Sulphur and its compounds

1. Commercial sulphuric acid has a density of 1.8gcm3.

(a) Calculate the molarity of this acid
(b) Determine the volume of commercial acid in (a) above that can be used to prepare
500cm3 of 0.2M H2SO4 solution
2. Oleum (H2S2O7) is an intermediate product in the industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid
(a) How is oleum converted into sulphuric (IV) acid?
(b) Give one use of sulphuric acid
3. Differentiate between the bleaching action of chloride and sulphur (IV) oxide gas.

4. (i) Is concentrated sulphuric acid a weak acid or a strong acid?

(ii) Explain your answer in (i) above.
5. In the manufacture of sulphuric acid, sulphur (IV) oxide is oxidized to sulphur (VI) oxide.
a) Name the catalyst used
b) Write the equation representing the conversion of sulphur (IV) oxide to sulphur(VI)oxide
c) Explain using equations how dilute sulphuric acid is finally obtained from sulphur (VI) oxide
6. When a mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and copper turnings is strongly heated,
a colourless gas and solid mixture of white and black solids are formed. When this solid
mixture is treated with distilled water, and filtered, a blue solution and black solid residue
are collected. Explain the observations on the solid mixture formed in the above experiment
7. The set-up below is used to prepare dry sulphur (IV) Oxide in the laboratory. Answer questions
that follow: dilute H2SO4
Gas jar

Sodium
Sulphite Conc.H2SO4

(a) Identify the mistake in the set-up

(b) Write an equation for the reaction in the set-up
 (c) State how the polluting effects of the gas on the environment can be controlled
8. (a) State the observation made at the end of the experiment when a mixture of iron
powder and sulphur are heated in a test-tube
(b) Write an equation for the reaction between the product in (a) above and dilute
hydrochloric acid
(c) When a mixture of iron powder and sulphur is heated it glows more brightly than
that of iron fillings and sulphur. Explain this observation
9. (a) Name one reagent that can be reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid to produce
Sulphur (IV) oxide
(b) What would be observed if moist blue litmus paper is dropped into a gas jar of
sulphur (IV) oxide? Explain your answer with an equation
10. (a) State two properties that vulcanized rubber posses as a result of vulcanization
(b) During Frasch process molten sulphur flows out through the middle pipe but not
through the outer pipe. Give a reason
11. (a) Give two reasons why during the manufacture of sulphuric (VI) acid, sulphur (VI) Oxide,
is dissolved in concentrated Sulphuric (VI ) acid instead of dissolving in water
b) State one use of sulphuric (VI) acid
12. The diagram below may be used to react hydrogen sulphide and sulphur (IV) oxide.
Study it and answer the questions that follow:-

(a) What is observed in the jars

(b) Write an equation for the reaction
(c) What is the role of sulphur (IV) oxide in the reaction

13.
a) Give two crystalline allotropes of sulphur.
b) Write an equation for the combustion of sulphur.
c) Name the product formed when a mixture of sulphur and Iron is heated.
d) Give two uses of sulphur.
e) 6.0 dm3 of sulphur (IV) oxide were oxidized by oxygen to sulphur (VI) oxide.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction.
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of sulphur (IV) oxide and oxygen used at R.T.P.
(iii) Determine the volume of oxygen used.
(Molar volume of a gas at R.T.P. is 24.0 dm3)
 15. (a) (i) Name the two crystalline forms of sulphur
(ii) Briefly explain how plastic sulphur is formed
(a) Name one impurities removed by the purifier
16.
(b) Why is it necessary to remove impurities?
(c) Write down the equation of the reaction taking place in the converter
(d) (I) Name the two catalysts that can be used in the converter
(II) What is the function of heat exchanger?
(e) Sulphuric (VI) Oxide is not dissolved directly into water? Explain
(f) (I) Name the main pollutant in the contact process.
(II) How can the pollution in (g) (I) above be controlled?
(g) Give one use of sulphuric (VI) acid
17.The set-up below was used to prepare dry sample of hydrogen sulphide gas

(a) (i) Complete the diagram to show how the gas was collected
(ii) Identify the following:-
I. Solid H ………………………………………………………………………………
II. Solid I ……………………………………………………………………………..
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurred in the flask between solid H and dilute
Hydrochloric acid
(b) When hydrogen sulphide gas was passed through a solution of Iron (III) chloride, the following
observations were made:-
(i) the colour of the solution changed from reddish-brown to green and
(ii) a yellow solid was deposited
Explain the observation
(c) In the manufacture of Sulphuric (VI) acid by contact process sulphur (IV) oxide is made to
react with air to form sulphur (VI) oxide as shown:-
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) H = -196KJ
(i) Name the catalyst in this reaction
(ii) State and explain the effect of the following changes on the yield of sulphur (VI) oxide
I. Increasing the pressure
II. Using a catalyst
(iii) Explain why sulphur (VI) oxide gas is absorbed in concentrated sulphur (VI) acid before
dilution

18. The flow chart below shows a sequence of chemical reactions starting with sulphur.
Study it and answer the questions that follow:-
Step1 Step2 Step3
Solution A CuO(s) Cu2+(aq) Cu(OH)2(s) CuO(s)
S(s) + gas C NaOH(aq) Heat
Hot
nitric acid Step 4 Hcl(aq)

Step 5
Cu(s) Cu+2
Metal Q
 (a) (i) State one observation made when the reaction in step 1 was in progress
(ii) Explain why dilute hydrochloric acid cannot be used in step 1
(iii) Write the equation for the reaction that took place in step 1
(iv) Name the reactions that took place in step 4
(v) Name solution A ……………………………………………………………….
(vi) State and explain the harmful effects on the environment of the gas C produced in step 1

19 a) Sulphur occurs naturally in two different forms called allotropes;

i) What are allotropes
ii) the two allotropes of sulphur are stable at different temperatures, as shown in the
equations below.

Rhombic sulphur monoclinic sulphur

Give the name to the temperature 95.5ºC

KMnO4(aq)
 KMnO4(aq)
and conc. H2SO4

State and explain the observations made in:

Test tube L ………………………………………………………………..
Test tube K ………………………………………………………………………..
20. The set-up below was used to prepare and collect hydrogen sulphide gas. Study it and answer
the questions that follow:-

(a) Name solid V

(b) Give a reason why warm water is used in the set-up

21. Sulphur (IV) oxide and nitrogen (II) oxide are some of the gases released from internal
combustion engines. State how these gases affect the environment

22. When hydrogen sulphide gas was bubbled into an aqueous solution of Iron (III) chloride, a
yellow precipitate was formed.
a) State another observation that was made.
b) Write an equation for the reaction that took place.
c) What type of reaction was undergone by hydrogen sulphide in this reaction?

23. In an attempt to prepare Sulphur (IV) Oxide gas, dilute Sulphuric acid was reacted
with barium carbonate. The yield of Sulphur dioxide was found to be negligible.
Explain

End of Sulphur and its compounds

 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS
1. But-2-ene undergoes hydrogenation according to the equation given below

CH3CH = CHCH3 (g) + H2(g)…………….> CH3CH2CH2CH3(g)

(a) Name the product formed when but-2-ene reacts with hydrogen gas
(b) State one industrial use of hydrogenation
2. Write the structures of the following compounds:-
(a) But—2-yne
(b) 2,2-dimethylpropane
3. a)What is meant by isomerism?
b) Draw and name two Isomers of Compound W reacted with chlorine to form compound X only.
The structural formula of
X is shown below:
CH3 - CH - CH - CH3

Cl Cl
(a) Give the structural formula and name of compound W
(b) Name compound X ……………………………………………………………………
4. In petrol chemical industries, long chain alkanes are broken down in to simpler substances
in a process called cracking
a) Why is cracking necessary?
b) State the two conditions required in cracking
c) Draw the structure of 1-chloro-2, 2-dimethylpropane
5. In a reaction an alcohol K was converted to hex-1-ene
a) Name reagent and condition necessary for the reaction in 6 (a) above to occur
6. (a) Give the IUPAC systematic names of compounds Q and R
Q: CH2CHClCHlCH2CH3
R: CH3CHClCH2ClCH3
(b) The organic compounds Q and R in (b) above, are formed when one mole of hydrocarbon
N reacts with two moles of hydrogen chloride gas;
(i) Structural formula of N
(ii) The IUPAC systematic name of N
7. Distinguish between the isotopes and isomers
8. Give the open structures of:-
(i) 3-chlorohex-l-yne
(ii) CH3OH
9. Write an equation for the reaction that takes place between ethene and concentrated
Sulphuric (VI) acid
 10. Petroleum (crude oil) is a mixture of several compounds which are separated in a
Changamwe refinery by means of apparatus as shown below:

B
C
Crude oil D
E
F

G
(a) (i) What is the name of the apparatus above
(ii) What is the name of the process which is used in separation of crude oil

(iii) What physical property of compounds in the mixture does the separation depend
(iv) Use the letter A to G to describe where the following could be formed:.
I. The fraction that represents gases
II. The fraction that represents the largest molecules
III. The fraction that represents liquids with the lowest boiling points
(b) State the use of product produce at
G………………………………………………………………………………………
C……………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Draw apparatus for the separation of the product produce at D and water

11. The diagram below represents a large-scale fractional distillation plant used to separate
the components A, B, C and D in a mixture

(a) The components have the following average relative molecular masses not necessarily in that
order; 282, 184, 44 and 128.
(a) (i) What is the physical state of B at the position marked Q?
(ii) Which component has an average relative molecular mass of 128? Explain
 (iii) State with a reason whether C is pure or impure
(iv) Explain how the mixture is separated into its components
(v) Name two naturally occurring mixtures that are separated using this process

12. a) The table below gives information about the major constituents of crude oil. Study it and
answer the questions that follow:
Constituent Boiling point oC
Gases Below 40
Petrol 40-175
Kerosene 175-250
Diesel 250-350
Lubricating oil 350-400

Bitumen Above 400

i) Which of the constituents of crude has molecules with the highest number of carbon
atoms? Explain
ii) Name the process you would use to separate a mixture of petrol and diesel and explain how
the separation takes place
iii) Explain why the constituents of crude oil do not have a sharp boiling point
iv) Name the gas that is likely to be a constituent of crude oil and write its formula
b) i) What condition could cause a poisonous gas to be formed when kerosene is burnt.
Explain
ii) Give one use of bitumen
(i) Name another source of hydrogen apart from electrolysis of water
(ii) What conditions are necessary for step III to occur?
(iii) Write the equation for the formation of colourless gas Q
(iv) Give one use of nitric (V) acid
(b) State and explain the observations that would be made if a sample of copper metal is
heated with concentrated nitric (V) acid
13. (a) Give the systematic names of the following compounds:-
(i) CH2 = C – CH3 ..........................................................................

Br
(ii) CH3CH2CH2C  CH .................................................................
(b) Ethanol obtained from glucose can be converted to ethene as shown below:-
C6H12O6 C2H5OH C H2 = CH2

Name and describe the processes that take place in steps I and II
(c) Compounds A and B have the same molecular formula C3H6O2. Compound A liberates
Carbon (IV) Oxide on addition of aqueous sodium carbonate while compound B does not.
Compound B has a sweet smell. Draw the possible structures of:-
(d) Give two ways how the disposal of polymers such as polychloroethene by burning pollutes
 The environment.
14. The molecular formula of a hydrocarbon is C6H14. The hydrocarbon can be converted into twoother
hydrocarbon as shown by the equation below:
C6H14 C2H6 + X
(i) Name and draw the possible structural formula of X
(ii) State and explain the observations that would be made if a few drops of bromine water
were added to a sample of X
(iii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of C3H8

15. (a) Give the names of the following

(i) CH3CH2CH3
(ii) CH3CCCH3
(b) Ethene is used in making polyethene bag in a process called polymerization
(i) Name the type of polymer that is formed when ethane polymerise
(ii) Describe a simple chemical test that can be used to identify ethane gas in the laboratory
(c) Study the information in the table below and answer the questions that follow:-
No. of carbon atoms R.M.M of the Hydrocarbon
2 28
3 42
4 56
i. Write the general formula of the hydrocarbons in the table above
ii. Determine the molecular of a hydrocarbon with 5 carbon atoms and draw its structural formula
Molecular formula
Structural formula
(d) Study the scheme below and answer the questions that follow

(i) Name the reagents in

Step I ……………………………
Step II ……………………………
Step IV ………………
(ii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of CH CH
(iii) Give two uses of CH4
16. Give the systematic names of the following compounds;
i)CH3 = C-CH3

CH3
ii)CH3CH2CH2C≡ CH
 17. a) The table below gives information about the major constituents of crude oil. Study it and
answer the questions that follow:
Constituent Boiling point oC
Gases Below 40
Petrol 40-175
Kerosene 175-250
Diesel 250-350
Lubricating oil 350-400
Bitumen Above 400
i) Which of the constituents of crude has molecules with the highest number of carbon
atoms? Explain
ii) Name the process you would use to separate a mixture of petrol and diesel and explain how
the separation takes place
iii) Explain why the constituents of crude oil do not have a sharp boiling point
iv) Name the gas that is likely to be a constituent of crude oil and write its formula
b) i) What condition could cause a poisonous gas to be formed when kerosene is burnt.
Explain
ii) Give one use of bitumen
18. Substance “M” with a general formula C2Hy burnt in chlorine gas with a red flame producinga
cloud of black specks and colourless gas G.
(a) State the collective name for compounds which ‘M’ belongs
(b) With reason, state the identity of the black specks and colour gas “G”.

19. Write down all the isomers of but-2-ene and give their IUPAC names
20. (a) A hydrocarbon compound Z decolourizes bromine liquid in the presence of light but
does not decolourize acidified potassium manganate (VII). Name and draw the structural
formula of the eighth member of this homologous series
21. (a) What is meant by isomerism?
(c) Draw and name two isomers of Butyne

End of organic chemistry 1