aye’. Those who don’t, say ‘Nay’. The ‘Ayes’ have it. The rally
begins tomorrow. Tonight, start preparing posters, streamers, and
handouts. Okay?” (Okay!)
TYPES OF SPEECHES
1. According to Purpose
a. Expository / Informative Speech
The purpose is to provide information, history, theories, practical applications, etc.

This speech is meant to help the listeners understand a topic in a more in-depth manner
by providing the following an organized way: new data, data that are not readily available to
everyone. (Refer to the sample on page 24)
b. Persuasive Speech
The goal is to change the listener’s opinion, attitude or belief regarding a certain topic
by providing materials that can or will help convince the listeners. (Refer to the sample on
page 25)
c. Entertainment Speech
This speech must lead the audience into looking at something familiar in a totally
different and completely humorous light by providing comparisons and contrasts. It can also be
highly entertaining to engage in word play like puns, and giving funny meaning to acronyms.
(Refer to the sample on page 26)

Sample Expository / Informative Speech
The Importance of Tree Planting and its Protection

I have remarked on several occasions about the importance of tree planting both in India, our
current home, and in Tibet as well. Today, as a symbolic gesture we are having a tree planting
ceremony here in the settlement. Fortunately, the movement towards a deeper commitment to
environmental protection through planting new trees and taking care of the existing ones, is rapidly
increasing all over the world. At the global level, trees and forests are closely linked with weather
patterns and also the maintenance of a crucial balance in nature. Hence, the 'task of environment
protection is a universal responsibility of all of us. I think that is extremely important for the Tibetans
living in the settlements to not only take a keen interest in the cause of environmental protection, but
also to implement this ideal in action by planting new trees. In this way, we will be making an
important gesture to the world in demonstrating our global concern and at the same time making our
own little but significant, contribution to the cause.
If we look around, we can now see that those houses in the monasteries and in various camps
where people have planted fruit trees, now enjoy great benefit as a consequence of their action. First
of all, if there is a tree in your courtyard it creates around it an atmosphere of natural beauty and
serenity. It is also obvious that you can eat the fruits from the tree, sit under it and enjoy the cool
shade. What was required on your part was a little patience to allow some time for the tree to grow
up.
Finally, I would like to make a suggestion regarding the use of your farmland in the settlement.
In this settlement you have already initiated a project of planting fruit trees on farmlands. I think it is a
very good plan. By planting fruit trees on your land we can not only ensure that the farmland remains
productive, but also you will have fruits to eat. In short, I would like to again emphasize that it is
extremely important to plant new trees and protect the ones already growing around you.
Speech on December 6, J 990, at a special ceremony held in Doeguling Tibetan Settlement, Mundgod,
South India. Adapted from Appropriate Technology for Tibetan's (ApTibet) Newsletter No.5, September
1991.
Sample of Persuasive Speech
A LIFE WITHOUT A GOOD EDUCATION

A job without an education is like a man on drugs: it’s not a great combination what-so-ever.
How are you going to know how to flip burgers on a grill at McDonalds? Furthering your education
after high school is very important if you want to live a good life while providing for your family.
Getting a high paying job is also important. Continuing your education after high school is important
because you need to get a good job, know how to survive on your own without the help of your
parents, and be knowledgeable about life while knowing what to do/what not to do.
First of all, how in the world do you think, with the way our democrats are running this country,
you’re going to survive with an eighth grade dropout diploma? Sorry to break your heart honey, but
you’re not. Going to college or trade school and taking those extra few years of learning is not going to
kill you, it’s going to help you.
Second of all, let’s be real. We all know you do not want to live your life when your 45 years old
in your parents basement. Like, seriamente, (Seriously) who would want to do that? Your parents can’t
hold your hand when you get in trouble or you get fired. You’re not a little kid anymore. You’re a big
boy/girl! You need to know how to provide for yourself and college can do that, specifically if you’re
living in a dorm room without your parents. I’m sure you will learn the skills of saving money, buying
food, shopping, many of the little things your parents used to do for you.
Lastly, it is very important to be knowledgeable about life and your surroundings. As a wise man
named Phil Robertson once said, “Ain’t no yuppies gonna survive in this world today. You need to
know how to live off the land and be a real man.” I literally live my life off of that quote, I AM NOT A
YUPPIE and I’m proud to say that! Even know I’m only years old, I know a lot about life already, most of
which, I learned from Duck Dynasty! So say, you’re walking back to your dorm at your campus and this
criminal comes up to you and starts attacking you. I know how I would fight him, but do you? If it’s a
guy, that’s easy. Get to the southern hemisphere, or get to his adams apple. One of the two will work!
You can actually take classes to learn those skills! Fortunately, I have my daddy to teach me!
In conclusion, furthering your education after high school is very important, you need to live your
life independently and I think college can do that. Learning to live your life without the help of your
parents is also important. Lastly, being a real man is another reason. So what I’m saying is that
continuing your education after high school is the key to life because you need to get a good job, know
how to survive on your own without your parents, and finally to be knowledgeable about life, like what
to do/not what to do. BE A REAL MAN!
Sample Entertainment Speech
DIFFERENCE MAKES THE

WORLD
My dear friends, do you like traveling? Why do you like to travel? Is it the scenic beauty that
takes you around? Is it because you like to meet new people and enjoy the new culture? You might
think it is fun to open yourself to the new experience. But however, cultural difference could be a big
trouble to a traveler in one way or another.
One day, one of my friends talked to me on the phone in panic. “ Jean, you've got to help me.
That “Bill” from America came to visit Taiwan again. He rang my door bell and came up to my
apartment asking if he could sleep in my house. How can I let a stranger sleep in my house? I am so
shocked and don’t know what to do. You have to do something for me.” After picking up the phone, I
took turns talking with Ellen and Bill. It took me a while to get things straight. It is “cultural blindness”
that invites the trouble.
Ellen and Bill met last year in City Swimming Pool. During Bill's short stay in Pingtung, they saw
each other in the pool every morning and they became friends in spite of the language barrier. In other
words, they enjoyed the pleasant encounter. The day before John's departure, Ellen bought a farewell
dinner for Bill.
In order to show her hospitality, Ellen said to Bill, “Bill, welcome back to Taiwan again. My
house is your house….. ”. In less than three months, Bill came back again and came to Ellen asking for

the permission to stay with Ellen in her apartment. He was very, very confused with Ellen's negative
reply. He kept asking me, ”….but she said,” ‘My house is your house' , and then WHY????”
Speaking of cultural difference, the tensions about time are another point. That is, time-
consciousness is different from culture to culture and even from person to person. Let me ask you a
question. When you wait for a friend, how long of his or her delay will cause your anxiety or even a
feeling of hostile? Five minutes? Ten minutes? Half an hour? One hour? As I know, Americans and
Germans are more time oriented.
This means they have a very short time-fuse and experience anxiety when there is a delay of
five or more minutes. You'd better know this when you are ready to meet your foreign friends.
Besides, tensions regarding space are also varied from place to place. Taiwanese people like to
cluster together while westerners like to have their town privacy. For example, western people need
more space when they are standing in a line , so stay a little bit away from the one ahead of you when
you are standing in a queue though little space does not bother us too much in Taiwan.
However, it is the difference that makes the world. It is the cultural difference that makes
traveling ever-learning and interesting. The better you know this, the more enjoyable your trip is.
2. According to Manner of Delivery
a. Reading from a Manuscript

The speech is fully written out, usually typed, and not folded, but placed in folder for
neatness. This is useful when you have embellished your thoughts and you want to deliver the
sentences exactly as you wrote them.
Examples: State of the Nation Address.

Presentation of Scientific Papers in Conferences.
Drawbacks in Reading and Speaking from a Manuscript

1. The speaker tends to read without emotion and may even sound boring.
2. The speaker, most of the time, never looks up from the manuscript being read.
3. The speaker may turn to the wrong page of the manuscript.
4. The manuscript may be disarranged after blow by the wind.
5. The formality of the language of the manuscript often means the use of complex words, jargon or
technical language.
b. Memorized Speech - The written speech is fully memorized.
Drawbacks to a Memorized Speech

1. Forgetting lines when the speaker is already delivering the speech.
2. Lack of eye contact.
3. There could be a tendency to deliver the speech without any inflection.
c. Impromptu Speech
Delivered on short notice with little or no preparation.

Sometimes called “Thinking on your feet”.
Not really made on the spot because one usually speaks he already knows, or from his
experiences.
Advantages of Using Impromptu Speech
1. The speech is delivered in a spontaneous manner and in a more conversational tone.
2. The Speaker can adjust the speech and add or skip an idea without any problem, obvious gaps,
or long pauses due to memory loss.
Drawbacks to Impromptu Speech

1. The Speaker can just go on and on, and sometimes, with no point to make it all.
2. The speaker may be so rattled and disorganized that the speech ends up with not much sense.
d. Extemporaneous Speech - The speaker prepares a good outline which organizes his
thoughts and ideas.
Advantages of Using Extemporaneous Speech

1. The outline helps the Speaker remember the particular order of points s/he wants to make.
2. The outline allows the speaker to jump from one point to another.

QUIZ # 6
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
Date: ________________ Score: ________________
Answer the following questions:
1. What are the types of speech according to purpose?
a. _______________________________________
b. _______________________________________
c. _______________________________________
2. Does purpose determine the way a speech is constructed? Why?

3. What are the types of speech according to manner of delivery?
a. _______________________________________
b. _______________________________________
c. _______________________________________
d. _______________________________________
4. If you will join an oratorical contest, which type of speech will you use? Why?
5. Give at least 2 drawbacks in speaking from a manuscript.
a.
b.
6. Give at least three advantages of a speech delivered impromptu.
a.

b.
c.
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING

1. Choosing the Topic
 The topic should be timely

 The topic should be interesting to the Speaker
 The topic should be interesting to the Audience so that they will focus on your speech
 Choose a topic that is at the level of knowledge of both the Speaker and the Audience
2. Analyzing the Audience
 Get or guess the demographic data of the Audience: age, gender, ethnic background,
occupation, economic and social status.
 Know the groups to which your audience belongs as these groups hold certain beliefs
and values.
 Find out how your audience feels about the topic of your speech and what they
already know about it.
 Try to know how they feel about you as the Speaker and what they already know
about you.
3. Sourcing the Information
 Seek out all the available means for finding materials to support the speech.
 Good Sources: newspapers, magazines, books, journals, internet engines (Google and
Yahoo), experts
 Information for any Speech topic must be relevant, timely and cover all or most of
the topic.
 Information gathered must be at the level of knowledge of both Speaker and
Audience, without offending any listener.
4. Outlining and Organizing the Speech Content
 Sort the information into categories.

 Organize the speech itself by outlining and filling out with supporting materials.
Types of Outlines:
1. Chronological Outline – historical/time approach like from the past to the present.
Example: Development of Ilocos Region from Martial Law to present
2. Spatial / Geographical Outline – going from one place to another, from one direction to
another.
Example: The Heritage Churches of Pampanga
3. Cause and Effect Outline – involves a discussion of both cause and effect of an issue.
Example: The Fish Kill in Laguna de Bay
4. Problem – Solution Outline – explains a problem and suggests a possible solution.

Example: Cleaning Up Manila Bay
5. Topical Outline – divides the topic into subtopics based on the importance or interest value.
Example: Social Media Have Made Us Anti – Social
Techniques for Writing the Speech

1. Start with a strong introduction.
Open with a big statement that will grab the attention of the audience. Opening with important
remarks or quotes will immediately establish credibility.
2. Use inclusive terms for individuals.

Point to "our" things -- our team, our city/state/country, or our school, our class- year, our work,
people, and product/ candidate, etc. Your audience will feel more included and a sense of belonging. If
"we" feel that way, they'll feel the pressure to feel that way, too.
3. Build the body of the speech.

This part should contain the main points of the issue and support for each one.
 Start with your strongest point. You want the audience to start seeing zero holes through
your argument.
 Put your weakest argument in the middle.
 End with your second strongest argument. Reel them back in, rounding out your argument
with your last piece of evidence.
4. Be aware of your transitions.

Build clear and sensible transitions from one thought to the next. Transitions should not only go in
between points in the body, but also after the introduction and into the conclusion.
5. End with a firm conclusion.

Conclude with a powerful nail-down, summarizing what you came here to say. Leave them with a
question or thoughts of implications; leave them with something -- what do you want that something
to be?
QUIZ # 7
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING

Date: ________________ Score: ________________
Activity:

Prepare an outline for the topic: IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION to be delivered as Extemporaneous
Speech.
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY

1. ARTICULATION

Articulateness in pronouncing the words and speaking with clear diction that effectively
transmits the message of the Speaker. It is important to know the correct way of saying a word,
whether they are familiar or unfamiliar.
Proper Breathing Techniques - together with the correct molding of sounds that make up
words contribute to efficient articulation.
2. MODULATION
People like to listen to voices that are well modulated, meaning the capability to adjust or
manipulate the resonance and timber of the vocal tone. If the Speaker’s voice is modulated,
Listeners will pay attention.
3. STAGE PRESENCE
It is the ability of the Speaker to own the stage and be able to fill the space and project his/her
personality to the Audience.
Stage Fright – opposite of stage presence, which is considered by many as the topmost fear in
the world of public speaking.
4. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, GESTURES, and MOVEMENT
The message of any speech is reinforced, clarified, and complemented by Nonverbal

Communication. Without the nonverbal elements, the Speaker may be judged as boring, with flat
delivery and an unemotional voice.
5. AUDIENCE RAPPORT
One should be able to write a Speech that would appeal to the Audience, and know how to
deliver the message to the Audience and connect with them at a deeper level.
The Desirable Speaking Voice

Improving the voice is accompanied first and foremost by being conscious of it and one of the
best means to do is taping your voice. Identifying your strengths and weaknesses in speaking is the
first step toward the development of an effective voice and effective communication.
It, therefore, pays to know the five most desirable characteristics of voice. They are as follows:
1. Audibility - The voice should be loud enough to hear.
2. Pleasantness - It should be pleasing to the ears. It your natural voice, which is low, well
modulated, resonant and mellow.
3. Clarity - It is clear and distinct enough to be understood.
4. Flexibility - It has ready capability for modification or change.
5. Fluency - It is articulate and effortless.
FACTORS THAT AID VOICE PRODUCTION

1. Ease – Be comfortable with your voice. Relaxation fosters calmer spirit, improves voice, and augurs
better thinking.
2. Posture – Your posture should be free from peculiarities or mannerisms like putting the head to
one side, swinging the arms, twisting the fingers or jiggling the legs.
3. Breathe Control – The diaphragmatic abdominal breathing should be developed.
VOICE PROJECTION
Projection may be related to loudness but it is no the loudness. It is the process of directing the
voice to a specific target. This requires voice focus which takes into consideration the purpose and
nature of the message. There would be a big difference between calling someone at a distance and
talking to somebody seated beside you.
Exercises on Projection:
1. Count aloud from one to ten, starting at a low volume and getting progressively louder. Don’t raise
your pitch.
2. Say “hello”:
a. To someone beside you

b. To someone ten feet away from you
c. To someone at a disco
d. To someone during a church service
VOICE VARIETY
If you cannot hold the interest of your listeners for long, and your voice does not command
attention, you are a potential bore and you need the best weapon to fight off monotony in your
speech. You need voice variety. To develop this, the following approaches are suggested:
1. Overcome and banish all thoughts of inferiority and shyness.

2. Say what you mean and mean what you say.
3. Make your voice express varied mood and feelings.
VOICE VARIETY
Voice Quality Pitch Tempo Junctures
A. Voice Quality
 Refers to the predominant timbre or tone color of your voice.

 The distinctive characteristic of the tone of the voice that makes it pleasant or
unpleasant and by which your friends identify you.
 Changes on its own to suit the feeling of the speaker.
B. Pitch
 Relative position of a tone in a scale.
 Highness or lowness of the voice when you speak.
Exercises to Correct the Pitch Range
1. Practice changing pitch. Say and do the following:

I can make my voice go higher and higher.
I can make my voice go lower and lower.
2. Sing and hum as much as you can. This will make you aware and familiar with the different
pitches.
3. Practice using pitch to reflect the emotional content of your speech.

Say the following utterances with feeling.
Happy Birthday! Oh, I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to do it.

I will not talk to you again. Never!
Will you help me, please.
C. Tempo
– The rate by which we speak.

– Refers to the number of words uttered within a given time.
– Serious ideas would be said slowly while exciting stories would be told in a faster rate.
How To Improve The Vocal Tempo?

1. Do not speak too fast. There is no reason for racing.
2. Pause only in the right places, where there are commas or the end of thought units.
3. Do not rush to get to the end of a long sentence on a single breath.
D. Junctures
– Are pauses in the flow of speech.
– Help create suspense, put emphasis on the word or words that follow, and enable the speaker
to catch up with his breath.
QUIZ # 8
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY

Date: ________________ Score: ________________
Activity
Write a short Speech about “FAMILY” with Introduction, Body and Conclusion. Memorize the Speech
and deliver it with the application of the different principles of Speech Delivery that has discussed.
Rehearse the Speech as much as you can.
FINAL ACTIVITY
Search any kind of Speech (Informative, Persuasive or Entertainment). Choose a particular

manner on how you will deliver it (Reading from a Manuscript, Memorized, Impromptu or
Extemporaneous). Be sure to deliver the Speech with articulation, modulation, stage presence,
Nonverbal communication and Audience Rapport. Provide a hard copy of your Speech to be given by
the teacher.
REFERENCES

Books
Diaz, Rafaela H, Speech and Oral Communication, National
Book Store, 2005.
Flores, Ramona S., Oral Communication in Context, Rex

Book Store, Inc., 2016.
Internet
August 13, 2013; Business Inspiration, retrieved from
http://www.gregverdino.com
December 6, J 990, adapted from Appropriate Technology

for Tibetan's (ApTibet) Newsletter No.5, September
1991.retrievedfromhttp://dalailama.com
http://communicatioinlibraries.wordpress.com
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/CommunicationBreak--down
http://globalbizleader.com
http://lifehack.org
http://m.wikihow.com
http://personal-development101.blogspot.com
http://simplyaubree.edublogs.org
http://yearwoodcom.files.wordpress.com
http://www.academia.edu
http://www.arthamvidya.com
http://www.toastmasters.org

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ORAL COMMUNICATION

ORAL COMMUNICATION Page 1 of 40

Communication is what connects us as human beings. The development of human civilization

2. Communication involves a transaction: a person wants to talk to someone about something

B. THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION

ORAL COMMUNICATION Page 3 of 40

THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

Answer the following:

1. Give the significance of communication in human lives. (3 points)

4. What is the role of “feedback” in the communication process?(3 points)

ORAL COMMUNICATION Page 4 of 40

Setting – the most important part of the model.

 Legal – the courts where ordinary people defended themselves.

ORAL COMMUNICATION Page 5 of 40

4. White’s Model of Communication (Eugene White) – communication is circular and continuous

ORAL COMMUNICATION Page 6 of 40

2. Message – is what needs to be delivered or imparted to somebody. It is based on WHY, WHAT

6. Feedback – result of monitoring by the speaker of the listener’s response.

7. Noise – any barrier to communication. It could be:

ORAL COMMUNICATION Page 7 of 40

B. Nonverbal Communication – use of facial expressions or bodily movements in expressing

1. Paralanguage – the “how” of saying something.

2. Flowers – use of flowers based on the meaning of each type of flower.

3. Color – use of colors based on the meaning of each color.

4. Chronemics – use of time based on position or power.

5. Proxemics – use of space to show importance.

6. Haptics – use of touch to express what cannot be said.

7. Gestures – most often used type of nonverbal communication.

 Emphasizing – gestures that punctuate what we want to highlight.

 Regulating – used to control the flow of the communication.

 Illustrating –used to show size, height, distance, or similar qualities.

 Emblems – associated with specific meanings.

ORAL COMMUNICATION Page 8 of 40

THE NATURE OF COMMUNICATION

_________________1. The most important part of his model is the Setting.

_________________2. This model gave us the concept of

_________________5. He is the Father of Mass Communication.

_________________6. It is everything a person has ever done or not.

_________________1. What is the first element of the communication process?

_________________2. It is the means by which the message is sent.

_________________3. It is the actual noise from the environment.

_________________4. A message is sent via __________.

_________________5. Nodding One’s Head

ORAL COMMUNICATION Page 9 of 40

What is the difference of between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication?

“Actions speak louder than words.” Explain.

ORAL COMMUNICATION Page 10 of 40

2. Effective communication combines a set of skills including nonverbal communication, engaged

Ways To Improve Communication:

1. Plan your communication.

ORAL COMMUNICATION Page 11 of 40

- Is the sending and receiving of messages across

- Is used to describe the wide range of communication

- Goes beyond showcasing folk dances, local songs and

What is COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN?

- Failure to exchange information

ORAL COMMUNICATION Page 12 of 40

Causes of Communication Breakdown

1. Unwillingness To Admit One’s Fault

2. Misinterpretations And Assumptions

_______4. A message is sent via .