CELL SURFACE SPECIALIZATION ( MODIFICATION) AND INTERCELLULAR JUNCTION HISTOLOGY - P04Microvilli forming the brush border hood Vessas In OO caiilares folds of intestine MICROVELLE Finger -like projection of cell membrane containing core of cytoplasm with microfilaments is called microvilli. It increases the surface area and some microvilli have enzumes that take part in digestion, e.g. small intestine, proximal tubule of kidney etc Uniform and regularly arranged microvilli is called striated border *e.g, intestine. Longer and less regular microvilli is called brush border, e.g, proximal tubule of kidney, Long, non-motile microvilli is called sterocilia, erg, epididy mis.CILIA Finger-like projection of cell surface of 2-10 um in diameter containing nine doublets of microtubules surroundin two central microtubules closed by central sheath is called cilia. Doublets are linked together via protein nexins and also linked to the central sheath by radial spooks. Each doublet is identified as A and B. B has arm called dymin has ATP activity. Cilia are motile and beat inwand to outward like a whip, erg. respiratory system, male reproductive system etc,FLAGELLA Similar to structure of cilia but it is very long. A cell contain one flagella only, erg.spermatozoa.INTERCELLULAR JUNCTION Normally there is 20 nm regular spacing between two cells. Adjoining cell membranes are adhered by specialized structure is called intercellular junction. Intercellular junction maintains the tissue structure and exchange of fluid & nutrien There are four types of intercellular junction- 1. Desmosome or Macula Adhcrens 9. Zonula Adherenes 3. Zonula occludens or Tight junction 4. Gap JunctionDESMOSOME OR MACULA ADHERENS 1/There is 30 nm spading betwen two cells. 2 A thick adhesion protein (cadherins) forms attachment plaque in the inner surface of cells, 3 Tonofilaments of one cell bridge over the gap and connect with tonofilament of adjacent sell (macula = spot) and adhesion to intracellular keratin filaments. 4 It can be found at where strong adherance is required erg, stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis), cardiac musele. Disruption to the desmosome - keratin filament complex leading to a breakdown in cell adhesion (blistering - pemphigus vulgaris). Mutations within the desmosome cause of Arthythmogenic night ventricular candiomy opathy (ARVC).ZONULA ADHERENS 1/ There is 25 nm spacing between two cells. 2/ Electron dense plaque (cadherin) in the inner surface of the cells interact with adjacent cells zip up the two cells together. 3/'Actin filaments are inserted into plaque of inner surface of the cells and prevent further apant of cells, 4/It can be found apices of epithelial cells,ZONULA OCCLUDENS 1/ Bordens of two cells are fused together, forming a continuous belt (zonula = belt), these regions of the cells are very tightly connected together, sealed the adjacent plasma membranes, 2/ This type of junction greatly restricts the passage of water, electrolytes and other small molecules across the epithelium, eg, transitional epithelium, intestine. (urinary bladder, ureter)GAP JUNCTION 1/ A narrow gap of 2-4 nm, between adjacent cells. 2/ A group of protein molecules called connexins form e structure called a connexon, When connexons of two adjacent cells align together, they form a continous channel between them.3/ Gap junctions are the most widespread of all cell junctions in animal tissues, cells communicate electri- - cally and metabolically with each other, Gap junctions can open and close in response to changes in calcium levels and pt. 4/ The channel is big enough to allow small molecules such as, inorganic ions and other small water soluble mole- - cules (smaller than 1000k Da) to pass between the cells. However, the channel is too small for proteins, nucleic acids or sugars to pass through. 5/ Found in cardiac muscles, smooth muscles.Tight Junctions Adherens Junctions Desmosomes Gap Junctions Hemidesmosomes Faral Adhacianehemidesmosome HEMIDESMOSOME Half of the desmosome is called hemidesmosome. Tt lies on the basal membrane to stick the cells onto the underlying basal lamina.JUNCTION | ZONULA ZONULA |MACULA MACULA GAP OCCLUDENS | ADHERENS | ADHERENS ADHERENS JJUNCTI DESMOSOMES | HEMIDESMOSOMES | -ONS (Cyrorkeletal ‘Actin lament ‘Actin lament | Intermediate lament | Intermediate lament = «component “Major function: | Seal: adjacent to one | Suengthen: and | Strengthen: and stabilize: | Anchors cytockeletons to the basal another control |sabilzes nearby | nearby tight junction: | Lamina passage of molecule: | tight junction: Derween, them separate: apical and baolateral membrane domain: ‘Medical Defects of it may| Defect of it may] Defect: of it may led to |Defect: of it may led 0 significance compromise the foetal | promote malignant | dyshe:ive skin disorder | epidermolsxi: bulla, a ckin blood . brain barrier | rumourinvacion | where cohesion of | blitering dizorder Jesding to evere epidermal cells get neurologic d:order reduced Example: Transitional ‘Apice: of epithelisl | Epidermis cardiac | — epithelium urinary | elt: mule: ©. stratified bladder. ureter. squamous epithelium intestine |THANK YOU