Problem 1 (MELCHOR, GEX D.

)
Design a wall footing for a two-story office building of concrete block and brick
veneer. The building is 16 X 30 m in plan. The footing is 1 m below ground. The first
floor slab rests directly on the ground. Assume the floor dead load averages 2.0 kPa
and live load 4.4 kPa. The roof is about 0.75 kPa, and snow is 1.0 kPa. Concrete
blocks are 200 X 300 X 400 mm ad weigh 4.2 kPa (wall surface). Brick (100 X 200 X
90 mm) will weigh kPa (wall surface). The undrained shear strength su may be taken
as kPa. Hint: estimate wall height.
Given:
ID Number: 2014-00726 Based on NSCP 2010
Floor Dead Load: 2.726 kPa F’c
= 20.7 mPa Live Load: 4.726
Fy = 275.86 mPa (For Grade 40 Rebars) Roof: 0.726 kPa
Snow: 1.726 kPa
Assumed Building
height: 6 meters Concrete Cover = 75mm
Footing thickness = 300mm
Concrete Block: 4.2 kPa
@6meters height = 4.2kN/m2 x 6m = 25.2 kN/m
Brick Wall: 1.9 kPa
@6meters height = 1.9kN/m2 x 6m = 11.4 kN/m

S = 16m L = 30m
S/L = 16/30
= 0.533 > 0.50 therefore two-way slab

 SERVICE LOADS

Along 30m span

Atrapezoid = (1/2)(b1 + b2)(h)
= (1/2)(14 + 30)(8)
= 176m2

DL = Atrapezoid (2.726kPa)
DL = (176m2) (2.726kPa)
DL = 479.776 / 30 = 15.993kN/m

LL = Atrapezoid (4.726 kPa)

LL = (176m2) (4.726 kPa)
LL = 831.776 kN

LL = 831.776 / 30 = 27.726kN/m

Wu = 1.2 (DL) + 1.6 (LL)

Wu = 1.2 (15.993) + 1.6 (27.726)
Wu = 63.553 kN/m

Along 16m span

Atriangle = (1/2)(b)(h)
= (1/2)(16)(8)
= 64m2

DL = Atriangle (2.726 kPa)

DL = (64m2) (2.726 kPa)
DL = 174.464 kN

DL = 174.464/ 16 = 10.904 kN/m

LL = Atriangle (4.726 kPa)

LL = (64m2) (4.726 kPa)
LL = 302.464 kN

LL = 302.464 / 16 = 18.904 kN/m

Wu = 1.2 (DL) + 1.6 (LL)

Wu = 1.2 (10.904) + 1.6 (18.904)
Wu = 43.3312 kN/m

THEREFOR since Wu30 > Wu16, Wu30 = 63.553 kN/m

OTHER LOADS

Roof: 0.726 kPa x 8m = 5.808 kN/m

Snow: 1.726 kPa x 8m = 13.808 kN/m

TOTAL DEAD LOAD (unfactored)

= DLW30 + Roof Load + Snow Load + Concrete wall + Brick Wall

= 15.993+ 5.808 + 13.808 + 25.2 + 11.4
DLTOTAL = 72.209 kN/m

TOTAL LIVE LOAD (unfactored)

LLTOTAL = 27.726 kN/m

*Footing is 1meter below the ground

Assumed thickness = 300mm

ɣCONCRETE = 26.5 kN/ m3
ɣSOIL = 16 kN/m3
qallowable = 2(su) = 2(60) = 120 kPa
qEFFECTIVE = qallowable - ɣCONCRETE(thickness) - ɣSOIL(soil height)
= 120 – 23.5 (0.3) – 16 (0.7)
qe = 101.75 kPa
  FOOTING SIZE (ASSUMING L = 1meter strip)
Area = BL = (DL + LL) / qe
B(1m) = (72.209 + 27.726) / 101.75
B = 982.162mm say 1000mm

qULTIMATE = [1.2 (72.209) + 1.6 (27.726)] / 1m

qULTIMATE = 131.0124 > qALLOW = 120 kPa (NOT SATISFACTORY)
Try B = 1200mm
qULTIMATE = [1.2 (72.209) + 1.6 (27.726)] / 1.2m
qULTIMATE = 109.17 < qALLOW = 120 kPa (SATISFACTORY)
qULTIMATE = 109.177 kPa

 CHECK SHEAR FOR A TRIAL DEPTH (consider 1m strip)

DepthTRIAL = thickness – concrete cover
= 300 mm – 75 mm
DepthTRIAL =225 mm

ØVc = Ø (0.17) (ɣ) (√𝑓′𝑐)(b)(d)

ØVc = 0.75 (0.17)(1)( √20.7)(1000)(225)

ØVc = 130.520 kN
1200 = 2L + 2D + 300
1100 – 300 – 2D = L
L = 450 – D
*Critical Section for shear at a distance “d” from the face of the column
Vu = qultimate (L)

Vu = (109.177 kN/m) (450 – d)

Vu = (109.177 kN/m) (450 – 225)
Vu = 24.565 kN

ØVc = 130.520 kN > Vu = 24.565 kN (SAFE)

  REINFORCEMENT
TRANSVERSE

Moment Arm L = overhang + ¼ (concrete block width)

= 400mm + ¼ (300mm)
L = 475mm

Mu = [qultimate (L)^2] / 2 = [109.177 (0.475)^2] / 2 = Mu = 12.317 kNm

Solving for Steel Area (As0

0.59 As Fy
Mu = Ø As (fy)[d - ]
f′c (bw)

0.59 As (275.86)
12.317 x 106 = 0.9 As (275.86) [225 - ]
20.7 (1000)

As = 222.217 mm2
Check for As minimum
1 √f′ c 1.4
Asmin = or = (bw)(d)
4 fy fy

1 √20.7 1.4
= 4 275.86 or = 275.86(1000)(225)

927.724 mm2 < 1141.884 mm2

USE As minimum = 1141.884 mm2

Number of bars (using 12mm bar)

π
No. bars = As / (d2 )
4
π
No. bars = 1141.884 / (122 )
4

= 10.09 say 11pcs 12mm Ø bar

 1000mm
Spacing = = 90.91 mm say 75mm
11

LONGITUDINAL
For fy = 280 and 530 Mpa, Asmin = 0.002(b)(t)

Solving for Steel Area (As)

Asmin = 0.002 (1000) (300)
Asmin = 600 mm2

As TOTAL = (As/m strip) x 1.2m

As TOTAL = 720 mm2

Number of bars (using 12mm bar)

π
No. bars = As total / ( 4 (d)2 )
π
No. bars = 720 / ( 4 (12)2 )

= 6.367 say 7pcs 12 mm Ø bar

B−2(CC)−𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Spacing = 5

1200 −2(75)−12
= = 5

= 207.6 mm say 225mm

Spacing max = 3 (t) or 450 mm ; whichever is smaller

= 3 (300) or 450 mm

Therefore, S = 225mm
SKETCH
Problem 2 (MELCHOR, GEX D.)

What would the dimensions of the two footings of Example 9-3 (strap
footing design) be if you used e=1.726 m instead of 1.2 that was used in the
example? Compute the volume of concrete for the two footings in Example 9-3 and
for your value of e.
SOL’N:
Example 9-3: Proportion a strap footing for the column spacing and
loading shown. The allowable pressure is 123 Kpa. Both columns are 100mm
square.

GIVEN:
e = 1.726
qa = 120 Kpa
*DIMENSION OF FOOTING A:
Assume e = 1.726
∑MB = 0
4.474R1 = 890 (6.2)
R1 = 1233.35 KN
 Ultimate upward soil pressure:
qu qa
Pu
= Pw
qa (Pu)
qu =
Pw
120 ( 890+1380)
𝑞𝑢 = 320+260+500+400
 qu = 184.05 Kpa

L
= e + 0.2
2

L = 2 (1.726 + 0.2)
L = 3.852 m say 4 m

 Area of footing:
R1
A=
qu

R1
LxW = qu

1233.35
W = (184.05)(4)

W = 1.67 say 1.70 m

Therefore, Use 4m x 1.70m for footing A

*DIMENSION OF FOOTING B:
∑MB = 0
R1 + R2 = 890 + 1380
R2 = 890 + 1380 – 1233.35 = 1036.65
 Area of footing B:
R2
B2 = qu
1036.65
B2 = 184.05
B = 2.37 say 2.40 m

Therefore, use 2.40m x 2.40 m for footing B

SOLVING FOR DEPTH OF FOOTING:
*FOOTING A:
a. ONE WAY SHEAR
(Vu = 766.665 – 308.3375d)
Vu = ØVc

Vu = Ø [ 0.17 λ √f′c (tw) d

Bw = 1700mm
λ = 1.0
f’c = 20.7
Ø = 0.85

766.665 – 308.3375d = 0.85 [ 0.17 ( 1.0 )( √20.7 ) ( 1700 )( d )]

(1117.64 + 308.3375)d = 766.665
d = 0.540 m
d = 540 mm
b. TWO WAY SHEAR
Vu = Pu – Psoil
a+d b+d
Psoil = qu (1000)( 1000)

940 670
Vu = 890 – 184.05 ( )( )
1000 1000

Vu = 774.09 Kn
1
Ø Vc = Ø 3 √f′c bod
1
= 0.85 (3 )(√20.7)[2(670) + 940](540)
Ø Vc = 1587.13 KN > 774.07 KN SAFE!
*CHECK IF d= 540mm is SAFE FOR FOOTING B:
a. From shear diagram (@d = 540mm)
Vu = 775.2875 – 431.9375(0.540)
Vu = 542.04125 KN

Ø Vc > Vu
1587.13 > 542.04 SAFE!

b. PUNCHING/TWO WAY SHEAR

Vu = Pu – Psoil

400+d 2
Vu = 1380 – 184.05( )
1000
400+540 2
Vu = 1380 – 184.05( )
1000

Vu = 1217.37 Kn
1
Ø Vc = Ø 3 √f′c bod
1
Ø Vc = 0.85( 3)( √20.7) (400 + 540)(4)(540)

Ø Vc = 2617.37 Kn
Ø Vc > Vu
2617.37 > 1217.37 SAFE!
*TOTAL THICKNESS:
t = d + concrete cover
= 540 + 75
t = 615 say 625mm

*VOLUME OF FOOTINGS WEN e = 1.726

 Va = (4 x 1.70 x 0.625) = 4.25m3
 Vb = (2.40 x 2.40 x 0.625) = 3.6m3
Vt = Va + Vb = 4.46 + 3.6
Vt = 7.85m3

*VOLUME OF FOOTINGS IN EXAMPLE 9.3

Given: e = 1.2m
SOLVED DIMENSIONS AND THICKNESS:
>FOOTING A = 2.15m x 2.8m
>FOOTING B = 2.52m x 2.52m
>THICKNESS = 0.495m say 0.5m
 Va = (2.15 x 2.8 x 0.5) = 3.01m
 Va = (2.52 x 2.52 x 0.5) = 3.1752m
Vt = Va + Vb
= 3.01 + 3.1752
Vt = 6.185m3
Problem 3 (MELCHOR, GEX D.)
Design a chimney foundation for the following data:

ID Number 2014-00726
Chimney height above ground = 250 m
Bottom OD = 20 m Top ID = 7mm
Bottom wall thickness = 0.826m
Top wall thickness = 0.226m
Weight above foundation including liner = 104 200 kN
For wind use the values (factors such as velocity, pressure, importance factor, etc.)
given in Example 9-4. Take qa = 400 kPa and place the base of the foundation 4.0 m
below ground surface; the base will be backfilled. Use a reasonable estimate for y
backfill. Make an approximate hand solution, also analyse the foundation as a round
plate. Be sure to make a neat sketch of the chimney and base, and show enough
dimensions that your work can be verified.

SOLUTION:
Assumed thickness = 1.2m
γconcrete = 23.5 kN/m3
γsoil = 16 kN/m3
F’c = 21 Mpa
Fy = 400 Mpa

SOLVING FOR FOOTING DIMENSION

ɋeffective = ɋallowable - γconcrete(thickness) – γsoil (soil ht)
= 400 - 23.5(1.2) - 16(2.8)
ɋe = 327 kPa

In practice, however it is difficult to form a round footing member so an octagon is

widely used since it closely fits a circle and can be formed easily. The geometry of
an octagon is shown below together with a number of section property equations for
design use

Solving for B:

104200 kN
Area = qe

104200 kN
0.828B2 =
327 kPa

104200 kN
0.828(1.848R)2 = 327 kPa
 R= 10.62m

*footing base width = 2R = 2(10.62) = 21.24 say 22m

Wind Pressure(Pw) prop. from example 9.4:

Ce = 1.17 qs = 1.80kPa
Cq = 0.8 I = 1.15

Pw = Ce(Cq)(qs)(I)
Pw = 1.17(0.8)(1.80)(1.15)
Pw = 1.94 kpa

Projected Area of the chimney:

b1+b2 7.452+20
Area = 2
(ℎ) = 2
(250) = 3431.5m2

Horizontal wind force:

Pw= pw(Area)(increase factor)
Pw = (1.94)(3431.5)(1.0)
Pw = 6657.11 kN

Centroid: (from the base of the chimney)

1 1 250
3436y = 2 [2 (6.256)(250)( 3 )(250)] +7.452(250)( 2 )
y= 105.71m
⁞ the horizontal force due to wind (Pw) is applied 105.71m from the base of the
chimney

Overturning moment at the base of the chimney:

Mo,r = 6657.11kN(105.71m) = 703726.1 kN-m
Overturning moment at the base of the footing:
Mo,b = 6657.11kN(105.71m+4) = 730351.54 kN-m

Gravity Weights: (assumed soil ht = 2.8m)

Pedestal base
Bp = 20m + 2(0.15m) = 20.3m
Base Area
ABASE= 0.828(22)2 = 400.75m2
Pedestal weight (soil ht)(0.828Bp2)(γconc)
= 2.8(0.828)(20.30)2(23.5)
= 22,451.65 kN
Footing Weight (ABASE)(tFOOTING) (γconc)
= 400.75m2 (1.2)(23.5)
= 11,301.15 kN
Backfill Weight (ABASE - 0.828Bp2)(soil ht)(γconc)
 = [ 400.75-0.828(20.30)2 ] (2.8)(16)
=2667.37 kN
Total Base Weight
= 22,451.65 kN + 11,301.15 kN + 2667.37 Kn
=36,420.17 kN

Check overturning stability: (Taking moments at toe)

22
Mr= (104,200+22,451.65+11,301.15) ( 2 )
Mr= 1,517,480.8 Kn-m
Mr 1517480.8
SF= ( Mo) = ( 730351.54) = 2.07 > 1.0
( consider temporary guying needed during erection phase)

Consider backfill weight:

22
Mr= (104,200+22,451.65+11,301.15+2667.37 ) ( 2 )
Mr= 1,546,821.87 Kn-m
Mr 1546821.87
SF= ( )=( ) = 2.11 > 1.5 OKAY
Mo 730351.54

Find Soil pressures beneath the end heel:

Mo,b 730351.54
e=( ) = ( 36420.17+104200 ) = 5.20m
P
B 22
emax = ( 8 ) = ( 8 ) = 2.75 < 5.20
(Part of the base under operating conditions appears to have soil base
separation)
Effective radius R of the base:
R= 0.5412B = 0.5412(22m) = 11.91m
Section Modulus about a diameter:
Sx= 0.6906R3 = 0.6906 (11.91) 3 = 1166.71m3

Compute Soil Pressure:

P M
q= ( A) ± ( Sx ) ≤ qa * where qa= 400kPa

104200+22451.65 730351.54
q= ( ) + ( 1166.71 )
400.75
q= 942.03 > 400 NOT OKAY

104200+22451.65 730351.54
q= ( ) - ( 1166.71 )
400.75
q= -309.956 < 0 MAYBE OKAY

Assuming new base and thickness value:

let B= 35m ; thickness = 2.8m
Gravity Weights:
Base Area
A= 0.828(35)2 =1014.3m2
Pedestal weight (soil ht)(0.828Bp2)(γconc)
= 1.2(0.828)(20.30)2(23.5)
= 9,622.14 kN
Footing Weight (ABASE)(tFOOTING) (γconc)
= 1014.3m2 (2.8)(23.5)
= 66,740.94 kN
Backfill Weight (ABASE - 0.828Bp2)(soil ht)(γconc
= [ [1014.3-0.828(20.30)2 ] (1.2)(16)
=12,923.32 kN
Total Base Weight
= 9,622.14 kN + 66,740.94 kN + 12,923.32kN
= 89,286.4 kN

Check overturning stability: (Taking moments at toe)

35
Mr= (104,200+9,622.14 +66,740.94) ( 2 )
Mr= 3,159,853.9 kN-m
Mr 3159.853.9
SF= ( Mo) = ( 730351.54 ) = 4.32 > 1.0
(OKAY! guying is NOT needed)
Consider backfill weight:
35
Mr= (104,200+9,622.14+66,740.94 +12,923.32)( 2 )
Mr= 3,386,012 Kn-m
Mr 3386012
SF= ( Mo ) = ( 730351.54 ) = 4.63 > 1.5 OKAY

Find Soil pressures beneath the end heel:

Mo,b 730351.54
e=( )=( ) = 3.77 m
P 89286.4+104200
35
emax = ( 8 ) = 4.38 > 3.77m
(footing is sufficient except for wind factor during the erection )
Effective radius R of the base:
R= 0.5412B = 0.5412(35m) = 18.942m
Section Modulus about a diameter:
Sx= 0.6906R3 = 0.6906 (18.942)3 = 4693.58 m3

Compute Soil Pressure:

P M
q= ( A ) ± ( Sx ) ≤ qa

104200+9622.14 730351.54
qtoe= ( )+( )
1014.3 4693.58

q= 267.82 < 400 OKAY

104200+9622.14 730351.54
q= ( )-( )
1014.3 4693.58
 qheel= -43.4 < 0 MAYBE OKAY

Check depth of shear:

a.) Check Wide Beam Shear

d= t –Cc – bar diameter (ESTIMATED FOR RADIAL AND

TANGENTIAL)
d=2800 – 70-25 = 2705mm

qtoe−qheel 267.82−(−43.4)
S= ( )=( )
B 35

S= 8.89

qad= qtoe – s(x) = 267.82 – 8.89(4.645)

qad= 226.53 kPa

For trapezoid pressure diagram, using

LF = 1.2 L = x = 4.645m
Use width = 1m
 1
Vad = Vu = 1.2 ( ) (226.53+267.82)(4.645)
2
Vad= 1377.75345 kN

Concrete wide-beam resistance (from table 8-2)

√f′c √21
f’c = 21 Mpa Vc = Ø( ) = 0.85 ( ) = 0.6492
6 6

Vc’ = ØVc = Vc(b)(d) = 0.6492(1.0)(1000)(2.705)

ØVc = 1756.086 kN > Vu = 1380.96 kN OKAY

b.)Check Two-Way Shear

Pedestal Base (Bp) + d

20.30+ 2.705 = 23.005m

Equivalent side of square = Ss

πd2
Ss2 = ( )=
4
√π(23.005)
Ss = ( ) Ss = 20.39m
4

Use LF = 1.2
Vu = 1.2(104,200 + 9,622.14)
Vu= 136,586.57kN

(from table 8-2)

f’c = 21Mpa Vc = 1.298Mpa

ØVc = Vc(bo)(d) = 1.298(40.78)(2.705)(1000)

ØVc = 143,182.25Kn > Vu =136,586.57kN OKAY

For Required Area of Bottom Steel Reinforcement:

@ 1m strip
Cantilever arm
35−20
L=( ) = 7.35m
2

q = qmax – S(x) = 267.52 – 8.89(x)

Solve for Moment:

L
L
M= ∫ ∫0 𝑞𝑑𝑥
0
L
L
M= ∫ ∫0 (267.52 − 8.89𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0
@ L =7.35m
M= 6637.73 kN-m/ m
Solve for As /m:
As(fy)
Mu = ØAs (fy)(𝑑 − 1.7f′c(b)))

where : Mu = 1.2M
As(fy)
1.2M = ØAs (fy)(𝑑 − ))
1.7f′c(b)
Use Ø = 0.9
As(400)
1.2(6637.73X106) = 0.9As (400)(2705 − 1.7(21)(1000)))
Solving Simultaneously, As = 8508.47 mm2 / m

Check for As minimum

1 √f′c 1.4
Asmin = (bw)(d) ≥ . (bw)(d)
4 fy fy
1 √21 1.4
= (1000)(2705) ≥ . (1000)(2705)
4 400 400

7747.417 mm2 < 9467.5 mm2

Use Asmin = 9467.5 mm2 /m

Solve for number of bars:

*Using = 32mm
π
9467.5 = ( 4 x 322)(no. of bars)
no.of bars = 11.77 say 12- 32mm Ø

Top Steel Reinforcement Requirement :

Moment arm = 7.35m
7.35
Mu = 1.2 [ 2.8 (23.5) + 1.2 (16) ](7.35) ( )
2
Mu = 2755.148kN-m
 Use Asmin = 9467.5 mm2 /m

Solving for no. of bars:

*Using = 28mm
π
9467.5 = ( 4 x 282) (no. of bars)
no.of bars = 15.37 say 16 - 28mm Ø

Vertical Steel for Pedestal:

(assuming all rebars will carry all tension stress)

Pedestal Rebar diameter (Pdiam)= 20.30m–0.30m=20m

Solve for wind moment at top of footing:

Mu = Pw (y + soil ht from pedestal base to ground)

Mu = 6657.11kN (105.71m + 1.2)
Mu =711711.63 kN-m

Solve for AsTOTAL:

Astotal for vertical steel for pedestal :
1.2 4Mu
Astotal = fs (Pdiam − 𝑊)
1.2(1000) 4(711711.63)
= ( − (104200 + 9622.14)
0.9(400) 20

Astotal = 95067.29 mm2

Solving for no. of bars:

*Using = 36mm
π
95067.29 = ( x 362) (no. of bars)
4
no.of bars =93.4 say 94 - 36mm Ø

Temperature and Shrinkage Bars:

Solve for As:
As = 0.0018(b)(t)
As = 0.0018 (1000)(2705)
As = 4869 mm2

Solving for no. of bars

*Using = 20mm
π
4869 = ( 4 x 202 )(no. of bars)
no.of bars = 15.50 say 16 - 20mm Ø