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 Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Dergisi, 37, 1, 25-33, 2017
J. of Thermal Science and Technology
©2017 TIBTD Printed in Turkey
ISSN 1300-3615

PERFORMANCE ANALYSES OF GAS TURBINE COGENERATION PLANTS

Rabi KARAALİ*, İlhan Tekin ÖZTÜRK**
* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bayburt University, 69000 Bayburt, Turkey
** Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
* rabikar@gmail.com, ** ilhan@kocaeli.edu.tr

(Geliş Tarihi: 17.09.2015, Kabul Tarihi: 21.07.2016)

Abstract: In this study, some improving methods of gas turbine cogeneration cycles are applied on a simple cogeneration
cycle. These methods are preheating air, preheating air and fuel, inlet air cooling by using evaporative cooling and absorption
cooling. These cogeneration systems are evaluated with respect to energy efficiency (energy utilization factor), exergetic
efficiency, electric and heat power, electric-heat energy rate, artificial thermal efficiency and fuel energy saving ratio and are
compared with each other. In these analyses, the thermodynamic parameters such as compressing ratio, air and fuel mass ratio
and compressor inlet temperatures of the cycles are used. It is concluded that these parameters can be listed from most effective
to least effective as air fuel ratio, pressure ratio and compressor inlet temperature. It is also concluded that the most efficient
cycle is found to be the air-fuel preheated cycle for obtaining more electric power and less heat power, and the simple cycle
is the most suitable one for obtaining more heat power and less electric power.
Keywords: Cogeneration, Performance, Exergy.

GAZ TÜRBİNLİ KOJENERASYON TESİSLERİNİN PERFORMANS ANALİZLERİ

Özet: Bu çalışmada, gaz türbinli kojenerasyon çevrimlerinin geliştirilmesinde kullanılan bazı yöntemler basit bir
kojenerasyon çevrimi üzerinde uygulanmıştır. Bu yöntemler havanın ön ısıtılması, hava ve yakıtın ön ısıtılması ve giriş
havasının evaporatif ve absorpsiyonlu soğutma ile soğutulmasıdır. Bu kojenerasyon sistemleri enerji verimi (enerji kullanım
faktörü), ekserji verimi, elektrik ve ısı gücü, elektrik ısı enerjisi oranı, yapay termal verim ve yakıt enerjisi kazanım oranı
yönünden değerlendirilmiş ve birbirleri ile karşılaştırılmışlardır. Bu analizlerde basınç oranı, hava-yakıt kütleleri oranı ve
çevrimlerin kompresör giriş sıcaklıkları gibi termodinamik parametreler kullanılmıştır. Bu parametrelerin en çok etkili
olanından en az etkili olanına göre, hava-yakıt kütleleri oranı, basınç oranı ve kompresör giriş sıcaklıkları şeklinde sıralandığı
anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca daha çok elektrik ve daha az ısıl güç yönünden en verimli çevrimin hava-yakıt ön ısıtmalı çevrim ve
daha çok ısıl güç daha az elektrik gücü için basit çevrimin en uygun çevrim oldukları ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kojenerasyon, Performans, Ekserji.

NOMENCLATURE

c specific heat (kJ/kgK) Greek letters

COP coefficient of performance 𝜂 efficiency
𝐸̇ exergy flow rate (kW)
e specific exergy (kJ/kg) Subcripts
h specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) C compressor
H enthalpi (kJ) cc combustion chamber
𝑚̇ mass flow rate (kg/s) Ch chemical
LHV lower heating value (kJ/kg) eg exhaust
M molecular weight (kg/kMol) ex exergy
n number of moles (kMol) gen generated
P pressure (kPa) HRSG heat recovery steam generator
𝑄̇ heat flow rate (kW) is isentropic
𝑅̅ universal gas constant Ph physical
s specific entropy (kJ/kgK) R recuperator
S entropy (kJ/K) T turbine
T temperature (K) U useful
W power (kW) 0 environment conditions
xi molar fraction
xmi mass fraction
INTRODUCTION cogeneration system with inlet air cooling producing
electricity, steam and chilled water by using the first law of
Cogeneration is the concept used to indicate production of thermodynamics and the economic analysis methods (Santo
electricity and useful thermal energy in one operation by and Gallo, 2000). Wang and Chiou have studied the
using fuel efficiently. For a given amount of process heat, performance improvement of a simple cycle gas turbine
gas turbines are capable of producing more electric power GENSET- a retrofitting example, and found out that there is
than the conventional ones. Cogeneration systems have effect of pressure ratio on power output, ambient
many advantages over the conventional ones such as lower temperature on generation efficiency and power output, and
weight per unit power, higher efficiency, dual fuel capability, steam injection ratio on efficiency (Wang and Chiou, 2002).
compact size, safe and reliable operation, fast starting time,
more economic and less environmental emissions. In gas The maximum temperature of the cycle should be kept under
turbine systems natural gas or mixed fuels such as biomass, a certain temperature because of metallurgical reasons. That
alcohols, refinery residues, naphtha, etc., are used as fuel. The can be achieved by using approximately between two to four
fuel flexibility for gas turbine systems is an important times of the air that is theoretically required for complete
advantage (ASHRAE, 2000; Boyce, 2002; Horlock, 1997). combustion of the cycles. The air properties have major
Improving performance of gas turbine cogeneration cycles impacts on the exhaust gas properties, and thus the
will be an important objective in the future. temperatures decrease. Accordingly, when the pressure ratio
(P2/P1) increases, the compressor outlet temperature (T2)
Gas turbine cogeneration systems find applications in increases and so does the efficiency. Because of the
buildings, industry and others. The appropriate cogeneration metallurgical reasons the higher temperature is limited.
system for a specific purpose is chosen with respect to some Therefore, adding a recuperator rises the outlet temperature of
criteria such as efficiency, heat to power ratio and the grade the air of the compressor and that increases the efficiency of
of heat (Boyce, 2002). Obtaining high efficiency depends the cycle (Najjar, 2000; Sue and Chuang, 2004).
on some factors such as reduced auxiliary power
consumption, increased gas turbine inlet temperature, fuel The majority of the work produced by the turbine (work
preheating, advanced gas turbine cooling, inter-cooling, produced by the turbine to the compressor is called back
hydrogen cooled generators, low compressor inlet air work rate and is around 50-60 %) is spent by the compressor
temperature, high compressor inlet air pressure, high so that the pressure ratio (compressor work) are very
compressor inlet air humidity, multiple pressure cycle with effective on the cycle efficiency (Najjar, 2001; Atmaca et
reheat and better HRSG design (Jaluria, 2008; Karaali, al., 2016). Many publications are based on finding better
2010; Atmaca, 2011). There are many gas turbines evaluation criteria and the most effective parameters on
cogeneration systems on the market, however they differ in efficiency for gas turbine cogeneration cycle (Atmaca et al.,
efficiency, power output, pressure ratio, exhaust 2009; Atmaca, 2011). These studies generally contain fewer
temperature, firing temperature, etc. (Huang, 1990). criterions, parameters and cycles therefore they are not
satisfactory as a rule of thumb. For better design and
Feng et al., in their study introduced a new performance optimization process there is a need of detailed knowledge
criterion for cogeneration systems called cogeneration of the factors that affect the performance of cogeneration
efficiency. In the numerator of the definition of this systems. That is why, in this paper as many as competitive
efficiency the sum of work and exergy in the useful heat and cycles, evaluation criteria and parameter are taken into
the inevitable exergy loss which has to be paid when the account and they are compared with each other.
useful heat has been supplied takes place while the fuel
energy is in the denominator (Feng et al., 1998). Huang has In this study, evaluation criteria for cogeneration cycles such
studied the performance evaluation of three kinds of gas as energy efficiency (energy utilization factor), electric and
turbine cogeneration systems (Huang, 1990). The effect of heat powers, heat exergy power, electric production
pinch point on the system parameters and the effect of efficiency, electric and heat energy rate, exergy efficiency,
pressure of process steam on the system performance are artificial thermal energy efficiency and fuel energy saving
analyzed. It was found that the first law analysis is not ratio (nine criteria) are studied with three parameters that are
adequate and the second law analysis is needed (Huang, the pressure ratio, the excess air rate and the inlet air
1990). Khaliq and Kaushik in their study have analyzed temperatures for four different cogeneration cycles. Results
thermodynamic performance evaluation of three selected are compared and discussed.
gas turbine cogeneration systems with reheat, and found that
the pinch point temperature has an effect on the fuel DESCRIPTION OF THE CYCLES
utilization efficiency, on the power to heat ratio and on the
second law efficiency. They also found out that the process In simple cycle and inlet air cooling cycle compressed air
steam pressure affects the fuel utilization efficiency, the (figure 1-2) enter the combustion chamber and in
power to heat ratio and the second law efficiency (Khaliq recuperated cycles (figure 3-4) compressed air is heated
and Kaushik, 2004). Malinowska and Malinowski in their by hot exhaust gases in the recuperator and then enter the
parametric study of exergetic efficiency of a small scale combustion chamber. The hot gases that exit from the
cogeneration plant incorporating a heat pump have found combustion chamber are then expanded at the gas turbine
that exergetic efficiency and power to heat ratio are better and from the gas turbine hot gases are the source of the
than conventional ones (Malinowska and Malinowski, heat of recuperator and the heat recovery steam generator
2003). Santo and Gallo in their study have evaluated a

26
 Water following assumptions are introduced in modeling each cycle:
7 Steam The pressure losses in the combustion chamber, air preheater
HRSG 8
and HRSG are known as 5 %. The environmental conditions
are taken as T0 = 298.15 K and P0 = 1.013 bar. The main
5 6 capacity of the air compressors are m1 = 91.4 kg/s, HRSG ms
= 14 kg/s saturated steam at 20 bar. The gas turbine net
C.C.
2 4 electric power is 30 MW (net electric power is equal to the
3 mechanic power obtained from the gas turbine minus
C T J
mechanic power used by compressor), and the combustion
9 chamber’s inlet fuel is mf = 1.64 kg/s methane. Methane LHV
10
1 Air is taken as 802361.0 kJ/kMol.
Figure 1..Simple cycle
The working fluid assumed as ideal gas, cogeneration systems
operates at steady state, natural gas is taken as methane
2 C.C 3 modeled as an ideal gas, the combustion is complete and N2
4
7 is inert and heat loss for the combustion chamber is 2 % of the
8
C T 9 fuel’s LHV and all other components operates without heat
loss (Bejan et al., 1996; Moran and Tsatsaronis, 2000). Kinetic
1
4 and potential energy effects are ignored. The outlet temperature
Absorption
Cooling sys. 10 Water of the heat recovery steam generator is taken as 400 K to avoid
5 6 corrosive sulfuric acid formation in the exhaust. The turbine
soğutma
0
HRSG and the compressor operate adiabatically. By inserting specific
sistemi
Steam entropy expressions for N2, O2, CO2 and H2O from the
11 reference (Moran and Tsatsaronis, 2000), the combustion
Figure 2..Inlet air cooling cycle chamber outlet, the compressor outlet, the recuperator exhaust
side outlet, the heat recovery steam generator inlet exhaust
Steam side and the gas turbine isentropic temperatures are
Water
calculated. Also the entropies of the streams are calculated
8 9 from the same reference. The thermodynamic model and the
HRSG
5 calculation procedure are as follows for the CGAM cycle (air
preheated cycle) (Moran and Tsatsaronis, 2000; Rosen and
6
7 R. Dincer, 2003). Specific enthalpies and specific entropies are
3 C.C 4
calculated for each stream from the equations of the reference
2 (Bejan et al., 1996).
10
C T J
11 12 ℎ̅𝑖 = 𝑓(𝑇𝑖 ) (1)

1 Air 𝑠̅𝑖 = 𝑓(𝑇𝑖 , 𝑃𝑖 ) (2)

Figure 3.Air preheated cycle 𝐸̇ = 𝐸̇𝑝ℎ + 𝐸̇𝑐ℎ (3)

Steam 𝐸̇𝑝ℎ = 𝑚̇(ℎ − ℎ0 − 𝑇0 (𝑠 − 𝑠0 )) (4)

Water
14
𝑚̇
13 HRSG 𝐸̇𝑐ℎ = {∑ 𝑥𝑘 𝑒̅𝑘𝑐ℎ + 𝑅̅ 𝑇0 ∑ 𝑥𝑘 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑘 } (5)
6 𝑀
R2 5
8
7 In Table 1 and in Table 2 the mass, the energy, the
R1 9 10 entropy, the exergy and the exergy efficiency equations
C.C of the components of the air preheated cycle are given.
2 3 4
The chemical reaction in the combustion chamber can be
C T J written as follows (Bejan et al., 1996).
11 12
1
Air 𝜆̅𝐶𝐻4 + [0.7748𝑁2 + 0.2059𝑂2 + 0.0003𝐶𝑂2 +
Figure 4.Air-fuel preheated cycle 0.019𝐻2 𝑂] → (1 + 𝜆̅)[𝑋𝑁2 𝑁2 + 𝑋𝑂2 𝑂2 + 𝑋𝐶𝑂2 𝐶𝑂2 +
𝑋𝐻2𝑂 𝐻2 𝑂] (6)
ANALYSES OF THE CYCLES 0.7748
𝑋𝑁2 = ̅ (7)
1+𝜆
The thermodynamic analysis of the cycles and their ̅̅̅
(0.0003+𝜆)
components introduced in the previous section will be done 𝑋𝐶𝑂2 = ̅ (8)
1+𝜆
and the mathematical modeling will be explained in this
̅̅̅
(0.019+2𝜆)
section. These cycles are fueled with natural gas; however it 𝑋𝐻2𝑂 = (9)
̅
1+𝜆
is taken to be methane for the sake of simplicity. The

27
 ̅̅̅
(0.2059−2𝜆) Artificial thermal efficiency is the energy in the fuel
𝑋𝑂2 = ̅ (10)
1+𝜆 supply to the cogeneration plant is supposed to be
Excess air rate is reduced by that which would be required to produce the
heat load in a separate ‘heat only’ boiler of efficiency.
𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 However, the artificial thermal efficiency gives equal
𝐸𝑎𝑟 = (11)
𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 weight to the useful heat at different temperatures so that
is not a very reasonable criterion which should be used
Heat loss of the combustion chamber can be written as, carefully (Horlock, 1997; Feng et al., 1998).
𝑄̇𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠,𝐶𝐶 = 0.02𝑚̇𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝐿𝐻𝑉𝐶𝐻4 (12) 𝑊̇ (𝜂0 )𝐶𝐺
𝐴𝑇𝐸 = 𝑄̇
= 𝑄̇
(16)
𝑄̇𝑓 −( 𝑈 ) 1−( ̇ 𝑈 )
𝜂𝐵 𝑄𝑓 𝜂𝐵
Absorption cycle

For the absorption cycle COP is taken as 0,70 for LiBr-water Fuel energy saving ratio is the comparison between the
fuel required to meet the given loads of electricity and
Overall Balance Equations for the Cycles heat in the cogeneration plant with that required in a
‘reference system’ (conventional plants that meet the
The overall energy balance of the systems is, same load demands). Fuel energy saving ratio is also
defined as the ratio of the savings to the fuel energy
𝑚̇𝑎𝑖𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝑚̇𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝐿𝐻𝑉𝐶𝐻4 − 𝑄̇𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠,𝐶𝐶 − required in the conventional plants. Fuel energy saving
𝑚̇𝑒𝑔.,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑔.,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑊̇𝑇 − 𝑚̇𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 (ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝑖𝑛 − ratio directly measures the extent of fuel savings which
ℎ𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚,𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) = 0 (13) the extent of energy utilization in a cogeneration plant.
Increase in the rate of the fuel energy saving ratio
Energy and exergy efficiencies of the cycles are (Lazzaretto provides information about the electric energy increases
and Tsatsaronis, 2006; Karaali and Ozturk, 2015). of the cogeneration system according to the first law. For
the conventional system boiler efficiency ηB = 0.9 and the
𝑊̇𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑇 +𝑄̇𝑈 electrical efficiency ηel = 0.4 are taken (Horlock, 1997;
𝜂𝑒𝑛 = (14) Feng et al., 1998).
𝑄̇𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙

𝑊̇𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑇 +(𝐸̇𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚,𝐻𝑅𝑆𝐺−𝐸̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝐻𝑅𝑆𝐺) 𝑄̇ 𝑊̇ 𝑄̇ 𝑊̇
𝜂𝑒𝑥 =
𝐸̇𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
(15) 𝐹𝐸𝑆𝑅 = ( + − 𝑄̇𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 )/( + ) (17)
𝜂𝐵 𝜂𝑒𝑙 𝜂𝐵 𝜂𝑒𝑙

Table 1. The mass, the energy and the entropy equations of the components of the air preheated cycle.
Component Mass Equation Energy Equation Entropy Equation
Compressor 𝑚̇1 = 𝑚̇2 𝑚̇1 ℎ1 + 𝑊̇𝐶 = 𝑚̇2 ℎ2 ̇
𝑚̇1 𝑠1 − 𝑚̇1 𝑠2 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝐶 =0
Combustion 𝑚̇3 + 𝑚̇10 = 𝑚̇4 𝑚̇3 ℎ3 + 𝑚̇10 ℎ10 = 𝑚̇4 ℎ4 ̇
𝑚̇3 𝑠3 + 𝑚̇10 𝑠10 − 𝑚̇4 𝑠4 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝐶𝐶 =0
Chamber + 0.02𝑚̇10 𝐿𝐻𝑉
Recuperator 𝑚̇2 = 𝑚̇3 𝑚̇2 ℎ2 + 𝑚̇5 ℎ5 = 𝑚̇3 ℎ3 + 𝑚̇6 ℎ6 𝑚̇2 𝑠2 + 𝑚̇5 𝑠5 − 𝑚̇3 𝑠3 − 𝑚̇6 𝑠6
𝑚̇5 = 𝑚̇6 ̇
+ 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑅 =0
Turbine 𝑚̇4 = 𝑚̇5 𝑚̇4 ℎ4 = 𝑊̇𝑇 + 𝑊̇𝐶 + 𝑚̇5 ℎ5 ̇
𝑚̇4 𝑠4 − 𝑚̇5 𝑠5 + 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝑇 =0
HRSG 𝑚̇6 = 𝑚̇7 𝑚̇6 ℎ6 + 𝑚̇8 ℎ8 = 𝑚̇7 ℎ7 + 𝑚̇9 ℎ9 𝑚̇6 𝑠6 + 𝑚̇8 𝑠8 − 𝑚̇7 𝑠7 − 𝑚̇9 𝑠9
𝑚̇8 = 𝑚̇9 ̇
+ 𝑆𝑔𝑒𝑛,𝐻𝑅𝑆𝐺 =0

Table 2. The exergy and the exergy efficiency equations of the components of the air preheated cycle.
Component Exergy Equation Exergy Efficiency
Compressor 𝐸̇𝐷,𝐶 = 𝐸̇1 + 𝑊̇𝐶 − 𝐸̇2 𝐸̇𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝐶 − 𝐸̇𝑖𝑛,𝐶
𝜂𝑒𝑥,𝐶 =
𝑊̇𝐶
Combustion 𝐸̇𝐷,𝐶𝐶 = 𝐸̇3 + 𝐸̇10 − 𝐸̇4 ̇
𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝐶𝐶
Chamber 𝜂𝑒𝑥,𝐶𝐶 =
̇ ̇
𝐸𝑖𝑛,𝐶𝐶 + 𝐸𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙
Recuperator 𝐸̇𝐷,𝑅 = 𝐸̇2 + 𝐸̇5 − 𝐸̇3 − 𝐸̇6 𝐸̇𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑅 − 𝐸̇𝑖𝑛,𝑎𝑖𝑟,𝑅
𝜂𝑒𝑥,𝑅 =
𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡,𝑅 − 𝐸̇𝑖𝑛,𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡,𝑅
̇
Turbine 𝐸̇𝐷,𝑇 = 𝐸̇4 − 𝐸̇5 − 𝑊̇𝐶 − 𝑊̇𝑇 𝑊̇𝑛𝑒𝑡,𝑇 + 𝑊̇𝐶
𝜂𝑒𝑥,𝑇 =
𝐸̇𝑖𝑛,𝑇 − 𝐸̇𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑇
HRSG 𝐸̇𝐷,𝐻𝑅𝑆𝐺 = 𝐸̇6 − 𝐸̇7 + 𝐸̇8 − 𝐸̇9 𝐸̇𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚,𝐻𝑅𝑆𝐺 − 𝐸̇𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟,𝐻𝑅𝑆𝐺
𝜂𝑒𝑥,𝐻𝑅𝑆𝐺 =
𝐸̇𝑖𝑛,𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡,𝐻𝑅𝑆𝐺 − 𝐸̇𝑜𝑢𝑡,𝑒𝑥ℎ𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑡,𝐻𝑅𝑆𝐺

28
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS For simple cycle heat power is higher but electric power is
lower than air and air-fuel preheated cycles. Air-fuel
All the analysis results are presented in Figs. 5 to 15. In preheated cycle has the highest electric power but the lowest
Figure 5 variation of energy and exergy efficiencies with heat power among the four cycles. Electric power increases
pressure ratio for constant combustion temperature are about 22 % but heat power decreases about 28 % for air-fuel
given. In the same way, outlet temperature of the preheated cycle and electric power increases 20 % but heat power
combustion chamber is kept constant and recuperator outlet decreases 11 % for simple cycle by pressure ratio range 6 to 16.
temperature is taken 7-15 K below the turbine outlet
temperature. Adding second recuperator for fuel decreases In Figure 7 variation of electric power with excess air
the energy efficiency however increases the exergy rates for different pressure ratio are given. The inlet air
efficiency of the cycles. Increasing the pressure ratio of cooling and the simple cycles have the maximum electric
these two cycles increases the energy efficiency, but power around 2.3 and 3.0 excess air rates, however
decreases the exergy efficiency for constant outlet increasing excess air rates of the air and the air-fuel
temperature of the combustion chamber. The energy preheated cycles increases electric power. All the cycles
efficiency increases about 12 % but the exergy efficiency have higher electric power output at higher pressure ratio.
decreases about 7 % by pressure ratio range of 6 to 16. However air–fuel preheated cycle works at 10 to 16
pressure ratio until at excess air rate 3 to 2.75. Electric
0,75 (W+Qnet)/Qfuel=energy efficiency power of air preheated cycle increase about 30 % by
excess air rate range 1.3 to 3.5 at pressure ratio 10.
0,70
Energy and exergy efficiencies

air preheated air-fuel preheated(r=16) air preheated(r=10)

air-fuel preheated air preheated(r=16) air-fuel preheated(r=6)
0,65 34000 air-fuel preheat(r=10) air preheated(r=6)

32000
0,60 Tmin/Tmax=298,15/1341=constant
30000
Electric Power (kW) Wnet

(W+EQ)/Efuel=exergetic efficiency 28000 inlet air cooling(r=16)

0,55 simple(r=16)
air-fuel preheated
26000 inlet air cooling(r=10)
air preheated
simple(r=10)
0,50 24000 inlet air cooling(r=6)
simple(r=6)
22000
6 8 10 12 14 16
Compression rates 20000

Figure 5. Variation of energy and exergy efficiencies with 18000

pressure ratio for constant combustion temperature. 16000

2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
73,04 (kg/s air) 91,3 (kg/s air) 109,56 (kg/s air) 127,82(kg/s air)
In Figure 6 variation of electric and heat power with pressure Excess Air Rates
ratio for variable combustion temperature and the four Figure 7. Variation of electric power with excess air rates for
cogeneration cycles are given. Increasing pressure ratio different pressure ratio.
increases the electric power but decreases the heat power,
because increasing the pressure ratio increases combustion In Figure 8 variation of heat power with excess air rates for
chamber outlet temperature which increases the turbine work different pressure ratio are given. Increasing the pressure ratio
but decreases the amount of heat obtained from HRSG. of the cycles decreases the heat power (more electrical power is
obtained). By increasing excess air rates combustion chamber
45000
Qnet simple
(TR,out=850 K)
outlet temperature decreases and that increases the turbine work
but decreases heat power. Increasing the pressure ratio and
Qnet air preheated
adding a recuperator increases the electric power but decreases
40000 the heat power of the cycles. This decrease is about 20 % for
Electric And Heat Power (kW)

simple cycle and 40 % for air fuel preheated cycle at pressure

ratio 6 by excess air range from 1.3 to 3.5.
35000 Qnet inlet air cooling(TC,in=278 K)
Qnet air-fuel preheated 55000
W net air-fuel preheated
50000
30000
Heat Power (kW) Qnet

W net air preheated 45000

simple(r=6)
25000 simple(r=10)
40000
simple(r=16)
W net inlet air cooling(TC,in=278 K)
inlet air cooling(r=6)
W net simple 35000 inlet air cooling(r=10)
air-fuel prehed(r=10) inlet air cooling(r=16)
20000 air preheated(r=10) air preheated(r=6)
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 30000 air-fuel preheated(r=16) air-fuel preheated(r=6)
Compression Rates air preheated(r=16)

2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5

Figure 6. Variation of electric and heat power with pressure ratio for 73,04 (kg/s air) 91,3 (kg/s air) 109,56 (kg/s air) 127,82(kg/s air)
Excess Air Rates
different cogeneration cycles and variable combustion temperature Figure 8. Variation of heat power with excess air rates for
where mfuel = 1,64 kg/s, mair = 91,3 kg/s, excess air rate = 2,5, ηis,C = different pressure ratio.
ηis,T = 0,86, TR.out = 850 K, Tsteam = 485,57 K, Tex= 426 K.

29
 In Figure 9 variation of electric to heat energy rate with exergetic efficiency for the four cycles. The reason for this is
excess air rates for different pressure ratio are given. that increasing pressure ratio increases the outlet temperature
Recuperated cycles by preheating air use some of the of the combustion chambers which means that increasing the
exhaust energy that decreases the energy of the heat inlet temperature of the turbine which increases the exergetic
recovery steam generator and that decreases the heat efficiency. The most exergetic efficient cycle is found as air-
power. Increasing pressure ratio increases electric to heat fuel preheated cycle. The exergetic efficiencies of the air-fuel
energy rate of the four cycles, however this increase is preheated and air preheated cycles are continuing increasing
greater than the others for the air and the air-fuel cycles. with increasing excess air rate. Maximum efficiencies are
obtained about 2 and 2.5 excess air rates for the simple and
1,2
the inlet air cooling cycles. For the air and the air-fuel
Electric to heat energy rate (Wnet/Qnet)

1,1 air-fuel preheated (r=16)

air preheated (r=16) air-fuel preheated(r=6) preheated cycles increasing excess air rates increases the
1,0 air-fuel preheated (r=10) air preheated(r=6) exergetic efficiency. Some of the curves are cut because of the
0,9 air preheated (r=10) unsuitable working conditions of the systems. Exergy
0,8 inlet air cooling(r=16) efficiency increases about 16 % for air fuel preheated cycle
inlet air cooling(r=10)
0,7 simple(r=16)
by excess air rate range 1.3 to 3.5 at 6 pressure ratio.
inlet air cooling(r=6)
0,6 air-fuel preheated(r=16)
simple(r=10) air preheated(r=16)
0,54
0,5 simple(r=6) air-fuel preheated(r=10)
0,52 air preheated(r=10)
0,4
air-fuel preheated(r=6)
0,3 0,50 air preheated(r=6)
2,0 2,5 3,0

Exergetic efficiency
73,04 (kg/s air) 91,3 (kg/s air) 109,56 (kg/s air)
0,48
Excess air rates
simple(r=16)
Figure 9. Variation of electric to heat energy rate with excess 0,46
inlet air cooling(r=16)
air rates for different pressure ratio. simple(r=10)
0,44 inlet air cooling(r=10)
simple(r=6)
Increasing excess air rates increases electric to heat energy 0,42 inlet air cooling(r=6)
rate for the four cycles, however this increase is greater than
0,40
the others for the air and the air-fuel cycles. Electric to heat 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
energy rate of cycles increase about 66 % for air-fuel preheat Excess air rates
cycle (r = 6), about 61 % for air preheat cycle (r = 10) and 30 % Figure 11. Variation of exergetic efficiency with excess air
for simple cycle (r = 10) by excess air rate range from 1.3 to 3.5. rates for different pressure ratio.

In Figure 10 variation of heat exergy power with excess air In Figure 12 variation of artificial thermal efficiency with
rates for different pressure ratio are given. It shows that excess air rates for different pressure ratio are given. It can be
increasing pressure ratio increases the electric power and that seen in this figure that increasing the pressure ratio increases
decrease the heat exergy power and as explained before, the work obtained from systems and thus increases the
increasing excess air rates decreases heat exergy power. The artificial thermal efficiency. By the view of the artificial
simple cycle has the maximum heat exergy power and the air- thermal efficiency air-fuel preheated cycle is the best cycle
preheated cycle has the minimum heat exergy power among and the inlet air cooling cycle is the worst one among the four
the four cycles. Decreases of heat exergy power is about 20 cycles analyzed. Increasing excess air rates decreases the
% for simple cycle and 43 % for air-fuel preheated cycle at artificial thermal efficiency for the four cycles. Increasing
pressure ratio 6 by execs air range from 1,3 to 3,5. pressure ratio increases the artificial thermal efficiency for the
four cycles. These decreases are about 13 % for simple cycle
18000
and about 10 % for air-fuel preheated cycle at 6 pressure ratio
17000
by excess air rate range 1.3 to 3.5.
16000
Heat exergy power (kW) E Q

15000 fuel-air preheated(r=16)

simple(r=6) air preheated(r=16)
14000 simple(r=10) fuel-air preheated(r=10)
0,75
13000 simple(r=16) air preheated(r=10)
inlet air cooling(r=6)
12000
air-fuel preheated(r=16) inlet air cooling(r=10)
11000 0,70
air preheated(r=16) air preheated(r=6)
Artificial Thermal Efficiency

fuel-air preheated(r=6)
10000 air preheated(r=10) air-fuel preheated(r=6)
air preheated(r=6)
air-fuel preheated(r=10) inlet air cooling(r=16)
9000 0,65
simple(r=16)
8000 simple(r=10)
7000 0,60 simple(r=6)
2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 inlet air cooling(r=16)
inlet air cooling(r=10)
Excess air rate inlet air cooling(r=6)
0,55
Figure 10. Variation of heat exergy power with excess air rates
for different pressure ratio
0,50
2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
In Figure 11 variation of exergetic efficiency with excess air Excess Air Rates
rates for different pressure ratio are given. As can be seen in Figure 12. Variation of artificial thermal efficiency with excess
this figure that increasing pressure ratio increases the air rates for different pressure ratio

30
In Figure 13 variations of the artificial thermal efficiency In Figure 15 variations of the fuel energy saving ratio
with excess air rates for different compressor inlet air with excess air rate for different cycles and the
temperatures are given. As can be seen that increasing the compressor inlet air temperatures are given.
compressor inlet air temperatures increase the artificial Increasing the compressor inlet air temperature
thermal efficiency. Increasing excess air rates decreases increases the fuel energy saving ratio of the simple
the artificial thermal efficiency of the three cycles but for cycle, however decreases the fuel energy saving ratio
the simple cycle the decrease is greater than others. These of the air and the air-fuel cycles but this increases and
decreases are about 17 % for simple and about 12 % for decreases are less than 4 % for maximum cases. The
air-fuel preheated cycles at 308 K compressor air inlet maximum values of the fuel energy saving ratio for
temperature by excess air rate range 1.3 to 3.5. the simple cycle is obtained about 2 for the excess air
ratios then the fuel energy saving ratio decreases by
fuel-air preheated(T1=308 K) increasing the excess air ratio.
air preheated(T1=308 K)
0,76 fuel-air preheated(T1=298,15K)
0,30
air preheated(T1=298,15K)
0,74 0,29
fuel-air preheat.ed(T1=288 K)
0,72 0,28
air preheated(T1=288 K)
0,27 fuel-air preheated(T1=288 K)

Fuel Energy Saving Ratio

Artificial Thermal Efficiency

0,70
0,26 fuel-air preheated(T1=298,15K)
0,68 0,25 fuel-air preheated(T1=308 K)
0,66 0,24 air preheated(T1=288 K)
0,23 air preheated(T1=298,15K)
0,64
simple(T1=308 K) 0,22 air preheated(T1=308 K)
0,62 simple(T1=298,15K)
0,21
0,60 simple(T1=288 K)
0,20
0,58 0,19
0,18 simple(T1=308 K)
0,56 simple(T1=298,15K)
0,17
2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 simple(T1=288 K)
0,16
Excess Air Rates 0,15
2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5

Figure 13. Variations of artificial thermal efficiency with Excess Air Rates

excess air rates for different compressor inlet air temperatures Figure 15. Variations of fuel energy saving ratio with excess
air rate for different cycles and compressor inlet air
In Figure 14 variation of the fuel energy saving ratio with temperatures.
excess air rates for different pressure ratio are given. As
can be seen here that increasing pressure ratio increase For the air and the air-fuel cycles increasing excess air ratios
the fuel energy saving. The maximum values of the fuel increases the fuel energy saving ratio. The maximum values
energy saving ratio for the simple and the absorption of the fuel energy saving ratio for the air and the air-fuel
cooling cycles are obtained in the excess air ratios of 2- cycles are obtained between 3 and 3.5 for excess air ratios.
2.5. These ratios are about 2.5-3.5 for the air and the air- For the low excess air rates the compressor inlet temperature
fuel preheated cycles. Fuel energy saving ratio increases is not as effective as the high excess air rates on the fuel
about 16 % for air-fuel preheated and decreases about 25 energy saving ratio.
% for simple cycles at 6 pressure ratio by excess air rate
1.3 to 3.5 at pressure ratio 6. As can be seen in the figures given above increases in the
pressure ratio, results in higher electrical power that means
fuel-air preheated(r=16)
air preheated(r=10)
slight increase in the fuel causes more electricity
fuel-air preheated(r=10)
air preheated(r=16)
fuel-air preheated(r=6) production. It appears that the air and the air-fuel preheated
0,30 air preheated(r=6) cycles have much better performance than the simple and
the absorption cooling cycles. Increases in the excess air
rate increase the amount of the fuel for per unit electricity,
Fuel Energy Saving Ratio

0,25
which these increase are more for the absorption cooling
simple(r=16) and the simple cycles.
0,20
simple(r=10)
simple(r=6)
inlet air cooling(r=16) Adding a recuperator decreases the energy efficiency
inlet air cooling(r=10)
0,15
inlet air cooling(r=6)
however increases the exergy efficiency of the cycles.
Increasing the pressure ratio of the two cycles increases the
0,10
energy efficiency, but decreases the exergy efficiency for
the constant outlet temperature of the combustion chamber.
Increasing the excess air rates increases the net work, the
0,05 compressor work and the exhaust energy loss but decreases
2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5
Excess Air Rates
the heat energy, the combustion chamber outlet temperature
and the energy efficiency. Increasing the pressure ratio
Figure 14. Variation of fuel energy saving ratio with excess air increases the exergetic efficiency for the four cycles. The
rates for different pressure ratio reason is that increasing the pressure ratio increases the
outlet temperature of the combustion chambers which that

31
means increasing the inlet temperature of the turbine which The simple cycle is found to be the most suitable one for
increases the exergetic efficiency. obtaining more heat power and less electric power.

CONCLUSION
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Rabi KARAALİ

İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Makine Fak. Makine Müh. Bölümü’nden 1990 yılında mezun oldu.
Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi FBE’de 2002 yılında yüksek lisansını tamamladı. 2010 yılında
Kocaeli Üniversitesi FBE’de Makine Müh. ABD’den Doktora derecesini aldı. 2011 yılından
itibaren Bayburt Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fak. Makine Müh. bölümünde Yrd. Doç. Dr. olarak
çalışmaktadır. Evli ve üç çocuk babası olan KARAALİ’nin başlıca uzmanlık alanları;
Termodinamik, Ekserji Analizi, Termoekonomik Optimizasyon, İklimlendirme ve Soğutma
olarak sıralanabilir.

İlhan Tekin ÖZTÜRK

Yıldız Üni. Kocaeli Müh. Fak. Makine Müh. Bölümü’den 1985 yılında mezun oldu. Yine aynı
üniversitenin FBE’de 1987 yılında yüksek lisansını tamamladı. 1993 yılında Y.T.Ü. FBE’de
Makina Müh. ABD’den Doktora derecesini aldı.1998 yılında Makina Müh. Termodinamik
ABD’da Doçent ve 2004 tarihinde aynı ABD’de Profesör unvanını aldı. 1993’ten itibaren Kocaeli
Üniv. Müh. Fakültesi Mak. Müh. Böl. Termodinamik ve Isı Tekniği ABD’da öğretim üyesi olarak
devam etmektedir. Evli ve bir çocuk babası olan ÖZTÜRK’ün uzmanlık alanları; Termodinamik,
Ekserji Analizi, Termoekonomik Optimizasyon, Enerji Yönetimi, olarak sıralanabilir. Türk Isı
Bilimi ve Tekniği Derneği ve Türk Tesisat Mühendisleri Derneği üyesidir.

33

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